An Introduction to Human Services Values, Methods, and Populations Served

by Poindexter, Cynthia Cannon; Valentine, Deborah P.

• ISBN13: 9780495007920
• ISBN10: 0495007927
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-07-20
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

Become an effective helper with AN INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SERVICES: VALUES, METHODS, AND POPULATIONS SERVED! A ?must read? for human services workers, students, and volunteers, this concise guide introduces you to the necessary basic skills needed to effectively support and guide persons who need assistance from social services systems. Topics include helping persons living with HIV, working with persons with mental illness, and taking care of oneself. Case studies in each chapter illustrate the helping techniques and difficulties that may arise and exercises help you grasp the techniques presented in the text.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Critical Thinking, the Role of Theory	xxi
Think About It #1	xxiii
Organization of this Book	xxiii
PART 1 LAYING THE GROUNDWORK	1	(84)
Introduction: What Does It Mean to Be a Helper?	2	(8)
Why Be a Helper?	2	(1)
What Is Helping and Why Is It Needed?	3	(1)
Think About It #2	3	(1)
Think About It #3	4	(1)
What Are Human Services Helpers?	4	(1)
What Types of Help Are Requested?	5	(1)
Think About It #4	6	(1)
Helping Whom and How?	6	(2)
One-on-One Individual Support	6	(1)
Couple or Family Support	7	(1)
Group Support	8	(1)
Community Organizing and Advocacy	8	(1)
Where Might You Work and What Might You Do?	8	(1)
Think About It #5	9	(1)
Wrapping It Up	9	(1)
Attitudes and Values of Helping	10	(17)
Helper Attitudes and Beliefs	10	(1)
Seeing Strengths First: The Strengths Perspective	10	(1)
Think About It #6	11	(1)
Think About It #7	12	(1)
Think About It #8	13	(1)
Suspending Judgment	13	(1)
Think About It #9	14	(1)
Supporting Informed Choice	14	(1)
Think About It #10	15	(3)
Using Language Appropriately	16	(1)
Being Honest, Genuine, Authentic, and Trustworthy	16	(2)
Think About It #11	18	(1)
Values and Ethics	18	(1)
Think About It #12	19	(1)
Think About It #13	20	(2)
Confidentiality	21	(1)
Think About It #14	22	(2)
Respecting Differences	22	(1)
Being Aware of Yourself	22	(2)
Think About It #15	24	(1)
Think About It #16	24	(2)
Avoiding Conflicts of Interest	25	(1)
Maintaining Appropriate Boundaries	25	(1)
Think About It #17	26	(1)
Wrapping It Up	26	(1)
Awareness of Others: Addressing Oppression and Culture	27	(15)
Think About It #18	27	(1)
What Is Culture?	28	(1)
Think About It #19	29	(1)
What Is Oppression?	29	(3)
Mistakes to Avoid in Thinking About Culture and Oppression	32	(1)
Think About It #20	32	(1)
Culture and Helping	33	(1)
Think About It #21	33	(4)
The Road to Cultural Competence	34	(2)
Becoming a Culturally Competent Worker	36	(1)
Think About It #22	37	(2)
Culturally Competent Services	37	(2)
Think About It #23	39	(1)
A Note on Sexism and Homophobia	39	(2)
Guidelines for Helping Women	39	(1)
Guidelines for Helping People Who Are Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, or Transgendered	40	(1)
Think About It #24	41	(1)
Wrapping It Up	41	(1)
The Helping Relationship	42	(18)
Relationships and Use of Self	42	(2)
Establishing a Helping Relationship	44	(1)
Think About It #25	45	(1)
Skills in Effective Helping	45	(1)
Identifying Feelings	45	(1)
Think About It #26	46	(4)
Demonstrating Empathy	46	(2)
Starting Where the Person Is	48	(1)
Showing Respect and Suspending Judgment	49	(1)
Think About It #27	50	(2)
Empowerment	50	(1)
Helping That Leads to Empowerment	51	(1)
Think About It #28	52	(1)
Fostering Empowerment	53	(1)
Think About It #29	53	(6)
Be Present and Attend	54	(1)
Validate and Affirm	54	(1)
Communicate Positive Regard	55	(2)
Distinguishing the Person from the Behavior	57	(1)
