Investigating Chemistry Introductory Chemistry From A Forensic Science Perspective

by Johll, Matthew

• ISBN13: 9781429255226
• ISBN10: 1429255226
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-01-20
• Publisher: W. H. Freeman

Summary

Fingerprinting revolutionized the field of forensic science because it is a method of absolute identification connecting a person to an object. A person guilty of a crime could no longer deny his or her presence at a crime scene without weaving a web of lies. Understanding how fingerprint evidence is collected and preserved requires a knowledge of the chemicals present in a fingerprint. The chemical composition of a fingerprint can vary from one individual to another and may contain various inorganic ions, organic acids, lipids, and water. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
Introduction to Forensic Chemistry	p. 3
Case Study: Planted Evidence	p. 3
Welcome	p. 4
Chemistry, Crime, and the Global Society	p. 4
Physical Evidence: Matter and Its Forms	p. 5
The PeriodicTable	p. 9
Evidence Analysis: Thin-Layer Chromatography	p. 10
Learning the Language of Chemistry	p. 13
The Most Important Skill of a Forensic Scientist; Observation	p. 18
Critical Thinking and the Crime Scene: The Scientific Method	p. 19
Cass Study Finale: Planted Evidence	p. 20
Evidence Collection and Preservation	p. 27
Case Study: Grave Evidence	p. 27
Preserving Evidence: Reactions, Properties, and Changes	p. 28
Physical Evidence Collection: Mass, Weight, and Units	p. 30
Mathematics of Unit Conversions	p. 32
Errors and Estimates in Laboratory Measurements: Significant Figures	p. 34
Mathematics of Significant Figure Calculations	p. 37
Experimental Results: Accuracy and Precision	p. 38
How to Analyze Evidence: Density Measurements	p. 40
Mathematics of Density Measurements	p. 41
How to Analyze Glass and Soil: Using Physical Properties	p. 43
Case Study Finale: Grave Evidence	p. 46
Atomic Clues	p. 55
Case Study: The Isotope Itinerary	p. 55
Origins of the Atomic Theory: Ancient Greek Philosophers	p. 56
Foundations of a Modern Atomic Theory	p. 57
Dalton's Atomic Theory	p. 59
Atomic Structure: Subatomic Particles	p. 62
Nature's Detectives: Isotopes	p. 65
Atomic Mass: Isotopic Abundance and the Periodic Table	p. 68
Mathematics of Isotopic Abundance and Atomic Mass	p. 68
Atomic Structure: Electrons and Emission Spectra	p. 69
Mathematics of Light	p. 71
Atomic Structure: Electron Orbitals	p. 74
Electron Configurations	p. 77
Evidence Analysis: Scanning Electron Microscopy	p. 80
Case Study Finale: The Isotope Itinerary	p. 83
Chemical Evidence	p. 91
Case Study: Mind Games	p. 91
Chemical Nature of Evidence: Regions of the Periodic Table	p. 92
Types of Compounds: Covalent Compounds	p. 95
Types of Compounds: Ionic Compounds	p. 98
Common Names and Diatomic Elements	p. 107
Basics of Chemical Reactions	p. 109
Balancing Chemical Equations	p. 110
Mathematics of Chemical Reactions: Mole Calculations	p. 112
Mathematics of Chemical Reactions: Stoichiometry Calculations	p. 116
Types of Reactions	p. 118
Mathematics of Chemical Reactions: Limiting Reactants and Theoretical Yields	p. 121
Evidence Analysis: Spectrophotometry	p. 124
Case Study Finale: Mind Games	p. 126
Chemistry of Banding: Structure and Function of Drug Molecules	p. 135
Case Study: No Motive, No Opportunity	p. 135
Nature of Covalent Bonds	p. 136
Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds	p. 139
Lewis Structures of Covalent Compounds	p. 140
Resonance Structures	p. 143
VSEPR Theory	p. 145
Polarity of Bonds and Molecules	p. 148
Molecular Geometry of Drugs	p. 151
Drug Receptors and Brain Chemistry	p. 154
Evidence Analysis: Immunoassay Methods	p. 156
Case Study Finale: No Motive, No Opportunity	p. 156
Properties of Solutions I: Aqueous Solutions	p. 165
Case Study: An Aqueous Apocalypse	p. 165
Aqueous Solutions	p. 166
Solution Properties	p. 167
Net Ionic Reactions	p. 169
Solubility	p. 172
Mathematics of Solutions: Concentration Calculations	p. 174
Acid Chemistry	p. 177
Base Chemistry	p. 179
Neutralization Reactions	p. 181
