Investigating Biology Lab Manual

by Morgan, Judith Giles; Carter, M. Eloise Brown

• ISBN13: 9780805371796
• ISBN10: 0805371796
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Spiral Bound
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Summary

With its distinctive investigative approach to learning, this laboratory manual encourages students to become active participants in the science of biology. While teaching basic concepts and laboratory procedures important for all biology majors to learn, the authors also invite students to pose hypotheses, make predictions, conduct open-ended experiments, collect data, and then apply the results to new problems. Laboratory exercises are divided into three categories directed investigations, thematic investigations, and open-ended investigations.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Scientific Investigation	1	(32)
Laboratory Objectives	1	(1)
Introduction	1	(19)
Exercise 1.1 Questions and Hypotheses	2	(2)
Exercise 1.2 Designing Experiments to Test Hypotheses	4	(5)
Exercise 1.3 Designing an Experiment	9	(5)
Exercise 1.4 Presenting and Analyzing Results	14	(4)
Exercise 1.5 Interpreting and Communicating Results	18	(2)
Questions for Review	20	(2)
Applying Your Knowledge	22	(5)
References	27	(6)
Enzymes	33	(26)
Laboratory Objectives	33	(1)
Introduction	33	(18)
Exercise 2.1 Experimental Method and the Action of Catechol Oxidase	34	(3)
Exercise 2.2 Inhibiting the Action of Catechol Oxidase	37	(3)
Exercise 2.3 Influence of Concentration, pH, and Temperature on the Activity of Amylase	40	(11)
Questions for Review	51	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	52	(2)
Investigative Extensions	54	(1)
References	55	(4)
Microscopes and Cells	59	(24)
Laboratory Objectives	59	(1)
Introduction	59	(19)
Exercise 3.1 Parts of the Microscope	60	(3)
Exercise 3.2 Basic Microscope Techniques	63	(4)
Exercise 3.3 The Stereoscopic Microscope	67	(2)
Exercise 3.4 The Electron Microscope	69	(2)
Exercise 3.5 The Organization of Cells	71	(7)
Questions for Review	78	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	79	(1)
References	80	(3)
Diffusion and Osmosis	83	(28)
Laboratory Objectives	83	(1)
Introduction	83	(21)
Exercise 4.1 Diffusion of Molecules	85	(5)
Exercise 4.2 Osmotic Activity in Cells	90	(6)
Exercise 4.3 Investigating Osmolarity of Plant Cells	96	(8)
Questions for Review	104	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	104	(2)
References	106	(5)
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation	111	(24)
Laboratory Objectives	111	(1)
Introduction	111	(18)
Exercise 5.1 Alcoholic Fermentation	114	(7)
Exercise 5.2 Cellular Respiration	121	(7)
Exercise 5.3 Designing and Performing Your Independent Investigation	128	(1)
Questions for Review	129	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	130	(1)
References	131	(4)
Photosynthesis	135	(22)
Laboratory Objectives	135	(1)
Introduction	135	(15)
Exercise 6.1 The Wavelengths of Light for Photosynthesis	136	(4)
Exercise 6.2 Pigments in Photosynthesis	140	(2)
Exercise 6.3 Separation and Identification of Plant Pigments by Paper Chromatography	142	(3)
Exercise 6.4 Determining the Absorption Spectrum for Leaf Pigments	145	(5)
Questions for Review	150	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	151	(1)
Investigative Extensions	152	(1)
References	152	(5)
Mitosis and Meiosis	157	(30)
Laboratory Objectives	157	(1)
Introduction	157	(22)
Exercise 7.1 Modeling the Cell Cycle and Mitosis in an Animal Cell	158	(5)
Exercise 7.2 Observing Mitosis and Cytokinesis in Plant Cells	163	(3)
Exercise 7.3 Observing Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis in Animal Cells	166	(2)
Exercise 7.4 Modeling Meiosis	168	(7)
Exercise 7.5 Meiosis in Sordaria fimicola: A Study of Crossing Over	175	(4)
Questions for Review	179	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	180	(2)
Investigative Extensions	182	(1)
References	182	(5)
Mendelian Genetics: Fast Plants	187	(30)
Laboratory Objectives	187	(1)
Introduction	187	(5)
Overview of Exercises	192	(1)
General Procedures for All Exercises	192	(19)
Exercise 8.1 Inheritance of Anthocyanin Gene	196	(4)
Exercise 8.2 Inheritance of Plant Color: Green, Yellow-Green, and Purple (Anthocyanin Present)	200	(6)