Distinguishing Feelings from Actions	57	(1)
Provide Information	58	(1)
Advocacy	58	(1)
Wrapping It Up	59	(1)
Active Listening Skills	60	(25)
Think About It #30	61	(1)
Listening Skills	62	(2)
Verbal Tools in Active Listening	62	(2)
Think About It #31	64	(1)
Think About It #32	65	(12)
Recognizing Nonverbal Behavior or Nonvocal Communication	76	(1)
Think About It #33	77	(6)
Other Tips for Active Listening	80	(3)
Wrapping It Up	83	(2)
PART 2 FOUNDATIONS FOR HELPING	85	(110)
The Helping Interview and Problem-Solving Process	86	(15)
A Helping Interview	86	(5)
What Is an Effective Helping Interview?	87	(1)
Teaching Problem-Solving Skills	88	(2)
Problem-Solving Exercise	90	(1)
Think About It #34	91	(1)
Components of an Interview	92	(2)
Beginning/Introduction	93	(1)
The Middle: The Core of the Interview	94	(1)
The End/Closing/Termination	94	(1)
Other Interviewing Issues	94	(2)
The Use of Forms	94	(1)
Note Taking and Record Keeping	95	(1)
Being on Time	95	(1)
Making Plans for Follow-Up	95	(1)
Making Referrals	96	(1)
Handling Interruptions	96	(1)
Interview Types and Settings	96	(3)
The Agency Office	96	(1)
Telephone Interview	97	(1)
Home Visits	97	(2)
Think About It #35	99	(1)
Wrapping It Up	100	(1)
Crisis Intervention	101	(14)
What Is a Crisis?	101	(1)
What Is Crisis Intervention?	102	(2)
What Should the Crisis Intervention Helper Do?	103	(1)
Think About It #36	104	(1)
Dealing with Suicidal Thoughts	104	(2)
What Is the Helper's Stance on Suicide?	104	(1)
The Nature of Suicide	105	(1)
Signals of Suicidal Ideas	105	(1)
Suicide Intervention	106	(4)
Assessing Suicide Lethality	106	(4)
Think About It #37	110	(3)
Principles for Responding to a Suicide Situation	110	(1)
Specific Techniques of Suicide Intervention	111	(1)
Making Referrals in Suicidal Situations	112	(1)
Taking Care of Yourself in Suicidal Situations	113	(1)
Working with Loved Ones	113	(1)
Think About It #38	113	(1)
Wrapping It Up	114	(1)
Case Management or Service Coordination	115	(18)
``Case Management'' in Human Services	115	(3)
Think About It #39	118	(1)
Key Principles of Case Management	118	(2)
Think About It #40	120	(1)
Elements of Case Management	121	(3)
``Case'' or ``Client'' Identification or Finding	121	(1)
Screening, Intake, and Enrollment	121	(1)
Comprehensive Assessment of Needs	121	(1)
Crisis Intervention	121	(1)
Developing Goals and Service Plans	121	(1)
Delivery of Services	122	(1)
Advocacy	122	(1)
Follow-Up	123	(1)
Reassessment	123	(1)
Termination	123	(1)
Think About It #41	124	(1)
Case Coordination	125	(1)
External Case Coordination	125	(1)
Internal Case Coordination	125	(1)
Think About It #42	126	(1)
Documentation in Case Management	127	(1)
Applications of Helping Skills to Case Management	127	(2)
Active Listening	128	(1)
Empowerment and Self-Determination	128	(1)
Think About It #43	129	(1)
Cultural Competence	129	(1)
Think About It #44	130	(1)
Barriers in the Provision of Case Management	130	(1)
Improving Your Case Management Abilities	131	(1)
Wrapping It Up	131	(2)
A Family Approach to Human Services	133	(23)
What Is a Family?	133	(2)
Think About It #45	135	(1)
What Is a ``Healthy'' Family?	135	(1)
Think About It #46	136	(1)
Individual Development	136	(2)
Think About It #47	138	(1)
Family Characteristics: Ways to Think About Families	138	(1)
Boundaries	138	(1)
Think About It #48	139	(1)
Think About It #49	140	(2)
Characteristics of Family System Boundaries	140	(2)
Think About It #50	142	(2)
Family Rules	143	(1)
Think About It #51	144	(1)
Think About It #52	145	(3)
Family Life Cycle	145	(3)
Think About It #53	148	(1)
Think About It #54	148	(4)
Family Stress	149	(3)
Strategies for Helping Families	152	(3)
Families in Relation to Organization and Community Systems	154	(1)
Think About It #55	155	(1)
Wrapping It Up	155	(1)
A Group Approach to Human Services	156	(13)