The pH Scale and Buffers	p. 181
Mathematics of Solutions: Calculating pH	p. 184
Case Study Finale: An Aqueous Apocalypse	p. 186
Properties of Solutions II: Intermolecular Farces and Colligative Properties	p. 195
Case Study: Something for the Pain	p. 195
Intermolecular Forces and Surface Tension	p. 196
Types of Intermolecular Forces	p. 198
Mixed Intermolecular Forces	p. 202
The Process of Dissolution	p. 203
Rate of Dissolving Soluble Compounds	p. 205
Colligative Properties: Boiling Point of Solutions	p. 206
Mathematics of Boiling Point Elevation	p. 209
Colligative Properties: Freezing Point of Solutions	p. 210
Mathematics of Freezing Point Depression	p. 212
Colligative Properties: Osmosis	p. 213
Mathematics of Osmotic Pressure	p. 215
Evidence Analysis: HPLC	p. 216
Case Study Finale: Something for the Pain	p. 217
Drug Chemistry	p. 225
Case Study: Administering Murder	p. 225
Introduction to Organic Chemistry	p. 226
Alkanes	p. 227
Alkenes and Alkynes	p. 230
Branched Isomers	p. 232
Cyclic Compounds	p. 234
Ethers, Ketones, and Esters	p. 237
Amines	p. 242
Alcohols, Aldehydes, and Carboxylic Acids	p. 243
How to Extract Organic Compounds: Solubility and Acid-Base Properties	p. 247
Evidence Analysis: Infrared Spectroscopy	p. 250
Case Study Finale: Administering Murder	p. 252
Chemistry of Fire and Heat	p. 251
Case Study: "False and Unreliable"	p. 261
The Chemistry of Fire	p. 262
Combustion Reactions	p. 264
Redox Reactions	p. 268
Thermochemistry of Fire	p. 270
Heat Capacity and Phase Changes	p. 273
Mathematics of Heat Capacity	p. 277
The First Law of Thermodynamics and Calorimetry	p. 278
Mathematics of Calorimetry	p. 280
Petroleum Refinement	p. 282
Evidence Analysis: Gas Chromatography	p. 284
Case Study Finale: "False and Unreliable"	p. 286
Chemistry of Explosions	p. 293
Case Study: Tracing Explosives	p. 293
Explosives 101	p. 294
Redox Chemistry of Explosives	p. 295
Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases	p. 297
Gas Laws	p. 298
Mathematics of the Gas Laws	p. 304
The Combined and Ideal Gas Laws	p. 308
Mathematics of the Combined and Ideal Gas Laws	p. 309
Mathematics of Advanced Ideal Gas Law Problems	p. 311
Detection of Explosives: Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures	p. 312
Evidence Analysis: Mass Spectroscopy	p. 314
Case Study Finale: Tracing Explosives	p. 316
Applications of Chemical Kinetics	p. 325
Case Study: The Casey Anthony Trial	p. 325
Introduction to Chemical Kinetics	p. 326
Collision Theory	p. 327
Kinetics and Temperature	p. 330
Kinetics and Catalysts	p. 332
Zero-Order Reactions	p. 335
First-Order Reactions	p. 337
Half-Life	p. 338
Case Study Finale: The Casey Anthony Trial	p. 340
Nuclear Chemistry: Energy, Medicine, Weapons, and Terrorism	p. 345
Case Study: Elimination by Irradiation	p. 345
The Discovery of Natural Radioactivity	p. 346
Radiation Types and Hazards	p. 347
Balancing Nuclear Equations	p. 351
Half-Lives and Risk Assessment	p. 352
Medical Applications of Nuclear Isotopes	p. 355
Forensic Application of Carbon-14	p. 358
Nuclear Power Plants	p. 360
Military Uses of Nuclear Isotopes	p. 363
Nuclear Transmutations	p. 364
Nuclear Terrorism	p. 365
Evidence Analysis: Neutron Activation Analysis	p. 366
Case Study Finale: Elimination by Irradiation	p. 369
Chemical Equilibrium and Poisons	p. 375
Case Study: A Mother-in-Law's Justice	p. 375
Introduction to Poisons	p. 376
Chemical Equilibrium and Poisons	p. 378
Dynamic Equilibrium	p. 380
Values of the Equilibrium Constant	p. 383
Le Chatelier's Principle	p. 385
Solubility Equilibrium	p. 389
Mathematics of Equilibrium	p. 390
Case Study Finale: A Mother-in-Law's Justice	p. 392
Introduction to Biochemistry and DNA Analysis	p. 399
Case Study: Remembering 9-11	p. 399
Lipids: Fats, Waxes, and Oils	p. 400
Carbohydrates	p. 403
Proteins	p. 405
DNA Basics	p. 409
DNA Analysis	p. 412
Mitochondrial DNA	p. 414
Case Study Finale: Remembering 9-11	p. 415
Appendix A	p. 420
Appendix B	p. 421
Answers to Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems	p. 422
Combined Glossary/Index	p. 450
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