Exercise 8.3 Inheritance of Variegated and Nonvariegated Leaf Color	206	(5)
Questions for Review	211	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	212	(1)
Investigative Extensions	212	(1)
References	213	(4)
Mendelian Genetics: Drosophila	217	(26)
Laboratory Objectives	217	(1)
Introduction	217	(18)
Exercise 9.1 Establishing the Enzyme Reaction Controls	218	(6)
Exercise 9.2 Determining the Pattern of Inheritance of the AldoxGene	224	(4)
Exercise 9.3 Determining Parental Genotypes Using Evidence from Progeny	228	(3)
Exercise 9.4 Mapping Genes	231	(4)
Questions for Review	235	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	235	(1)
Investigative Extensions	236	(1)
References	236	(7)
Molecular Biology	243	(28)
Laboratory Objectives	243	(1)
Introduction	243	(22)
Exercise 10.1 Mapping DNA Using Restriction Enzymes and Electrophoresis	245	(16)
Exercise 10.2 Practice Problem for Mapping DNA	261	(4)
Questions for Review	265	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	265	(1)
References	266	(5)
Population Genetics I: The Hardy-Weinberg Theorem	271	(30)
Laboratory Objectives	271	(1)
Introduction	271	(23)
Exercise 11.1 Testing Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Using a Bead Model	274	(3)
Exercise 11.2 Simulation of Evolutionary Change Using the Bead Model	277	(16)
Exercise 11.3 Investigating the Evolution of Populations Using Computer Simulations	293	(1)
Questions for Review	294	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	295	(2)
References	297	(4)
Population Genetics II: Determining Genetic Variation	301	(26)
Laboratory Objectives	301	(1)
Introduction	301	(19)
Exercise 12.1 Interpreting Banding Patterns in a Gel	302	(14)
Exercise 12.2 Interpreting Results of Gels of a Hypothetical Population	316	(4)
Questions for Review	320	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	321	(2)
References	323	(4)
Bacteriology	327	(34)
Laboratory Objectives	327	(1)
Introduction	327	(26)
Exercise 13.1 Investigating Characteristics of Bacteria	328	(9)
Exercise 13.2 Ecological Succession of Bacteria in Milk	337	(3)
Exercise 13.3 Bacteria in the Environment	340	(8)
Exercise 13.4 Controlling the Growth of Bacteria	348	(5)
Questions for Review	353	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	353	(2)
Investigative Extensions	355	(1)
References	356	(5)
Protists and Fungi	361	(38)
Laboratory Objectives	361	(1)
Introduction	361	(30)
Exercise 14.1 The Protists	363	(16)
Exercise 14.2 The Kingdom Fungi	379	(10)
Exercise 14.3 Designing Your Independent Investigation	389	(2)
Questions for Review	391	(2)
Applying Your Knowledge	393	(1)
References	394	(5)
Plant Diversity I: Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes) and Seedless Vascular Plants	399	(26)
Laboratory Objectives	399	(1)
Introduction	399	(18)
Exercise 15.1 Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes)	403	(6)
Exercise 15.2 Seedless Vascular Plants	409	(8)
Questions for Review	417	(2)
Applying Your Knowledge	419	(2)
Investigative Extensions	421	(1)
References	421	(4)
Plant Diversity II: Seed Plants	425	(28)
Laboratory Objectives	425	(1)
Gymnosperms	425	(1)
Angiosperms	426	(19)
Exercise 16.1 Gymnosperms	427	(6)
Exercise 16.2 Angiosperms	433	(12)
Questions for Review	445	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	446	(1)
Investigative Extensions	447	(1)
References	448	(5)
Animal Diversity I	453	(22)
Laboratory Objectives	453	(1)
Introduction	453	(21)
Exercise 17.1 Phylum Porifera---Sponges (Scypha)	458	(2)
Exercise 17.2 Phylum Cnidaria---Hydras (Hydra)	460	(3)
Exercise 17.3 Phylum Platyhelminthes---Planarians (Dugesia)	463	(3)
Exercise 17.4 Phylum Annelida---Clamworms (Nereis) and Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris)	466	(4)
Exercise 17.5 Phylum Mollusca---Clams	470	(4)
Applying Your Knowledge	474	(1)
References	474	(1)
Animal Diversity II	475	(34)
Exercise 18.1 Phylum Nematoda---Roundworms (Ascaris)	475	(4)
Exercise 18.2 Phylum Arthropoda	479	(7)
Exercise 18.3 Deuterostome---Phylum Echinodermata---Sea Star (Demonstration)	486	(3)
Exercise 18.4 Deuterostome---Phylum Chordata	489	(7)
Results	496	(1)
Results Summary	496	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	496	(6)
References	502	(7)
Plant Anatomy	509	(34)