What Is a Group?	156	(1)
Task Groups versus Treatment Groups	157	(2)
Task Groups	157	(2)
Think About It #56	159	(1)
Treatment or Care Groups	159	(1)
Think About It #57	160	(1)
Essential Group Concepts	161	(1)
Group Purpose	161	(1)
Think About It #58	161	(2)
Group Structure	162	(1)
Think About It #59	163	(1)
Group Composition	164	(1)
Think About It #60	164	(1)
Think About It #61	165	(1)
Group Rules	166	(1)
Think About It #62	166	(1)
Group Leadership	166	(2)
Wrapping It Up	168	(1)
Class Advocacy and Community Organization	169	(12)
Introduction to Class Advocacy	169	(2)
Empowerment in Advocacy	171	(1)
Think About It #63	172	(1)
The Link Between Helping and Advocacy	172	(1)
Think About It #64	173	(1)
Advocacy Activities	173	(1)
Preparing for Advocacy and Community Organization	174	(1)
Think About It #65	175	(1)
Beginning to Advocate	175	(1)
Gathering Data for Advocacy	176	(1)
Tasks for the Politically Involved Helper	176	(1)
Advocating for Change in Another System	177	(1)
Think About It #66	178	(1)
Advocating for Change Within Your Own System	178	(1)
Think About It #67	178	(2)
Think About It #68	180	(1)
Wrapping It Up	180	(1)
Human Services Management and Supervision	181	(14)
Human Services Program Management	181	(3)
Management Skills	182	(2)
Think About It #69	184	(1)
Think About It #70	185	(1)
Think About It #71	186	(1)
Supervision	186	(1)
Think About It #72	187	(1)
Think About It #73	188	(1)
Think About It #74	188	(1)
Think About It #75	189	(1)
Styles of Supervision	189	(1)
Challenges as a New Supervisor	190	(1)
Think About It #76	190	(2)
Think About It #77	192	(1)
Ethical Behavior in Management and Supervision	192	(1)
Think About It #78	193	(1)
Wrapping It Up	193	(2)
PART 3 APPLICATIONS TO SPECIAL AREAS	195	(120)
Interpersonal Violence	196	(26)
The Human Services Worker in Interpersonal Violence Work	196	(2)
Causes of Violence	198	(1)
Think About It #79	199	(1)
Types of Abuse and Neglect	200	(4)
Violation of Rights	200	(1)
Financial Abuse or Exploitation	200	(1)
Verbal, Mental, and Emotional Abuse	201	(1)
Destruction of Property and Hurting Pets	201	(1)
Physical Abuse	202	(1)
Physical Neglect	202	(1)
Sexual Abuse and Rape	203	(1)
Stalking	203	(1)
Think About It #80	204	(1)
Think About It #81	205	(1)
The Cycle of Violence	205	(1)
Educating Victims About the Cycle	206	(1)
The Continuum of Violence	206	(1)
Victim Blaming	206	(1)
Responses to Being Abused	207	(1)
Myths About Relationship Violence	207	(1)
Types of Abuse and Neglect Victims	208	(3)
Child Abuse and Neglect	209	(2)
Think About It #82	211	(2)
Elder Abuse and Neglect	211	(2)
Think About It #83	213	(4)
Partner Abuse	213	(3)
Abuse of Child and Partner Together	216	(1)
What Does the Helper Do?	217	(2)
Developing a Safety Plan	218	(1)
Summary of Relationship Violence Points	219	(1)
Working with Abusers	219	(2)
Think About It #84	221	(1)
Wrapping It Up	221	(1)
Aging	222	(23)
Introduction to Older Adulthood	222	(3)
Social and Demographic Changes	222	(1)
Aging	223	(1)
Ageism	224	(1)
Think About It #85	225	(1)
Myths About Aging	225	(1)
Think About It #86	226	(1)
Theories of Aging	226	(2)
Social Theories of Aging	226	(2)
Think About It #87	228	(1)
Normal Biological Aging versus Illness	228	(8)
Ageism and Health	229	(1)
Normal and Abnormal Changes of Aging	230	(5)
Functional Health	235	(1)
Think About It #88	236	(1)
``Successful'' Aging	236	(1)
Think About It #89	237	(1)
Diversity and Oppression in Aging	237	(1)
Working with Family Caregivers	238	(1)
Think About It #90	239	(1)
Trends in Gerontology	239	(1)
Human Services Settings	240	(2)
Applying Human Services Values to Practice	241	(1)
Think About It #91	242	(1)
Think About It #92	243	(1)
Wrapping It Up	243	(2)
HIV Disease	245	(25)
HIV and AIDS Basics	245	(4)
What Is HIV?	245	(1)
What Is AIDS?	246	(1)
What Is HIV Disease?	246	(1)
