Introduction to Horticultural Science

by Arteca, Richard N.

• ISBN13: 9780766835924
• ISBN10: 0766835928
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-04-11
• Publisher: CENGAGE Delmar Learning

Summary

Introduction to Horticulture Science is the only text of its kind to appropriately cover this subject matter in sufficient detail to be used as a college textbook for a horticultural science class. It provides an excellent survey of all aspects of this area and presents cutting edge research at a level which is understandable to the undergraduate population. This text introduces students to fundamental concepts including an introduction to the green plant; the origin and domestication of plants; the horticulture industry; and the fundamental steps leading to success in a horticulture career. The relationship between horticulture and the environment is discussed in addition to the classification of plants and plant anatomy. Also included is information on plant propagation; media, nutrients and fertilizers; plants and the environment; plant growth regulators; post harvest physiology and pest management; and it concludes with a comprehensive discussion of greenhouse structures; nursery site selection; development and facilities; producing nursery crops; and floral design.

Table of Contents

Preface	xx
About the Author	xxi
The Green Plant, What an Organism!	1	(24)
Abstract	1	(1)
Objectives	1	(1)
Key Terms	1	(1)
Introduction	1	(2)
Why Are Plants So Important?	3	(4)
Important Processes in Plants	7	(15)
Seed Germination	7	(2)
Photosynthesis	9	(1)
Phototropism	10	(1)
Thigmotropism	11	(1)
Gravitropism	11	(2)
Dormancy	13	(1)
Senescence	14	(1)
Flowering	15	(1)
Abscission	16	(1)
Fruit Growth and Development	17	(1)
Growth Retardation	18	(1)
Weed Control	19	(1)
Production of Important Chemicals by Plants	20	(1)
Biotechnology	21	(1)
Summary	22	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 1	23	(1)
References	24	(1)
Origin of Agriculture and the Domestication of Plants	25	(20)
Abstract	25	(1)
Objectives	25	(1)
Key Terms	25	(1)
Introduction	26	(1)
Theories on the Origin of Agriculture	27	(4)
Background on the Selection of Edible Plants Used Today	31	(2)
History of Agriculture	33	(5)
Egyptian Civilization	33	(1)
Greek Civilization	34	(1)
Roman Civilization	35	(1)
Medieval Horticulture and Agriculture	36	(1)
The Renaissance	37	(1)
The Age of Discovery and the New World	37	(1)
Beginnings of Experimental Science	38	(1)
Beginnings of Agricultural Research in the United States	39	(1)
Theories of the Origins of Cultivated Plants	40	(1)
Summary	41	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 2	42	(2)
References	44	(1)
The Horticulture Industry: An Important Part of Agriculture	45	(17)
Abstract	45	(1)
Objectives	45	(1)
Key Terms	45	(1)
Introduction	45	(1)
The Horticulture Industry	46	(3)
Horticulture---An Area of Agriculture	49	(2)
Areas of Horticulture	51	(5)
Ornamental Horticulture	51	(2)
Olericulture	53	(2)
Pomology	55	(1)
Specific Characteristics of Horticulture	56	(1)
Key Historical Names and Dates	56	(3)
Theophrastus	56	(1)
Varro	57	(1)
Dioscorides	57	(1)
Linnaeus	57	(1)
Charles Darwin	57	(1)
Gegor Mendel	57	(1)
Robert Prince	57	(1)
Andrew J. Downing	57	(1)
Frederick Law Olmstead	57	(1)
Liberty H. Bailey	58	(1)
Summary	59	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 3	59	(2)
References	61	(1)
Fundamental Steps Leading to Success in a Horticulture Career	62	(19)
Abstract	62	(1)
Objectives	62	(1)
Key Terms	62	(1)
Introduction	62	(2)
How to Prepare for a Career in Horticulture	64	(4)
Work Part Time	65	(2)
Shadow or Observe Horticulturists	67	(1)
