Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

by Fox, Robert W.; McDonald, Alan T.

• ISBN13: 9780471548522
• ISBN10: 0471548529
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1992-01-01
• Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc

Summary

A proven problem-solving approach in Fluid Mechanics now integrated with Excel! Fox, McDonald & Pritchard provide a balanced approach to fluid mechanics that arms students with a proven problem-solving methodology. Students will learn to adopt an orderly approach to solving problems. Providing a fresh look, new co-author Philip J. Pritchard, of Manhattan College, has clarified and improved descriptions and explanations throughout the book. The text emphasizes the control volume concept to provide a practical problem solving approach that is theoretically inclusive. 116 detailed example problems illustrate important concepts; each problem is solved in complete detail to demonstrate good solution procedure. 45 example problems have associated "Excel/workbooks that enable students to perform " What if?" scenarios when studying the examples; many of the workbooks can be modified to solve end-of-chapter problems. Students can use "Excel to vary problems parameters to gain insight into the behavior of complex solutions. 1315 end-of-chapter problems, with varying degrees of difficulty, provide the opportunity to practice building problem-solving skills. The CD accompanying the text includes: special and/or advanced topic sections for further study that are not include in the printed text, 45 example problem workbooks in "Excel, and " A Brief Review of Microsoft "Excel" (an introduction to "Excel' s basic features, and such advanced features as "Solver and macros).

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION	1	(16)
1-1 Note to Students	1	(1)
1-2 Definition of a Fluid	2	(1)
1-3 Scope of Fluid Mechanics	3	(1)
1-4 Basic Equations	4	(1)
1-5 Methods of Analysis	5	(4)
1-5.1 System and Control Volume	5	(2)
1-5.2 Differential versus Integral Approach	7	(1)
1-5.3 Methods of Description	7	(2)
1-6 Dimensions and Units	9	(2)
1-6.1 Systems of Dimensions	9	(1)
1-6.2 Systems of Units	10	(1)
1-6.3 Preferred Systems of Units	11	(1)
1-7 Summary Objectives	11	(1)
Problems	12	(5)
CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS	17	(33)
2-1 Fluid as a Continuum	17	(1)
2-2 Velocity Field	18	(5)
2-2.1 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows	19	(2)
2-2.2 Timelines, Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines	21	(2)
2-3 Stress Field	23	(3)
2-4 Viscosity	26	(4)
2-4.1 Newtonian Fluid	27	(2)
2-4.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids	29	(1)
2-5 Description and Classification of Fluid Motions	30	(8)
2-5.1 Viscous and Inviscid Flows	30	(5)
2-5.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows	35	(1)
2-5.3 Compressible and Incompressible Flows	36	(1)
2-5.4 Internal and External Flows	37	(1)
2-6 Summary Objectives	38	(1)
Problems	38	(12)
CHAPTER 3 FLUID STATICS	50	(46)
3-1 The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics	50	(3)
3-2 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid	53	(6)
3-3 The Standard Atmosphere	59	(2)
3-4 Hydraulic Systems	61	(1)
3-5 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces	61	(11)
3-5.1 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Submerged Surface	61	(7)
3-5.2 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Submerged Surface	68	(4)
**3-6 Buoyancy and Stability	72	(1)
**3-7 Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion	73	(5)
3-8 Summary Objectives	78	(1)
