Introductory Applied Biostatistics (with CD-ROM)

by D'Agostino, Sr., Ralph; Sullivan, Lisa; Beiser, Alexa

• ISBN13: 9780534423995
• ISBN10: 053442399X
• Edition: CD
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-03-16
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

INTRODUCTORY APPLIED BIOSTATISTICS (WITH CD-ROM) explores statistical applications in the medical and public health fields. Examples drawn directly from the authors' clinical experiences with applied biostatistics make this text both practical and applicable. You'll master application techniques by hand before moving on to computer applications, with SAS programming code and output for each technique covered in every chapter. For each topic, the book addresses methodology, including assumptions, statistical formulas, and appropriate interpretation of results. This book is a must-have for every student preparing for a statistical career in a healthcare field!

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Motivation	1	(14)
Vocabulary	2	(2)
Population Parameters	4	(3)
Sampling and Sample Statistics	7	(3)
Statistical Inference	10	(5)
Summarizing Data	15	(72)
Background	17	(2)
Vocabulary	17	(1)
Classification of Variables	17	(1)
Notation	18	(1)
Descriptive Statistics and Graphical Methods	19	(38)
Numerical Summaries for Continuous Variables	19	(20)
Graphical Summaries for Continuous Variables	39	(5)
Numerical Summaries for Discrete Variables	44	(7)
Graphical Summaries for Discrete Variables	51	(6)
Key Formulas	57	(2)
Graphical Methods: Continuous Variables	58	(1)
Graphical Methods: Discrete Variables	59	(1)
Statistical Computing	59	(8)
Continuous Variables	60	(2)
Discrete Variables	62	(4)
Summary of SAS Procedures	66	(1)
Analysis of Framingham Heart Study Data	67	(5)
Problems	72	(15)
Probability	87	(62)
Background	88	(2)
Vocabulary	88	(2)
First Principles	90	(8)
Combinations and Permutations	98	(5)
The Binomial Distribution	103	(5)
The Normal Distribution	108	(16)
Percentiles of the Normal Distribution	118	(2)
Normal Approximation to the Binomial	120	(4)
Key Formulas	124	(1)
Applications Using SAS	125	(8)
Summary of SAS Functions	133	(1)
Analysis of Framingham Heart Study Data	133	(3)
Problems	136	(13)
Sampling Distributions	149	(24)
Background	150	(2)
The Central Limit Theorem	152	(10)
Key Formulas	162	(1)
Applications Using SAS	162	(5)
Summary of SAS Functions	167	(1)
Problems	167	(6)
Statistical Inference: Procedures for μ	173	(58)
Estimating μ	174	(16)
Vocabulary and Notation	174	(3)
Confidence Intervals for μ	177	(7)
Precision and Sample Size Determination	184	(6)
Hypothesis Tests About μ	190	(23)
Vocabulary and Notation	190	(6)
Hypothesis Tests About μ	196	(8)
Power and Sample Size Determination	204	(9)
Key Formulas	213	(1)
Statistical Computing	213	(5)
Summary of SAS Procedures and Functions	217	(1)
Analysis of Framingham Heart Study Data	218	(2)
Problems	220	(11)
Statistical Inference: Procedures for (μ1 --- μ2)	231	(62)
Statistical Inference Concerning (μ1 -- μ2)	234	(31)
Case 1: Two Independent Populations---Population Variances Known	235	(4)
Case 2: Two Independent Populations---Population Variances Unknown but Assumed Equal	239	(5)
Case 3: Two Independent Populations---Population Variances Possibly Unequal	244	(15)
Case 4: Two Dependent Populations---The Data Are Matched or Paired	259	(6)
Power and Sample Size Determination	265	(6)
Key Formulas	271	(1)
Statistical Computing	272	(5)
Summary of SAS Procedures and Functions	276	(1)
Analysis of Framingham Heart Study Data	277	(4)
Problems	281	(12)
Categorical Data	293	(66)
Statistical Inference Concerning p	294	(7)
Cross-Tabulation Tables	301	(2)
Diagnostic Tests: Sensitivity and Specificity	303	(2)
Statistical Inference Concerning (p1 -- p2)	305	(5)
Chi-Square Tests	310	(18)
Goodness-of-Fit Test	310	(7)
Tests of Independence	317	(11)