Consult School Counselors or Advisors	68	(1)
Research the Library and Internet	68	(1)
Seek Other Sources of Information	68	(1)
Tips for Success in a Horticulture Career	68	(4)
Considering Personal Interests	69	(1)
Being Realistic	69	(1)
Education and Training	69	(3)
Suggestions on How to Get a Job	72	(7)
The Job Application	72	(2)
Keeping the Job and Being Successful	74	(1)
Career Paths in Horticulture	75	(1)
Specific Career Areas in Horticulture	76	(3)
Summary	79	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 4	79	(1)
References	80	(1)
The Relationship Between Horticulture and the Environment	81	(18)
Abstract	81	(1)
Objectives	81	(1)
Key Terms	81	(1)
Introduction	82	(1)
How to Maintain a Healthy Environment	83	(8)
Potential Problems from Horticultural Practices	86	(1)
Effects of Pollution on the Environment	87	(1)
Public Demand Puts the Grower in a Difficult Position	88	(3)
Water Resources	91	(1)
Eutrophication	92	(1)
Pesticides	93	(1)
The Proper Way to Use Pesticides	94	(1)
Wildlife	94	(1)
Wetlands	94	(1)
Summary	95	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 5	96	(2)
References	98	(1)
Classification of Plants and Plant Anatomy	99	(24)
Abstract	99	(1)
Objectives	99	(1)
Key Terms	99	(1)
Introduction	100	(1)
How Plants Are Classified and Named	101	(3)
Kind of Stem	102	(1)
Size of the Plant	102	(1)
Stem Growth Form	102	(1)
Kind of Fruit	103	(1)
Life Cycle	103	(1)
Foliage Retention	104	(1)
Temperature Tolerances	104	(1)
Number of Cotyledons and Venation	104	(1)
Scientific Classification	104	(2)
Botanical Nomenclature	104	(1)
Botanical Classification	105	(1)
Cultivars	106	(1)
The Plant's Life Cycle	106	(1)
Juvenile or Vegetative Phase	106	(1)
Reproductive or Mature Phase	107	(1)
Senescence	107	(1)
The Plant's Vegetative Structures	107	(8)
Leaves	107	(4)
Stems	111	(3)
Roots	114	(1)
Reproductive Parts of the Plant	115	(2)
Flower	115	(1)
Fruits	116	(1)
Seeds and Seed Germination	117	(2)
Seed Germination	117	(2)
Summary	119	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 6	119	(3)
References	122	(1)
Plant Propagation	123	(33)
Abstract	123	(1)
Objectives	123	(1)
Key Terms	123	(1)
Introduction	124	(1)
Plant Propagation Methods	125	(26)
Sexual Propagation	126	(6)
Asexual Propagation	132	(1)
Methods of Asexual Propagation	132	(19)
Summary	151	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 7	152	(3)
References	155	(1)
Media, Nutrients, and Fertilizers	156	(23)
Abstract	156	(1)
Objectives	156	(1)
Key Terms	156	(1)
Introduction	157	(1)
Plant-Growing Media	158	(5)
Roles of Media	159	(1)
Kinds of Media	159	(4)
Soil: Contents, Structure, and Profile	163	(3)
Soil Contents	164	(1)
Soil Structure	165	(1)
Soil Profile	165	(1)
Plant Nutrition	166	(6)
Primary Macronutrients	166	(1)
Secondary Macronutrients	167	(1)
Micronutrients	168	(1)
Factors Affecting pH and the Availability of Nutrients	169	(2)
Methods Used to Monitor Nutritional Levels	171	(1)
Fertilizers	172	(3)
Fertilizer Formulations	173	(1)
Fertilizer Nomenclature	173	(1)
Fertilizer Application	174	(1)
Timing of Application	174	(1)
Summary	175	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 8	175	(3)
References	178	(1)
Plants and Their Environment	179	(19)
Abstract	179	(1)
Objectives	179	(1)
Key Terms	179	(1)
Introduction	179	(3)
Plant Environment	182	(13)
Atmospheric Environment	182	(6)
Edaphic Environment	188	(7)
Summary	195	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 9	195	(3)
Plant Growth Regulators	198	(28)
Abstract	198	(1)
Objectives	198	(1)
Key Terms	198	(1)
Introduction	198	(3)
Background of Plant Growth Regulating Substances	201	(2)
The Six Classes of Plant Hormones	203	(14)
