Introduction To Outdoor Recreation: Providing And Managing Natural Resource Based Opportunities

by Moore, Roger L.; Driver, B. L.

• ISBN13: 9781892132505
• ISBN10: 1892132508
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-06-30
• Publisher: Venture Pub

Table of Contents

List of Tables and Figures	xi
Acknowledgments	xiii
Preface	xv
Part I Foundations and Background
Key Concepts	3	(18)
Learning Objectives	3	(1)
Natural Resource Dimensions of Outdoor Recreation	4	(1)
Human Dimensions of Outdoor Recreation	5	(6)
Outdoor Recreation and Related Concepts	11	(7)
Summary	18	(1)
Literature Cited	18	(3)
Benefits of Leisure and Its Roles in Society	21	(20)
Learning Objectives	21	(1)
Review of Definitions of Leisure and Recreation	21	(1)
What Is a Leisure Profession or a Recreation Profession?	22	(1)
Benefits of Leisure	23	(1)
Evolution of Scientific Knowledge About Benefits of Leisure	24	(1)
Nature, Scope, and Magnitude of the Benefits of Leisure	25	(1)
Benefits of Leisure in General	26	(7)
Benefits of Outdoor Recreation	33	(4)
The Role of Leisure in Society	37	(1)
Summary	37	(1)
Literature Cited	38	(3)
Historical Context	41	(14)
Learning Objectives	41	(1)
Outdoor Recreation History as Our Context	41	(1)
Periods of Outdoor Recreation History	42	(7)
Significant Events in the History of Outdoor Recreation	49	(2)
Historical Perspectives on Outdoor Recreation Participation	51	(2)
Summary	53	(1)
Literature Cited	53	(2)
Social and Technological Forces Affecting Outdoor Recreation	55	(18)
Learning Objectives	55	(1)
Social and Technological Trends and Forces	55	(1)
Population Changes	55	(3)
Technological Innovations	58	(1)
Shifts in Economic Strengths and Weaknesses	59	(1)
Increased Accountability of Institutions and Leaders	59	(1)
Changes in Transportation	60	(1)
Concern for the Environment and Its Effects on Health	61	(1)
Greater Emphasis on Partnerships	62	(1)
Increasing Pressure on Public Recreational Resources	63	(1)
Changes in Recreation and Leisure in General	64	(2)
Changes in Outdoor Recreation Participation in Particular	66	(2)
Summary	68	(1)
Literature Cited	68	(5)
Part II Outdoor Recreation Resources and Providers of Outdoor Recreation Opportunities
Land and Water Resources for Outdoor Recreation	73	(10)
Learning Objectives	73	(1)
Types of Outdoor Recreation Resources	73	(3)
Scope of Outdoor Recreation Resources	76	(4)
Summary	80	(1)
Literature Cited	81	(2)
Public Sector Providers	83	(26)
Learning Objectives	83	(1)
Public Sector Providers of Outdoor Recreation Opportunities	83	(1)
Federal Recreation Providing Agencies	84	(2)
Federal Land Management Agencies	86	(12)
Federal Water Project Agencies	98	(3)
Other Federal Agencies Involved in Outdoor Recreation	101	(1)
State Outdoor Recreation Providing Agencies	101	(2)
Regional and County Outdoor Recreation Providing Agencies	103	(1)
Municipal Outdoor Recreation Providing Agencies	104	(1)
Summary	105	(1)
Literature Cited	106	(1)
Endnote	107	(2)
Private Sector Providers	109	(8)
Learning Objectives	109	(1)
Providing Private Land and Facilities for Public Outdoor Recreation	109	(2)
Providing Outdoor Recreation Equipment and Supplies	111	(1)
Providing Guiding, Outfitting, and Information	112	(2)
Providing Support Services	114	(1)
Operating Commercial Ventures on Public Lands	115	(1)
Providing Donations and Other Support	115	(1)
Summary	116	(1)
Literature Cited	116	(1)
Nonprofit Sector Providers	117	(6)
Learning Objectives	117	(1)
Overview of the Nonprofit Sector	117	(1)
Scope and Types of Nonprofit Organizations Involved in Outdoor Recreation	117	(4)
Summary	121	(1)
Literature Cited	122	(1)
Endnote	122	(1)
Partnerships Among Outdoor Recreation Providers	123	(10)
Learning Objectives	123	(1)
What Are Partnerships?	123	(3)
Why Form Partnerships?	126	(1)
Team Up With Whom?	126	(1)
How to Create and Nurture Partnerships	127	(2)
Creating and Nurturing Nonprofit Groups for Partnerships	129	(1)
Summary	130	(1)
Literature Cited	130	(3)
Outdoor Recreation Opportunities From Selected Countries Around the World	133	(12)
Learning Objectives	133	(1)