Precision, Power, and Sample Size Determination	328	(5)
Key Formulas	333	(1)
Statistical Computing	333	(9)
Summary of SAS Procedures	341	(1)
Analysis of Framingham Heart Study Data	342	(5)
Problems	347	(12)
Comparing Risks in Two Populations	359	(48)
Effect Measures	360	(3)
Confidence Intervals for Effect Measures	363	(5)
The Chi-Square Test of Homogeneity	368	(7)
Fisher's Exact Test	375	(2)
Cochran--Mantel--Haenzel Method	377	(5)
Precision, Power, and Sample Size Determination	382	(1)
Key Formulas	383	(1)
Statistical Computing	384	(7)
Summary of SAS Procedures	390	(1)
Analysis of Framingham Heart Study Data	391	(9)
Problems	400	(7)
Analysis of Variance	407	(58)
Background Logic	408	(5)
Notation and Examples	413	(11)
Fixed Versus Random Effects Models	424	(1)
Evaluating Treatment Effects	424	(1)
Multiple Comparisons Procedures	425	(11)
The Scheffe Procedure	427	(5)
The Tukey Procedure	432	(4)
Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance	436	(6)
Key Formulas	442	(1)
Statistical Computing	442	(9)
Summary of SAS Procedures	450	(1)
Analysis of Framingham Heart Study Data	451	(3)
Problems	454	(11)
Correlation and Regression	465	(42)
Correlation Analysis	466	(11)
The Sample Correlation Coefficient r	469	(3)
Statistical Inference Concerning p	472	(5)
Simple Linear Regression	477	(8)
Multiple Regression Analysis	485	(2)
Logistic Regression Analysis	487	(4)
Key Formulas	491	(1)
Statistical Computing	492	(5)
Summary of SAS Procedures	496	(1)
Analysis of Framingham Heart Study Data	497	(4)
Problems	501	(6)
Logistic Regression Analysis	507	(38)
The Logistic Model	508	(2)
Statistical Inference for Simple Logistic Regression	510	(7)
Multiple Logistic Regression	517	(5)
Area under the ROC Curve	522	(5)
Key Formulas	527	(1)
Statistical Computing	527	(104)
Summary of SAS Procedures	531	(100)
Analysis of Framingham Heart Study Data	631
Problems	538	(7)
Nonparametric Tests	545	(40)
The Sign Test (Two Dependent Samples Test)	546	(3)
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test (Two Dependent Samples Test)	549	(5)
The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test (Two Independent Samples Test)	554	(4)
The Kruskal--Wallis Test (k Independent Samples Test)	558	(2)
Spearman Correlation (Correlation Between Variables)	560	(5)
Key Formulas	565	(1)
Guidelines for Determining When to Use a Nonparametric Procedure	566	(1)
Statistical Computing	566	(7)
Summary of SAS Procedures	572	(1)
Analysis of Framingham Heart Study Data	573	(8)
Problems	581	(4)
Introduction to Survival Analysis	585	(6)
Incomplete Follow-Up	586	(2)
Time to Event	588	(1)
Survival Analysis Techniques	589	(2)
APPENDIX A Introduction to Statistical Computing Using SAS	591	(18)
A.1 Introduction to SAS	591	(5)
A.1.1 Components of a SAS Program	591	(2)
A.1.2 Overview of the SAS System	593	(2)
A.1.3 Creating and Executing SAS Programs	595	(1)
A.2 The Data Step	596	(13)
A.2.1 Inputting Data: Types of Data	597	(1)
A.2.2 Inputting Data: Types of Input	598	(1)
A.2.3 Missing Values	599	(1)
A.2.4 Advanced Data Input and Data Manipulation	600	(9)
APPENDIX B Statistical Tables	609	(22)
B.1 Statistical Tables	609	(19)
Table B.1 Probabilities of the Binomial Distribution	609	(9)
Table B.2 Probabilities of the Standard Normal Distribution	618	(2)
Table B.2A Z Values for Confidence Intervals	620	(1)
Table B.2B Z Values for Tests of Hypothesis	620	(1)
Table B.3 Critical Values of the t Distribution	621	(3)
Table B.4A Critical Values of the F Distribution with Upper-Tail Area = 0.05	624	(1)
Table B.4B Critical Values of the F Distribution with Upper-Tail Area = 0.205	625	(1)
Table B.5 Critical Values of the X2 Distribution	626	(1)
Table B.6 Critical Values of the Studentized Range Distribution, α = 0.05	627	(1)
B.2 SAS Programs Used to Generate Table Entries	628	(3)
APPENDIX C Framingham Heart Study Longitudinal Data Documentation	631	(14)
Index	645