Issues in American Foreign Policy

by Herrick, Christopher; McRae, Patricia B.

• ISBN13: 9780321080783
• ISBN10: 0321080785
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-11-12
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This exciting new issues-based text can act as a supplement or main text in American foreign policy. It analyzes a variety of ongoing and emerging foreign policy issues in evolutionary context. Each chapter ofIssues in American Foreign Policyintroduces one or more of the principle problems facing the United States today and provides ample historical background and theoretical context so readers can more fully understand the ramifications of each issue. The text takes the readers right up to the present, exposes them to different viewpoints and encourages them to develop their own ideas on each issue by including end-of-chapter "Up for Debate" sections. Finally, the text shows readers that many issues in American foreign policy are related. By discussing the interrelatedness of these problems, readers see how action taken on one foreign policy issue may have serious consequences for one or more other issuesand serious consequences for the-well being of the U.S. and the rest of the world.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Introduction The Emergence and Evolution of Issues in American Foreign Policy	1	(1)
Goals of U.S. Foreign Policy	2	(4)
Causal Factors in American Foreign Policy	6	(20)
Systemic Factors and the Evolution of U.S. Foreign Policies	8	(6)
Societal Forces and the U.S. Response to Emerging and Reemerging Issues	14	(6)
Governmental Factors in the Emergence of Policy Issues	20	(1)
Role and Idiosyncratic Factors	21	(4)
Post-Cold War Grand Strategy	25	(1)
Models of U.S. Decision Making: Rational Actor, Organizational Process, and Governmental Politics	26	(11)
Conclusion	31	(2)
Notes	33	(4)
Conventional Force Structure	37	(35)
Introduction	37	(1)
Historical Background to the Issue	38	(8)
The Initial Post-Cold War Conventional Force Structure Debate	46	(3)
Refinement of the Debate Concerning U.S. Conventional Force Structure	49	(6)
The Strategic Problem for the Early 21st-Century U.S. Conventional Forces	55	(17)
Conclusion	61	(2)
Up for Debate	63	(3)
Suggested Readings and Resources	66	(1)
Notes	67	(5)
Ballistic Missile Defense	72	(37)
Introduction	72	(1)
Factors Leading to the Initial Strategic Defense Initiative Proposal	73	(2)
U.S. and Soviet Competition in Nuclear Weapons and Delivery Systems	75	(4)
The Reagan Strategic Buildup	79	(4)
The Reagan Initiative to Develop a Strategic Defense System	83	(1)
The Decline of Sdi as a Foreign Policy Option	84	(4)
The Reemergence of Ballistic Missile Defense as a Foreign Policy Issue	88	(10)
The Bush Jr. Administration, the Nuclear Posture Review, and the Emerging Context of National Missile Defense	98	(11)
Conclusion	100	(2)
Up for Debate	102	(1)
Suggested Readings and Resources	103	(2)
Notes	105	(4)
Weapons of Mass Destruction	109	(33)
Introduction	109	(1)
Chemical and Biological Weapons Before the Cold War Period	110	(2)
Chemical and Biological Weapons During the Cold War Period	112	(5)
Biological Weapons Convention	114	(1)
Nuclear Weapons	115	(2)
The End of the Cold War and Progress in Constraining WMD	117	(3)
International Nuclear Agreements	118	(1)
The Chemical Weapons Convention	118	(2)
The Reemerging Issue of WMD	120	(4)
Addressing the Reemerging Issue of WMD	124	(18)
Conclusion	129	(1)
Up for Debate	130	(3)
Suggested Readings and Resources	133	(2)
Notes	135	(5)
Appendix A---States Possessing or Thought to Possess Weapons of Mass Destruction	140	(1)
Appendix B---General Treaties Dealing with Weapons of Mass Destruction	141	(1)
International Terrorism	142	(52)
Introduction	142	(2)
U.S. Policy on Terrorism	144	(4)
The Sources of Terrorism	148	(1)
Outline of the U.S. Policy Response	148	(3)