Problems	79	(17)
CHAPTER 4 BASIC EQUATIONS IN INTEGRAL FORM FOR A CONTROL VOLUME	96	(97)
4-1 Basic Laws for a System	96	(2)
4-1.1 Conservation of Mass	96	(1)
4-1.2 Newton's Second Law	97	(1)
4-1.3 The Angular Momentum Principle	97	(1)
4-1.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics	97	(1)
4-1.5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics	98	(1)
4-2 Relation of System Derivatives to the Control Volume Formulation	98	(6)
4-2.1 Derivation	99	(4)
4-2.2 Physical Interpretation	103	(1)
4-3 Conservation of Mass	104	(7)
4-3.1 Special Cases	105	(6)
4-4 Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume	111	(17)
**4-4.1 Differential Control Volume Analysis	121	(4)
4-4.2 Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity	125	(3)
4-5 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration	128	(8)
**4-6 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Arbitrary Acceleration	136	(4)
**4-7 The Angular Momentum Principle	140	(9)
4-7.1 Equation for Fixed Control Volume	141	(4)
4-7.2 Equation for Rotating Control Volume	145	(4)
4-8 The First Law of Thermodynamics	149	(7)
4-8.1 Rate of Work Done by a Control Volume	150	(2)
4-8.2 Control Volume Equation	152	(4)
4-9 The Second Law of Thermodynamics	156	(1)
4-10 Summary Objectives	157	(1)
Problems	157	(36)
CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID MOTION	193	(39)
5-1 Conservation of Mass	193	(8)
5-1.1 Rectangular Coordinate System	193	(5)
5-1.2 Cylindrical Coordinate System	198	(3)
**5-2 Stream Function for Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow	201	(4)
5-3 Motion of a Fluid Element (Kinematics)	205	(13)
5-3.1 Acceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field	206	(5)
5-3.2 Fluid Rotation	211	(4)
5-3.3 Fluid Deformation	215	(3)
5-4 Momentum Equation	218	(4)
5-4.1 Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle	219	(1)
5-4.2 Differential Momentum Equation	220	(1)
5-4.3 Newtonian Fluid: Navier-Stokes Equations	220	(2)
5-5 Summary Objectives	222	(1)
References	222	(1)
Problems	222	(10)
CHAPTER 6 INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLOW	232	(54)
6-1 Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow: Euler's Equations	232	(1)
6-2 Euler's Equations in Streamline Coordinates	233	(4)
6-3 Benoulli Equation-Integration of Euler's Equation Along a Streamline for Steady Flow	237	(12)
6-3.1 Derivation Using Streamline Coordinates	237	(1)
**6-3.2 Derivation Using Rectangular Coordinates	238	(1)
6-3.3 Static, Stagnation, and Dynamic Pressures	239	(4)
6-3.4 Applications	243	(5)
6-3.5 Cautions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation	248	(1)
6-4 Relation between the First Law of Thermodynamics and the Bernoulli Equation	249	(6)
**6-5 Unsteady Bernoulli Equation-Integration of Euler's Equation Along a Streamline	255	(2)
**6-6 Irrotational Flow	257	(14)
6-6.1 Bernoulli Equation Applied to Irrotational Flow	258	(1)
6-6.2 Velocity Potential	259	(1)
6-6.3 Stream Function and Velocity Potential for Two-Dimensional, Irrotational, Incompressible Flow; Laplace's Equation	260	(2)
6-6.4 Elementary Plane Flows	262	(1)
6-6.5 Superposition of Elementary Plane Flows	263	(8)
6-7 Summary Objectives	271	(1)
References	271	(1)
Problems	271	(15)
CHAPTER 7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE	286	(35)
7-1 Nature of Dimensional Analysis	286	(1)
7-2 Buckingham Pi Theorem	287	(1)
7-3 Determining the Pi Groups	288	(6)
7-4 Dimensionless Groups of Significance in Fluid Mechanics	294	(2)
7-5 Flow Similarity and Model Studies	296	(13)
7-5.1 Incomplete Similarity	298	(6)
7-5.2 Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters	304	(4)