Canada	134	(1)
Latin America	134	(1)
The British Isles and Western Europe	135	(1)
Scandinavian Countries	136	(2)
Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan	138	(1)
Africa	139	(1)
New Zealand and Australia	139	(2)
Summary	141	(1)
Literature Cited	141	(1)
Endnote	141	(4)
Part III Managing Outdoor Recreation Opportunities
Policy Development, Management, Administration, and Planning	145	(10)
Learning Objectives	145	(1)
Definitions of the Four Decision Processes	146	(1)
Descriptions of the Four Decision Processes	147	(6)
Summary	153	(1)
Literature Cited	154	(1)
Evolution of Science-Based Management of Outdoor Recreation Resources	155	(30)
Learning Objectives	155	(1)
Different Periods of Management and the Approaches Used Therein	156	(3)
Significant Legislation	159	(2)
How Advancements in Knowledge Have Facilitated Better Management Practice	161	(3)
Science-Based Approaches for Overtly Managing for Outdoor Recreation	164	(18)
Summary	182	(1)
Literature Cited	182	(2)
Endnote	184	(1)
The Beneficial Outcomes Approach to Leisure	185	(24)
Learning Objectives	185	(1)
Changing Public Values and Recreation Agency Responses to Them	186	(2)
Evolution of the BOAL	188	(2)
Essential Characteristics of the BOAL	190	(8)
Applying the BOAL Paradigm	198	(6)
Advantages of the BOAL	204	(1)
Summary	205	(1)
Literature Cited	206	(2)
Endnotes	208	(1)
Negative Impacts of Recreation Use	209	(14)
Learning Objectives	209	(1)
Negative Recreation Impacts	209	(1)
Categories of Recreation Impacts	210	(4)
General Characteristics of Negative Recreation Impacts	214	(1)
What Factors Influence Levels of Recreation Impacts?	214	(2)
Systems for Managing Negative Recreation Impacts	216	(5)
Summary	221	(1)
Literature Cited	221	(2)
Gathering Data for Managing Outdoor Recreation	223	(10)
Learning Objectives	223	(1)
Estimating Recreation Use	224	(3)
Forecasting Future Recreation Use	227	(1)
Gathering User Information	228	(2)
Techniques for Measuring Impacts to Recreation Resources	230	(1)
Summary	231	(1)
Literature Cited	232	(1)
Influencing and Managing Visitor Behavior	233	(16)
Learning Objectives	233	(1)
Understanding Why Visitors Behave the Way They Do	234	(2)
Strategies for Managing Outdoor Recreation Settings and Influencing Visitor Behavior	236	(10)
Summary	246	(1)
Literature Cited	247	(2)
Collaborative Planning and Management	249	(8)
Learning Objectives	249	(1)
Brief History of Collaborative Planning and Management	250	(2)
Reasons Why Collaborative Planning and Management Was Needed	252	(1)
Characteristics of Collaborative Planning and Management	253	(1)
Essential Ingredients of Collaborative Planning and Management	253	(1)
Hard-to-Remove Barriers of Collaborative Planning and Management	254	(1)
Summary	255	(1)
Literature Cited	255	(2)
Management of Special Outdoor Recreation Resources: Wilderness and Trails	257	(16)
Learning Objectives	257	(1)
Wilderness Areas	258	(6)
Trails and Greenways	264	(6)
Summary	270	(1)
Literature Cited	271	(2)
Economics of Outdoor Recreation	273	(28)
Learning Objectives	273	(1)
General Characteristics of Economics	273	(2)
Economic Concepts of Value and Benefit	275	(5)
Public, Merit, and Nonmarketed Goods and Services	280	(2)
Measuring Economic Values	282	(11)
Recreation Entrance and Use Fees	293	(5)
Summary	298	(1)
Literature Cited	298	(2)
Endnotes	300	(1)
The Future of Outdoor Recreation	301	(14)
Learning Objectives	301	(1)
Visions of Our Future	301	(1)
Emerging Issues	302	(6)
Outdoor Recreation Professionalism	308	(2)
Conclusions	310	(2)
Literature Cited	312	(3)
Appendix A Domains, Scales, and Scale Items for the Recreation Experience Preference (REP) Scales	315	(6)
What Do the Scales Measure?	315	(1)
Description of How the REP Scales Are Presented	315	(6)
Appendix B Providers of Outdoor Recreation Opportunities	321	(6)
Public Sector	321	(2)
Private Sector	323	(1)
Nonprofit Sector Organizations	323	(1)
Selected International Providers and Information Sources	324	(3)
Glossary	327	(8)
Literature Cited	333	(1)
Commonly Used Acronyms in Outdoor Recreation	334	(1)
Index	335