Definitional Quagmires	151	(5)
Conventional Terrorism	156	(2)
Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons Terrorism	158	(7)
Cyberterrorism and Information Warfare	165	(7)
The Nature of Cyberterrorism	165	(2)
U.S. Government Responses to International Cyberterrorism	167	(5)
Costs Versus Benefits and Risks Versus Rewards---The Evolution of U.S. Policy Toward Terrorists	172	(5)
Homeland Security---U.S. Response to Terrorism	177	(17)
Conclusion	179	(3)
Up for Debate	182	(2)
Suggested Readings and Resources	184	(3)
Notes	187	(7)
Transnational Organized Crime	194	(36)
Introduction	194	(5)
Transnational Organized Crime Groups	199	(4)
Drug Trafficking	203	(5)
Drug Production Chains---The Colombian Cocaine Cartels	208	(22)
Phase One (1974--1980)	209	(2)
Phase Two (1981--1986)	211	(2)
Phase Three (1987--1994)	213	(3)
Phase Four (1994--present)	216	(2)
Plan Colombia	218	(2)
Conclusion	220	(3)
Up for Debate	223	(2)
Suggested Readings and Resources	225	(1)
Notes	226	(4)
Humanitarian Intervention	230	(45)
Introduction	230	(2)
Historical Context of Pre-Cold War U.S. Humanitarian Intervention	232	(3)
Humanitarian Intervention During the Cold War	235	(3)
Humanitarian Intervention in a Post-Cold War World	238	(1)
Case Studies: Humanitarian Intervention in the Post-Cold War World	239	(14)
The Kurds, 1991	240	(1)
Somalia	240	(4)
Haiti	244	(2)
Bosnia	246	(3)
Kosovo	249	(4)
Case Studies: Refraining from Intervention	253	(22)
Afghanistan	253	(3)
Rwanda	256	(1)
Sudan	257	(1)
The Kurds, 1992--2001	258	(2)
Conclusion	260	(6)
Up for Debate	266	(3)
Suggested Readings and Resources	269	(1)
Notes	270	(5)
Environmental Degradation	275	(36)
Introduction	275	(1)
The Emergence of Global Warming and Ozone Layer Depletion on the U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda	276	(2)
Ozone Depletion	278	(4)
Chlorofluorocarbons	278	(2)
The Vienna Convention	280	(1)
The Montreal Protocol	281	(1)
Climate Change	282	(10)
Scientific Evidence for Global Warming	283	(1)
Why Scientific Support for Global Warming was Insufficient to Change Policy	284	(3)
The Issue of Global Warming During the Bush Sr. Administration	287	(2)
Changes in U.S. Policy During the Clinton Administration	289	(2)
The Kyoto Protocol	291	(1)
General Factors Influencing the Development of U.S. Policy Regarding Global Climate Change and Ozone-Depleting Compounds	292	(1)
Unresolved Problems and the Reemergence of Global Climate Change as a Contentious Foreign Policy Issue for the United States	292	(3)
The Policies of the Bush Jr. Administration	295	(1)
Future Directions for U.S. Policy Regarding Global Climate Change and Ozone Depletion	296	(15)
Ozone Depletion	298	(2)
Crosscutting Issues	300	(2)
Conclusion	302	(2)
Up for Debate	304	(1)
Selected Readings and Resources	305	(2)
Notes	307	(4)
Biodiversity	311	(29)
Introduction	311	(2)
History of U.S. Involvement in the Issue of Species and Habitat Protection	313	(1)
The Array of Forces Concerned with Biodiversity Issues	314	(6)
Wildlife Protection	320	(4)
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna	321	(1)
Biodiversity Convention	322	(2)
Invasive Species Problem	324	(1)
Ongoing Issues Concerning Biodiversity	325	(5)
Cloning	330	(10)
Conclusion	331	(2)
Up for Debate	333	(2)
Suggested Readings and Resources	335	(1)
Notes	336	(4)
Sustainable Development	340	(36)
Introduction	340	(2)
The Confused Classifications of Development	342	(2)
U.S. Development Assistance Policies in the 1950s	344	(2)
U.S. Development Assistance Policies in the 1960s	346	(2)
U.S. Development Assistance in the 1970s	348	(3)
U.S. Development Assistance in the 1980s	351	(1)
Sustainable Development and Population Growth in the 1980s	352	(1)
The Emerging Concept of Sustainable Development	353	(2)
Population, Sustainable Development, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Late 1980s and 1990s	355	(2)
