Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, Second Edition

by Kane; Suzanne Amador

• ISBN13: 9781584889434
• ISBN10: 1584889438
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2009-04-30
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Fully updated, this volume builds on the bestselling original to provide medical and physics students with an exploration of the physics-related applications found in state-of-the-art medical centers. Requiring very little physics, biology, or chemistry and keeping mathematics to a minimum, the application-dedicated chapters adhere to simple and self-contained qualitative explanations that make use of examples and illustrations. With an enhanced emphasis on digital imaging and computers in medicine, the text gives readers a fundamental understanding of the practical application of each. Supporting material includes an author-maintained website, and a solutions manual for qualifying instructors.

Table of Contents

Instructor's preface	p. xi
Student preface	p. xiii
Preface to the second edition	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Introduction and overview	p. 1
Suggested reading	p. 8
Telescopes for inner space: Fiber optics and endoscopes	p. 11
Introduction	p. 11
Optics: The science of light	p. 15
How to see around corners	p. 15
Reflecting and bending light	p. 18
Why does light bend? The index of refraction	p. 19
Optional: How lenses form images	p. 23
Making pipes for light	p. 26
Fiber optics applications in medicine: Endoscopes and laparoscopes	p. 33
Different types of endoscopes and their typical construction	p. 33
Some advantages and disadvantages	p. 42
Laparoscopic gallbladder removals	p. 43
New and future directions	p. 44
Robotic surgery and virtual reality in the operating room	p. 44
Telemedicine and military applications	p. 46
Innovations on the horizon	p. 48
Resources	p. 49
Questions	p. 50
Problems	p. 50
Reflection and refraction	p. 50
Total internal reflection and fiber optics	p. 50
Advanced problems	p. 53
Lasers in medicine: Healing with light	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
What is a laser?	p. 56
More on the science of light: Beyond the rainbow	p. 59
How lasers work	p. 63
How light interacts with body tissues	p. 70
Laser beams and spatial coherence	p. 72
Cooking with light: Photocoagulation	p. 77
Trade-offs in photocoagulation: Power density and heat flow	p. 78
Cutting with light: Photovaporization	p. 80
More power: Pulsed lasers	p. 81
Lasers and color	p. 84
The atomic origins of absorption	p. 87
How selective absorption is used in laser surgery	p. 91
Lasers in dermatology	p. 95
Laser surgery on the eye	p. 97
New directions: Lasers in dentistry	p. 101
Advantages and drawbacks of lasers for medicine	p. 102
New directions: Photodynamic therapy-Killing tumors with light	p. 103
New directions: Diffusive optical imaging	p. 106
Suggested reading	p. 108
Questions	p. 109
Problems	p. 110
Seeing with sound: Diagnostic ultrasound imaging	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
Soundwaves	p. 118
What is ultrasound?	p. 121
Ultrasound and energy	p. 124
How echoes are formed	p. 125
How to produce ultrasound	p. 129
Images from echoes	p. 132
Ultrasound scanner design	p. 139
Ultrasound is absorbed by the body	p. 143
Limitations of ultrasound: Image quality and artifacts	p. 151
How safe is ultrasound imaging?	p. 157
Obstetrical ultrasound imaging	p. 161
Echocardiography: Ultrasound images of the heart	p. 165
Origins of the Doppler effect	p. 166
Using the Doppler effect to measure blood flow	p. 171
Color flow images	p. 173
Three-dimensional ultrasound	p. 174
Portable ultrasound-Appropriate technology for the developing world	p. 176
Suggested reading	p. 178
Questions	p. 180
Problems	p. 181
Basic physics of sound waves	p. 181
Echo ranging and echo intensity	p. 181
Absorption of ultrasound	p. 183
Sources of distortion	p. 183
Doppler ultrasound	p. 184
Another useful source of problems on ultrasound imaging	p. 185
X-ray vision: Diagnostic X-rays and CT scans	p. 187
Introduction	p. 187
Diagnostic x-rays: The body's x-ray shadow	p. 190
Types of x-ray interactions with matter	p. 191
Basic issues in x-ray image formation	p. 198
Contrast media make soft tissues visible on an x-ray	p. 206
How x-rays are generated	p. 210
X-ray detectors	p. 217
Mammography: X-ray screening for breast cancer	p. 225
Digital radiography	p. 231
Computed tomography (CT)	p. 238
Application: Spotting brittle bones-Bone mineral scans for osteoporosis	p. 249
Suggested reading	p. 252
Questions	p. 253
Problems	p. 255
Interaction of x-rays with matter	p. 255
Contrast, contrast media, and x-ray absorption	p. 255
X-ray sources and detectors	p. 256
Images from radioactivity: Radionuclide scans, SPECT, and PET	p. 259
Introduction: Radioactivity and medicine	p. 259
Nuclear physics basics	p. 261
Radioactivity fades with time: The concept of half-lives	p. 264
Gamma camera imaging	p. 270
Emission tomography with radionuclides: SPECT and PET	p. 278
Application: Emission computer tomography studies of the brain	p. 290
Hybrid scanners	p. 293
Suggested reading	p. 295
Questions	p. 296
Problems	p. 297
Useful sources of problems	p. 298
Radiation therapy and radiation safety in medicine	p. 299
Introduction	p. 299
Measuring radioactivity and radiation	p. 300
Origins of the biological effects of ionizing radiation	p. 308
The two regimes of radiation damage: Radiation sickness and cancer risk	p. 315
Radiation therapy: Killing tumors with radiation	p. 329
New directions in radiation therapy	p. 340
Suggested reading	p. 343
Questions	p. 344
Problems	p. 344
Useful sources of more advanced problems	p. 345
Magnetic resonance imaging	p. 347
Introduction	p. 347
The Science of magnetism	p. 350
Nuclear magnetism	p. 356
Contrast mechanisms for MRI	p. 367
Listening to spin echoes	p. 374
How MRI maps the body	p. 380
How safe is MRI?	p. 386
Creating better contrast	p. 390
Sports medicine and MRI	p. 393
Magnetic resonance breast imaging	p. 394
Mapping body chemistry with MR spectroscopy	p. 396
Brain mapping and functional MRI	p. 397
Suggested reading	p. 401
Questions	p. 401
Problems	p. 402
Index	p. 405
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