Auxins---History and Physiological Processes	203	(5)
Gibberellins---History and Physiological Processes	208	(3)
Cytokinins---History and Physiological Processes	211	(2)
Abscisic Acid (ABA)---History and Physiological Processes	213	(1)
Ethylene---History and Physiological Processes	214	(1)
Brassinosteroids---History and Physiological Processes	215	(2)
Practical Uses of Plant Growth Regulators in Agriculture	217	(4)
Plant Growth Retardants	217	(1)
Ethylene-Releasing Compounds	218	(1)
Ethylene Biosynthesis Inhibitor	219	(1)
Compounds Containing Gibberellins	219	(1)
Compounds Containing Auxins	220	(1)
Compounds Containing Gibberellins and Cytokinins	221	(1)
Summary	221	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 10	222	(3)
References	225	(1)
Postharvest Physiology	226	(18)
Abstract	226	(1)
Objectives	226	(1)
Key Terms	226	(1)
Introduction	226	(2)
General Background Information on Postharvest Handling	228	(12)
Biological Factors Involved in the Deterioration of Harvested Commodities	230	(8)
Environmental Factors Involved in the Deterioration of Harvested Commodities	238	(1)
Postharvest Technology Procedures	239	(1)
Future Trends in Handling Perishables	240	(1)
Summary	240	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 11	241	(2)
References	243	(1)
Pest Management	244	(25)
Abstract	244	(1)
Objectives	244	(1)
Key Terms	244	(1)
Introduction	244	(3)
Five Major Categories of Pests	247	(11)
Insects and Related Pests	248	(4)
Nematodes	252	(1)
Weeds	252	(2)
Diseases	254	(4)
Rodents and Other Animals	258	(1)
Controlling Pests	258	(8)
Pest Control Procedure	258	(8)
Summary	266	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 12	266	(3)
Plant Biotechnology and Genetically Modified Organisms: An Overview	269	(22)
Abstract	269	(1)
Objectives	269	(1)
Key Terms	269	(1)
Introduction	269	(2)
General Background on Biotechnology	271	(1)
Hydroponics	272	(1)
Tissue Culture	273	(4)
Micropropagation	273	(1)
Production of Specialty Chemicals by Plants	274	(2)
Use of Single Cells as a Source of Genetic Variability for Plant Improvement	276	(1)
Genetically Engineering Plants	277	(5)
Methods of Transferring Foreign Genes into Plants	278	(1)
Crop Improvements Through Genetic Engineering	279	(2)
Production of Biopesticides	281	(1)
Concerns Resulting from Genetically Engineering Plants	282	(4)
Will Genetically Engineered Plants Be Safe to Eat?	282	(1)
Can Genetically Engineered Plants Become Weeds or Transfer Genes to Other Plants to Make Them Weeds?	283	(1)
Genetically Engineered Plants' Environmental Impact on Agricultural Practices	284	(1)
Opposition to Genetically Engineered Foods	284	(2)
Genetically Modified Crops Produced in the United States and the World	286	(1)
U.S. Regulation of Genetically Modified Food and Agricultural Biotechnology Products	287	(1)
Summary	288	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 13	288	(2)
References	290	(1)
Greenhouse Structures	291	(22)
Abstract	291	(1)
Objectives	291	(1)
Key Terms	291	(1)
Introduction	291	(3)
Basic Greenhouse Structure Types	294	(2)
Specific Design Types	294	(2)
Structural Parts of a Greenhouse	296	(1)
Greenhouse Coverings	297	(2)
Glass Coverings	297	(1)
Plastic Film Coverings	298	(1)
Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Coverings	298	(1)
Acrylic and Polycarbonate Coverings	298	(1)
Factors Involved in Locating a Greenhouse Range	299	(1)
Layout of the Greenhouse Range	299	(4)
Greenhouse Range Orientation	300	(1)
Bench Orientation in the Greenhouse	300	(1)
Types of Benches	301	(2)
Controlling Greenhouse Temperature	303	(5)
Heating Systems Commonly Used in Greenhouses	303	(1)