7-5.3 Comments on Model Testing	308	(1)
7-6 Nondimensionalizing the Basic Differential Equations	309	(2)
7-7 Summary Objectives	311	(1)
References	311	(1)
Problems	312	(9)
CHAPTER 8 INTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW	321	(2)
8-1 Introduction	321	(2)
PART A. FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW	323	(16)
8-2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow between Infinite Parallel Plates	323	(12)
8-2.1 Both Plates Stationary	323	(5)
8-2.2 Upper Plate Moving with Constant Speed, U	328	(7)
8-3 Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe	335	(4)
PART B. FLOW IN PIPES AND DUCTS	339	(38)
8-4 Shear Stress Distribution in Fully Developed Pipe Flow	340	(2)
8-5 Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Developed Pipe Flow	342	(2)
8-6 Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow	344	(3)
8-6.1 Kinetic Energy Coefficient	346	(1)
8-6.2 Head Loss	346	(1)
8-7 Calculation of Head Loss	347	(12)
8-7.1 Major Losses: Friction Factor	347	(6)
8-7.2 Minor Losses	353	(5)
8-7.3 Noncircular Ducts	358	(1)
8-8 Solution of Pipe Flow Problems	359	(18)
8-8.1 Single-Path Systems	359	(13)
**8-8.2 Multiple-Path Systems	372	(5)
PART C. FLOW MEASUREMENT	377	(34)
8-9 Direct Methods	377	(1)
8-10 Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows	377	(10)
8-10.1 The Orifice Plate	380	(2)
8-10.2 The Flow Nozzle	382	(1)
8-10.3 The Venturi	383	(1)
8-10.4 The Laminar Flow Element	384	(3)
8-11 Linear Flow Meters	387	(2)
8-12 Traversing Methods	389	(1)
8-13 Summary Objectives	390	(1)
References	390	(2)
Problems	392	(19)
CHAPTER 9 EXTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW	411	(1)
PART A. BOUNDARY LAYERS	412	(25)
9-1 The Boundary-Layer Concept	412	(1)
9-2 Boundary-Layer Thicknesses	413	(3)
**9-3 Laminar Flat-Plate Boundary Layer: Exact Solution	416	(5)
9-4 Momentum Integral Equation	421	(5)
9-5 Use of the Momentum Integral Equation for Zero Pressure Gradient Flow	426	(8)
9-5.1 Laminar Flow	427	(4)
9-5.2 Turbulent Flow	431	(3)
9-6 Pressure Gradients in Boundary-Layer Flow	434	(3)
PART B. FLUID FLOW ABOUT IMMERSED BODIES	437	(51)
9-7 Drag	438	(14)
9-7.1 Flow over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow: Friction Drag	439	(3)
9-7.2 Flow over a Flat Plate Normal to the Flow: Pressure Drag	442	(1)
9-7.3 Flow over a Sphere and Cylinder: Friction and Pressure Drag	443	(6)
9-7.4 Streamlining	449	(3)
9-8 Lift	452	(15)
9-9 Summary Objectives	467	(1)
References	467	(2)
Problems	469	(19)
CHAPTER 10 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS	488	(56)
10-1 Characteristics of Open Channels	488	(3)
10-2 Propagation of Surface Waves	491	(3)
10-2.1 Wave Speed	491	(3)
10-2.2 The Froude Number	494	(1)
10-3 Energy Equation for Open-Channel Flow	494	(5)
10-3.1 Specific Energy	496	(3)
10-4 Frictionless Flow: Effect of Area Change	499	(6)
10-4.1 Flow over a Bump	499	(3)
10-4.2 Flow through a Sluice Gate	502	(3)
10-5 Flow at Normal Depth: Uniform Flow	505	(12)
10-5.1 Basic Equations	505	(2)
10-5.2 The Manning Correlation for Velocity	507	(5)
10-5.3 Optimum Channel Cross Section	512	(2)
10-5.4 Critical Normal Flow	514	(3)
10-6 Flow with Gradually Varying Depth	517	(8)
10-6.1 Classification of Surface Profiles	518	(3)
10-6.2 Calculation of Surface Profiles	521	(4)
10-7 The Hydraulic Jump	525	(5)
10-7.1 Basic Equations	525	(2)
10-7.2 Depth Increase across a Hydraulic Jump	527	(1)
10-7.3 Head Loss across a Hydraulic Jump	527	(3)
10-8 Measurements in Open-Channel Flow	530	(6)
10-8.1 Sharp-Crested Weirs	531	(3)
10-8.2 Broad-Crested Weirs	534	(1)
10-8.3 Sluice Gates	535	(1)