How Is HIV Transmitted?	246	(1)
How Is HIV Detected?	247	(2)
How Is HIV Treated?	249	(1)
Common Concerns of Persons with HIV	249	(2)
Living with, Not Dying, of HIV	249	(1)
Confidentiality, Disclosure, and Stigma	250	(1)
Think About It #93	251	(2)
Emotional Turmoil	251	(1)
Sense of Uncertainty	251	(1)
Stress and Trauma	251	(1)
Seeking Control	252	(1)
Concern with Physical and Mental Health	252	(1)
Loss	252	(1)
Concerns of the Spirit	253	(1)
Specific Populations Most Affected by HIV	253	(2)
Women	253	(2)
Think About It #94	255	(2)
Children and Adolescents	255	(2)
Think About It #95	257	(1)
Persons Over Age 50	257	(1)
Think About It #96	258	(4)
Persons of Color	258	(2)
Substance Users	260	(1)
Men Who Have Sex with Men	261	(1)
Human Services Workers in HIV Work	262	(7)
Providing Services Appropriately	262	(2)
Providing Help with Decisions About Testing	264	(1)
Providing Help with Decisions About Safety	265	(1)
Providing Adherence Support	266	(3)
Think About It #97	269	(1)
Wrapping It Up	269	(1)
Developmental Disabilities	270	(33)
Introduction to Developmental Disabilities	270	(1)
The Developmental Disabilities Field	271	(1)
Think About It #98	272	(2)
Think About It #99	274	(1)
Types of Developmental Disabilities	274	(3)
Mental Retardation	274	(3)
Think About It #100	277	(1)
Cerebral Palsy	277	(1)
Think About It #101	277	(6)
Autism Spectrum Disorders	278	(1)
Difficulties with Hearing	279	(1)
Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders	280	(1)
Learning Disabilities	281	(2)
Think About It #102	283	(1)
Other Conditions	283	(1)
Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues	283	(5)
Attitudes and Myths About People with Developmental Disabilities	284	(1)
Legal Rights and Entitlements	285	(2)
Protection and Advocacy	287	(1)
Think About It #103	288	(1)
Think About It #104	288	(1)
Developmental Disabilities Over the Life Cycle	288	(5)
Prenatal and Neonatal Periods	289	(1)
Infancy and Early Childhood	289	(1)
School-Age Children	289	(1)
Adolescence	290	(1)
Early and Middle Adulthood	291	(2)
Think About It #105	293	(1)
Older Adults	293	(1)
Developmental Disabilities and Families	293	(2)
Think About It #106	295	(1)
Think About It #107	296	(1)
Think About It #108	296	(5)
Parents	297	(3)
Siblings	300	(1)
Think About It #109	301	(1)
Grandparents	301	(1)
Interdisciplinary Practice in the Disabilities Field	301	(1)
Wrapping It Up	302	(1)
Working with Loss and Grief	303	(12)
What Constitutes a Loss?	303	(2)
Think About It #110	305	(1)
Response to Grief	305	(1)
Think About It #111	305	(4)
Phases of Grief	305	(4)
Think About It #112	309	(2)
Factors Affecting the Grief Response	309	(2)
Think About It #113	311	(1)
Coping Strategies	311	(1)
Accepting Help	311	(1)
Think About It #114	312	(1)
Ceremonies, Rituals, Artifacts, and Symbols	312	(1)
Think About It #115	313	(1)
Think About It #116	313	(1)
Wrapping It Up	313	(2)
PART 4 CARING FOR THE CAREGIVER	315	(22)
Attention to Self	316	(17)
Burnout and Stress Management	316	(1)
What Causes Burnout?	317	(1)
Think About It #117	317	(6)
Stress Management	318	(1)
Exercises	319	(1)
Assertiveness and Setting Limits	320	(3)
Think About It #118	323	(1)
Working with Difficult Situations	323	(1)
Think About It #119	324	(1)
Think About It #120	324	(1)
Think About It #121	325	(2)
Checking It Out	325	(1)
Helper's Reactions to Difficult Situations	326	(1)
Principles for Use in Difficult Situations	326	(1)
Pay Attention to Your Personal Safety	327	(1)
Clarifying Expectations	328	(1)
Getting Supervision, Consultation, and Support	329	(1)
Think About It #122	329	(1)
Think About It #123	330	(1)
Making Appropriate Referrals	330	(2)
Wrapping It Up	332	(1)
Putting It All Together	333	(4)
What Is a Human Services Helper?	333	(3)
Think About It #124	336	(1)
Wrapping It Up	336	(1)
References	337	(8)
Index	345