Ventilation and Cooling Systems	304	(4)
Summary	308	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 14	308	(4)
References	312	(1)
Growing Crops in the Greenhouse	313	(22)
Abstract	313	(1)
Objectives	313	(1)
Key Terms	313	(1)
Introduction	313	(3)
Greenhouse Environment	316	(3)
Temperature	316	(1)
Light	317	(1)
Air	318	(1)
Humidity	318	(1)
Water	318	(1)
Selecting Containers for Crops	319	(1)
Types of Containers	320	(4)
Rooting Containers	321	(1)
Bedding Plant Containers	322	(1)
Green and Flowering Plant Containers	322	(2)
Growing Media	324	(1)
Irrigation Practices	324	(1)
Types of Irrigation Systems	325	(4)
Manual Watering	325	(1)
Automated Watering Systems	325	(4)
Fertilization	329	(1)
Greenhouse Integrated Pest Management (IPM)	330	(1)
Summary	330	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 15	331	(3)
References	334	(1)
Nursery Site Selection, Development, and Facilities	335	(12)
Abstract	335	(1)
Objectives	335	(1)
Key Terms	335	(1)
Introduction	335	(1)
Nursery Site Selection	336	(4)
Environmental Factors	337	(2)
Economic Factors	339	(1)
Nursery Development	340	(1)
Nursery Facilities and Equipment for Container and Field Nurseries	341	(3)
Summary	344	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 16	344	(2)
Reference	346	(1)
Producing Nursery Crops	347	(13)
Abstract	347	(1)
Objectives	347	(1)
Key Terms	347	(1)
Introduction	347	(2)
Nursery Production in the United States	349	(8)
Container Nursery Production	350	(5)
Field Nursery Production	355	(2)
Summary	357	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 17	357	(2)
Reference	359	(1)
Floral Design	360	(15)
Abstract	360	(1)
Objectives	360	(1)
Key Terms	360	(1)
Introduction	360	(2)
History of Floral Design	362	(2)
Background on Cut Flowers	364	(1)
Permanent Flowers	364	(1)
Commonly Used Flowering Plants for Cut Flowers	364	(1)
Harvesting Flowers	365	(1)
Care and Handling of Flowers and Foliage After Harvest	365	(1)
Principles of Floral Design	366	(3)
Design Elements	367	(2)
Six Key Design Rules	369	(1)
Tools and Materials Used for Designing Flowers	369	(3)
Summary	372	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 18	372	(3)
Interiorscaping	375	(14)
Abstract	375	(1)
Objectives	375	(1)
Key Terms	375	(1)
Introduction	375	(2)
Background on Interiorscaping	377	(6)
Plant Environment	377	(3)
Growing Media	380	(1)
Fertilization	380	(1)
Acclimation	381	(1)
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)	381	(1)
Plant Characteristics	382	(1)
Personal Preference	383	(1)
Terrarium or Bottle Garden	383	(3)
Container Selection	384	(1)
Plant Selection	384	(1)
Necessary Tools	384	(1)
Planting Medium	385	(1)
Summary	386	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 19	386	(3)
Designing Landscapes	389	(14)
Abstract	389	(1)
Objectives	389	(1)
Key Terms	389	(1)
Introduction	389	(1)
Background Information on Planning a Landscape and Key Definitions	390	(1)
Purposes of Landscaping	391	(1)
Types of Landscaping	392	(1)
Individuals Responsible for Landscape Design, Installation, and Maintenance	392	(1)
Elements of Design	393	(1)
Principles of Design	394	(1)
Important Factors to Consider when Preparing a Landscape Plan	394	(6)
Creating a Landscape Plan	394	(1)
Client Needs and the Purpose of the Landscape	395	(1)
Analysis of the Site and Its Use	396	(2)
Plant Material Selection	398	(2)
Plant Arrangement in the Landscape	400	(1)
Summary	400	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 20	400	(3)
Installing Landscapes	403	(14)
Abstract	403	(1)
Objectives	403	(1)
Key Terms	403	(1)
Introduction	403	(2)
Background Information on the Planting Plan	405	(1)
Site Preparation	405	(5)
Staking the Site	406	(1)