10-8.4 Critical Flumes	535	(1)
10-9 Summary Objectives	536	(1)
References	537	(1)
Problems	537	(7)
CHAPTER 11 FLUID MACHINERY	544	(89)
11-1 Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines	544	(3)
11-2 Scope of Coverage	547	(1)
11-3 Turbomachinery Analysis	548	(9)
11-3.1 The Angular Momentum Principle	548	(1)
11-3.2 Euler Turbomachine Equation	548	(2)
11-3.3 Velocity Polygon Analysis	550	(7)
11-4 Performance Characteristics	557	(20)
11-4.1 Performance Parameters	557	(10)
11-4.2 Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed	567	(5)
11-4.3 Similarity Rules	572	(4)
11-4.4 Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head	576	(1)
11-5 Applications to Fluid Systems	577	(38)
11-5.1 Work Absorbing Machines	577	(30)
11-5.2 Work-Producing Machines	607	(8)
11-6 Summary Objectives	615	(1)
References	616	(2)
Problems	618	(15)
CHAPTER 12 INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE FLOW	633	(29)
12-1 Review of Thermodynamics	633	(7)
12-2 Propagation of Sound Waves	640	(6)
12-2.1 Speed of Sound	640	(4)
12-2.2 Types of Flow-The Mach Cone	644	(2)
12-3 Reference State: Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties	646	(8)
12-3.1 Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties for the Flow of an Ideal Gas	647	(7)
12-4 Critical Conditions	654	(1)
12-5 Summary Objectives	655	(1)
References	655	(1)
Problems	655	(7)
CHAPTER 13 STEADY ONE-DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSIBLE FLOW	662	(95)
13-1 Basic Equations for Isentropic Flow	662	(4)
13-2 Effect of Area Variation on Properties in Isentropic Flow	666	(2)
13-3 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas	668	(17)
13-3.1 Basic Equations	668	(1)
13-3.2 Reference Conditions for Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas	669	(3)
**13-3.3 Tables for Computation of Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas	672	(1)
13-3.4 Isentropic Flow in a Converging Nozzle	673	(6)
13-3.5 Isentropic Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle	679	(6)
13-4 Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Friction	685	(17)
13-4.1 Basic Equations for Adiabatic Flow	685	(3)
13-4.2 Adiabatic Flow: The Fanno Line	688	(4)
**13-4.3 Tables for Computation of Fanno Line Flow of an Ideal Gas	692	(8)
**13-4.4 Isothermal Flow	700	(2)
13-5 Frictionless Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Heat Exchange	702	(12)
13-5.1 Basic Equations	702	(3)
13-5.2 The Rayleigh Line	705	(6)
**13-5.3 Tables for Computation of Rayleigh Line Flow of an Ideal Gas	711	(3)
13-6 Normal Shocks	714	(12)
13-6.1 Basic Equations	715	(7)
**13-6.2 Tables for Computation of Normal Shocks in an Ideal Gas	722	(4)
13-7 Supersonic Channel Flow with Shocks	726	(8)
13-7.1 Flow in a Coverging-Diverging Nozzle	727	(1)
**13-7.2 Supersonic Diffuser	728	(1)
**13-7.3 Supersonic Wind Tunnel Operation	729	(2)
**13-7.4 Constant-Area Channel with Friction	731	(1)
**13-7.5 Constant-Area Channel with Heat Addition	731	(3)
13-8 Summary Objectives	734	(1)
References	735	(1)
Problems	735	(22)
Appendix A FLUID PROPERTY DATA	757	(11)
Appendix B EQUATIONS OF MOTION IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES	768	(1)
Appendix C VIDEOTAPES AND FILMS FOR FLUID MECHANICS	769	(3)
Appendix D SELECTED PERFORMANCE CURVES FOR PUMPS AND FANS	772	(12)
Appendix E TABLES FOR COMPUTATION OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW	784	(16)
Appendix F ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL UNCERTAINTY	800	(7)
Appendix G SI UNITS, PREFIXES, AND CONVERSION FACTORS	807	(2)
Answers to Selected Problems	809	(12)
Index	821