Laboratory Objectives	509	(1)
Introduction	509	(1)
Summary of Basic Plant Tissues and Cell Types	510	(24)
Exercise 19.1 Plant Morphology	513	(2)
Exercise 19.2 Plant Primary Growth and Development	515	(1)
Exercise 19.3 Cell Structure of Primary Tissues	516	(14)
Exercise 19.4 Cell Structure of Tissues Produced by Secondary Growth	530	(3)
Exercise 19.5 Grocery Store Botany: Modifications of Plant Organs	533	(1)
Questions for Review	534	(2)
Applying Your Knowledge	536	(2)
Investigative Extensions	538	(1)
References	539	(4)
Plant Growth	543	(22)
Laboratory Objectives	543	(1)
Introduction	543	(1)
Germinating Seeds and Growing Plants for Independent Investigations	544	(15)
Exercise 20.1 Factors Influencing Seed Germination	547	(3)
Exercise 20.2 Plant Growth Regulators: Auxin	550	(4)
Exercise 20.3 Plant Growth Regulators: Gibberellins	554	(4)
Exercise 20.4 Designing Your Independent Investigation	558	(1)
Questions for Review	559	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	560	(1)
References	561	(4)
Vertebrate Anatomy I: The Skin and Digestive System	565	(26)
Overview of Vertebrate Anatomy Labs (Lab Topics 21, 22, and 23)	565	(1)
Laboratory Objectives	566	(1)
Introduction to Tissues	566	(20)
Exercise 21.1 Histology of the Skin	570	(3)
Exercise 21.2 Introduction to the Fetal Pig	573	(4)
Exercise 21.3 The Digestive System in the Fetal Pig	577	(9)
Applying Your Knowledge	586	(1)
References	587	(4)
Vertebrate Anatomy II: The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems	591	(22)
Laboratory Objectives	591	(1)
Introduction	591	(17)
Exercise 22.1 Glands and Respiratory Structures of the Neck and Thoracic Cavity	592	(1)
Exercise 22.2 The Heart and the Pulmonary Blood Circuit	593	(3)
Exercise 22.3 The Heart and the Systemic Circuit in the Thorax	596	(3)
Exercise 22.4 The Systemic Circuit in the Abdominal Cavity	599	(5)
Exercise 22.5 Fetal Pig Circulation	604	(1)
Exercise 22.6 Details of the Respiratory System	605	(3)
Applying Your Knowledge	608	(2)
References	610	(3)
Vertebrate Anatomy III: The Excretory, Reproductive, and Nervous Systems	613	(24)
Laboratory Objectives	613	(1)
Introduction	613	(19)
Exercise 23.1 The Excretory System	614	(3)
Exercise 23.2 The Reproductive System	617	(9)
Exercise 23.3 Nervous Tissue, the Reflex Arc, and the Vertebrate Eye	626	(6)
Applying Your Knowledge	632	(1)
References	633	(4)
Animal Development	637	(32)
Laboratory Objectives	637	(1)
Introduction	637	(1)
Overview of Stages in Early Development	638	(23)
Exercise 24.1 Development in Echinoderms: Sea Urchin and Sea Star	642	(6)
Exercise 24.2 Development in an Amphibian	648	(2)
Exercise 24.3 Development in the Zebra Fish	650	(4)
Exercise 24.4 Development in a Bird: The Chicken	654	(7)
Questions for Review	661	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	662	(2)
Investigative Extensions	664	(1)
References	665	(4)
Ecology I: Terrestrial Ecology	669	(42)
Laboratory Objectives	669	(1)
Introduction	669	(2)
Stating the Problem	671	(28)
Exercise 25.1 Biotic Components	672	(13)
Exercise 25.2 Abiotic Components	685	(4)
Exercise 25.3 Data Analysis	689	(10)
Questions for Review	699	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	700	(2)
Optional Exercise 25.1 Biotic Components: Weedy Lots or Fields	702	(1)
References	703	(8)
Ecology II: Computer Simulations of a Pond Ecosystem	711	(30)
Laboratory Objectives	711	(1)
Introduction	711	(1)
The Pond Ecosystem	712	(23)
Exercise 26.1 Computer Model of the Pond Ecosystem	713	(9)
Exercise 26.2 Effects of Disturbance on the Pond Ecosystem	722	(13)
Questions for Review	735	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	736	(1)
Investigative Extension	737	(1)
References	737	(4)
Animal Behavior	741	(22)
Laboratory Objectives	741	(1)
Introduction	741	(17)
Exercise 27.1 Taxis in Brine Shrimp	743	(3)
Exercise 27.2 Kinesis in Pill Bugs	746	(3)
Exercise 27.3 Agonistic Display in Male Siamese Fighting Fish	749	(5)
Exercise 27.4 Reproductive Behavior in Fruit Flies	754	(4)
Questions for Review	758	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	758	(2)
References	760	(3)
Scientific Writing	763	(10)
Chi-Square Test	773	(4)
Terminology and Techniques for Dissection	777	(10)
List of Color Plates	787	(2)
Color Plates	789