Hardscaping	406	(2)
Bed Preparation	408	(2)
Installation of Plants into the Landscape	410	(4)
Bedding Plants	410	(1)
Trees and Shrubs	411	(2)
Ground Covers	413	(1)
Summary	414	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 21	415	(1)
Reference	416	(1)
Landscape Maintenance	417	(17)
Abstract	417	(1)
Objectives	417	(1)
Key Terms	417	(1)
Introduction	417	(1)
Background of Landscape Maintenance	418	(1)
Pruning	419	(4)
Pruning Goals	420	(1)
Tree Parts	421	(1)
Pruning Equipment	421	(2)
Pruning Different Types of Plants	423	(5)
Ornamental Trees	423	(1)
Fruit Trees	424	(2)
Grapes	426	(1)
Flowering Shrubs	427	(1)
Evergreen Shrubs	427	(1)
Deciduous Trees	428	(1)
Care of Trees, Shrubs, and Flowering Plants	428	(3)
Watering	429	(1)
Fertilization	429	(1)
Insects and Diseases	430	(1)
Weeds	430	(1)
Turfgrass Care and Maintenance	431	(1)
Summary	431	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 22	432	(2)
Warm- and Cool Season Turfgrass Selection, Establishment, Care, and Maintenance	434	(20)
Abstract	434	(1)
Objectives	434	(1)
Key Terms	434	(1)
Introduction	434	(1)
Major Functions of Turf	435	(1)
Turf Quality	436	(1)
Turfgrass Selection	437	(2)
Climatic Requirements	437	(1)
Life Cycle	438	(1)
Usage	438	(1)
Maintenance Needs	438	(1)
Visual and Functional Quality	439	(1)
Disease- and Insect Resistance	439	(1)
Turfgrass Establishment	439	(5)
Planting Turfgrass Using Sexual Propagation	440	(3)
Planting Turfgrass Using Asexual Propagation	443	(1)
Maintaining Turfgrass	444	(4)
Proper Management of Nutrients	444	(1)
Watering	445	(1)
Mowing	445	(1)
Removal of Clippings and Thatch	446	(1)
Aeration	446	(1)
Pest Control	447	(1)
Scientific Classification (Nomenclature)	448	(1)
Warm Season Turfgrasses	448	(1)
Cool Season Turfgrasses	449	(1)
Summary	449	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 23	450	(4)
Olericulture	454	(19)
Abstract	454	(1)
Objectives	454	(1)
Key Terms	454	(1)
Introduction	454	(3)
Background Information for Olericulture	457	(2)
Classification of Vegetable Crops	459	(1)
Establishing a Vegetable Crop	459	(4)
Selecting the Site and the Necessary Facilities	459	(1)
Selecting a Cultivar	460	(1)
Preparing the Seedbed	461	(1)
Planting Vegetable Crops	462	(1)
Care and Maintenance of Vegetable Crops	463	(2)
Proper Management of Nutrients	463	(1)
Watering	464	(1)
Pest Control	464	(1)
Staking and Training	464	(1)
Protection from Damaging Temperatures	464	(1)
Air Movement	465	(1)
Crop Maturation, Harvesting, Storing, and Marketing	465	(1)
Crop Maturation	465	(1)
Harvesting	466	(1)
Vegetable Cooling and Storage	466	(1)
Marketing	466	(1)
Commercial Vegetable Production	466	(1)
Nontraditional Vegetable Production	466	(2)
Organic Production	467	(1)
Sustainable Horticulture	467	(1)
Hydroponics	467	(1)
Biotechnology	467	(1)
Home Vegetable Garden	468	(1)
Planning the Garden	469	(1)
Planting and Growing Vegetables	469	(1)
Summary	469	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 24	470	(2)
References	472	(1)
Pomology: Fruit and Nut Production	473	(12)
Abstract	473	(1)
Objectives	473	(1)
Key Terms	473	(1)
Introduction	473	(2)
Background Information About Pomology	475	(2)
Types of Fruits	477	(1)
Fruit Crop Establishment	477	(3)
Selecting the Site and the Necessary Facilities	477	(1)
Selecting the Cultivars	478	(1)
Selecting the Rootstocks	479	(1)
Preparing the Land	479	(1)
Planting Fruit Crops	479	(1)
Maintenance and Care of Fruit Crops	480	(1)
Properly Manage Nutrients	480	(1)
Crop Maturation	481	(1)
Harvesting, Storing, and Marketing	482	(1)
Summary	482	(1)
Review Questions for Chapter 25	482	(2)
References	484	(1)
Glossary	485	(16)
Index	501