Debt Burden in the 1980s--1990s	357	(1)
Clinton, Multilateralism, and the Movement Toward Sustainable Development Assistance	358	(3)
U.S. Foreign Policy and Sustainable Development in the 21st Century	361	(1)
Sustainable Development and Debt Burden	362	(1)
Debt Relief and Sustainable Development in the 21st Century	363	(13)
Conclusion	365	(3)
Up for Debate	368	(2)
Suggested Readings and Resources	370	(2)
Notes	372	(4)
Pandemic Disease	376	(37)
Introduction	376	(7)
In the Past	383	(1)
U.S. Support for International Action Aimed at Addressing Specific Endemic and Potentially Pandemic Diseases	384	(10)
HIV / AIDS	385	(4)
Malaria	389	(3)
Tuberculosis	392	(2)
The Response of the Bush Jr. Administration to the Issue of Pandemic Disease	394	(1)
Pandemic Disease and the Emerging Conflict with U.S. Trade Policies	395	(18)
Conclusion	397	(5)
Up for Debate	402	(3)
Suggested Readings and Resources	405	(2)
Notes	407	(6)
International Energy Policy	413	(30)
Introduction	413	(2)
Background to the Issue	415	(7)
The 1990s and the Emergence of Concern for International Energy Policies	422	(2)
Actors and Factors Affecting International Energy Policy	424	(5)
Energy Sanctions as a Part of U.S. Energy Policy	426	(1)
Domestic Factors and U.S. Energy Policy	427	(2)
Future U.S. International Energy Policy Options	429	(14)
Conclusion	431	(4)
Up for Debate	435	(3)
Suggested Readings and Resources	438	(1)
Notes	439	(4)
The IMF and International Monetary Management	443	(53)
Introduction	443	(3)
The Evolution of U.S. Policy Toward the IMF in the Post--World War II Period	446	(6)
International Currency Stability	446	(3)
The Role of the U.S. Dollar	449	(1)
The United States as the Unilateral Money Manager, 1947--1960	450	(1)
Political Advantages of Unilateralism to the United States	450	(1)
The End of U.S. Unilateral Money Management	451	(1)
The United States and the Rise and Decline of Multilateral Management	452	(3)
A Diminished U.S. Role	452	(1)
Establishment of the Group of Ten	452	(1)
The Creation of Artificial International Currency (Special Drawing Rights)	452	(1)
The Growing Influence of Transnational Corporations	453	(1)
Growing Interdependence of the United States, Western Europe, and Japan	454	(1)
U.S. Attempts to Reassert Unilateral Money Management	454	(1)
The Group of Twenty	454	(1)
Expanding Interdependence and Multilateral Management	455	(4)
The Impact of Increasing Oil Prices	455	(3)
The Impact of Policies of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank (the Fed)	458	(1)
The Continuing Influence of the U.S. Dollar	458	(1)
U.S. Policies and the Debt Crisis of the 1980s	459	(2)
U.S. Lending and Aid Policies and the Debt of NICs and Other LDCs	459	(1)
Proposed Solutions to Ending Debt of LDCs	460	(1)
The 1980s Debt Crisis and U.S. Policy Toward the IMF	461	(7)
Difference in Treatment of NIC Latin American Debt and Other LDC Debt by the United States	461	(2)
Expansion of Borrowing Rights to Countries Outside the Group of Ten	463	(1)
The Baker Plan: A New Strategy for Growth Among Indebted States	464	(1)
Limited Success of the Baker Plan	465	(1)
Stopgap Measures (Debt Equity Swaps, Debt Swaps, and Bonds) After the Baker Plan	466	(1)
Threatened Political Stability of LDCs and Debt Forgiveness	467	(1)
The Restructuring of Debt Under the Brady Initiative	468	(1)
The United States, the IMF, and the Debt Crises of the 1990s: More Open Economies	468	(11)
The Mexican Crisis of 1994	469	(1)
Lessons in Monitoring the Economic and Political Stability of Loan Recipients	469	(2)
Dangers of a Rapid Move to Open Economies	471	(1)
The United States and IMF Loans to Russia: Russia's Transition to an Open Economy	471	(1)
Stabilizing Russia with Advice and Loans from the IMF	472	(1)
The Role of Limited IMF Aid to Russia in the Election of Antireformers to the Duma	473	(1)
Additional IMF Loans for Russia with New Conditionalities	474	(1)
The Rise in Influence of Oligarches and Their Impact on Political and Economic Stability	474	(2)
The Failure of New Loans by the IMF to Stabilize Russia and the Continued Need for IMF Involvement in Pressuring Russia	476	(1)
The United States, the IMF, and the Asian Financial Crisis	476	(1)
Initial Economic Stability and Growth in East Asia	476	(1)
Failure of the United States and IMF to Prevent Dangerous Asian Lending Practices	477	(2)
Outstanding Policy Issues for the United States Associated with International Financial Management	479	(17)
Moral Hazard	480	(1)
International Financial Standards and Transparency	481	(1)
Conditionalities	482	(2)
Conclusion	484	(1)
Up for Debate	485	(3)
Suggested Readings and Resources	488	(2)
Notes	490	(6)
International Trade Policy	496	(27)
Introduction	497	(1)
Background to the Issue	497	(2)
Key Elements of the GATT	499	(1)
U.S. Leadership Under the GATT	500	(1)
The Growth of Interdependence, the Decline of the Cold War, and Renewed Protectionist Pressures	501	(7)
The Tokyo Round	505	(2)
NAFTA	507	(1)
International Civil Society and the Emerging Free Trade Controversy	508	(15)
Conclusion	512	(2)
Up for Debate	514	(3)
Suggested Readings and Resources	517	(2)
Notes	519	(4)
Management of International Resources	523	(41)
Introduction	523	(1)
International Fisheries Management	524	(17)
The Development of Fisheries as a U.S. Foreign Policy Issue	525	(2)
The Development of a Coordinated U.S. Fisheries Policy	527	(2)
Pressures for Unilateral Action, 1960--1970	529	(2)
The Rise and Decline of Multilateral Management Policy---1970--1975	531	(1)
UNCLOS III	531	(1)
The U.S. Fisheries Conservation Zone, 1976	532	(4)
The Unfinished and Reemerging Problem of Protecting the World's Marine Living Resources	536	(3)
U.S. Options in the Twenty-First Century	539	(2)
Freshwater Resources	541	(2)
Outer Space	543	(4)
The Existing International Legal Framework of Outer Space	543	(1)
Emerging Issues of Outer Space	543	(4)
The Antarctic	547	(17)
The Antarctic Treaty System	548	(1)
Emerging Issues	549	(1)
Antarctic Fisheries	550	(1)
Environmental Impact Process	550	(1)
Liability	551	(1)
Conclusion	552	(3)
Up for Debate	555	(3)
Suggested Readings and Resources	558	(1)
Notes	559	(5)
Democratization	564	(31)
Introduction	564	(2)
The Evolution of Democratization as a Goal of U.S. Foreign Policy Prior to World War II	566	(11)
Rhetoric and Reality: Democratization and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1945--1975	568	(3)
Democratization and the Carter Administration	571	(2)
Democratization as a Policy Issue in the Reagan Administration	573	(2)
Democratization and U.S. Policy in the Bush Sr. Administration	575	(2)
Democratization as a Focus for U.S. Foreign Policy	577	(3)
The Impact of the Broadening of Democratization	580	(3)
Targeted Democratization Programs	581	(1)
Assessment of U.S. Democratization Efforts	582	(1)
The Place of Democratization Efforts in Future U.S. Foreign Policy	583	(12)
Conclusion	585	(2)
Up for Debate	587	(2)
Suggested Readings and Resources	589	(1)
Notes	590	(5)
CONCLUSION	595	(15)
Issue Area Analysis	595	(1)
The Evolution of Issues on the U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda	596	(4)
Technological Innovation	597	(2)
Economic Interdependence	599	(1)
Changes in the International System	599	(1)
The Evolution of U.S. Policy to Address Emerging Issues	600	(6)
Systemic Factors	600	(1)
Domestic Factors	600	(1)
Idiosyncratic Factors	601	(1)
Crosscutting Factors	602	(1)
Unilateralism Versus Multilateral Pressures	603	(2)
Policy and Shifting Sands	605	(1)
Pressures Toward Consensus	605	(1)
The Interrelationship of Issues	606	(3)
The Process and Prospects for the Emergence and Evolution of Issues in U.S. Foreign Policy	609	(1)
Notes	609	(1)
Index	610