Joint Structure And Function

by Levangie, Pamela K.; Norkin, Cynthia C.

• ISBN13: 9780803611917
• ISBN10: 0803611919
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-06-30
• Publisher: F a Davis Co

Summary

Striking an optimum, user-friendly balance between basic and more advanced content, this is the ideal text for your program's Kinesiology course. A clear and logical presentation of the basic theory of joint structure and muscle action provides the foundation necessary to understand both normal and pathologic functions. Full-color, well-referenced, up-to-date research and the liberal use of figures, examples, and tables make this the most comprehensive text on the market. An extensive new art program, including photographs, radiographs, and scans, enhances visual learning. Unique focus on normal structure and function rather than specific patient problems shows how deviations from normal may create or underlie dysfunction. Patient case studies at the beginning of each chapter and case applications throughout illustrate clinical relevance. Increased use of highlights and call-out boxes underscore key points and Continuing Exploration boxes highlight controversial topic. Evidence-based approaches used throughout.

Table of Contents

SECTION 1 Joint Structure and Function: Foundational Concepts	2	(138)
Biomechanical Applications to Joint Structure and Function	3	(66)
Pamela K. Levangie
Introduction	4	(1)
Patient Case	4	(1)
Part 1: Kinematics and Introduction to Kinetics	5	(1)
Descriptions of Motion	5	(5)
Types of Displacement	5	(2)
Location of Displacement in Space	7	(2)
Direction of Displacement	9	(1)
Magnitude of Displacement	9	(1)
Rate of Displacement	10	(1)
Introduction to Forces	10	(9)
Definition of Forces	10	(2)
Force Vectors	12	(3)
Force of Gravity	15	(4)
Introduction to Statics and Dynamics	19	(1)
Newton's Law of Inertia	19	(1)
Newton's Law of Acceleration	20	(1)
Translatory Motion in Linear and Concurrent Force Systems	20	(5)
Linear Force System	21	(1)
Determining Resultant Forces in a Linear Force System	21	(1)
Concurrent Force System	22	(2)
Newton's Law of Reaction	24	(1)
Additional Linear Force Considerations	25	(10)
Tensile Forces	26	(2)
Joint Distraction	28	(3)
Revisting Newton's Law of Inertia	31	(1)
Shear and Friction Forces	32	(3)
Part 2: Kinetics - Considering Rotatory and Translatory Forces and Motion	35	(1)
Torque, or Moment of Force	35	(7)
Angular Acceleration and Angular Equilibrium	37	(1)
Parallel Force Systems	38	(3)
Meeting the Three Conditions for Equilibrium	41	(1)
Muscle Forces	42	(2)
Total Muscle Force Vector	42	(2)
Torque Revisited	44	(4)
Changes to Moment Arm of a Force	45	(1)
Angular Acceleration with Changing Torques	46	(1)
Moment Arm and Angle of Application of a Force	46	(2)
Lever Systems, or Classes of Levers	48	(5)
Muscles in Third-Class Lever Systems	50	(1)
Muscles in Second-Class Lever Systems	50	(1)
Muscles in First-Class Lever Systems	51	(1)
Mechanical Advantage	51	(1)
Trade-Offs of Mechanical Advantage	52	(1)
Limitations to Analysis of Forces by Lever Systems	53	(1)
Force Components	53	(7)
Resolving Forces into Perpendicular and Parallel Components	54	(1)
Perpendicular and Parallel Force Effects	54	(6)
Translatory Effects of Force Components	60	(2)
Rotatory Effects of Force Components	61	(1)
Total Rotation Produced by a Force	62	(4)
Multisegment (Closed-Chain) Force Analysis	63	(3)
Summary	66	(3)
Joint Structure and Function	69	(44)
Sandra Curwin
Introduction	70	(1)
Joint Design	70	(1)
Materials Used in Human Joints	71	(12)
Structure of Connective Tissue	72	(5)
Specific Connective Tissue Structures	77	(6)
General Properties of Connective Tissue	83	(8)
Mechanical Behavior	83	(4)
Viscoelasticity	87	(1)
Time-Dependent and Rate-Dependent Properties	87	(2)
Properties of Specific Tissues	89	(2)
Complexities of Human Joint Design	91	(7)
Synarthroses	91	(2)
Diarthroses	93	(5)
Joint Function	98	(4)
Kinematic Chains	98	(1)
Joint Motion	99	(3)
General Changes with Disease, Injury, Immobilization, Exercise, and Overuse	102	(5)
Disease	102	(1)
Injury	102	(1)
Immobilization (Stress Deprivation)	103	(1)
Exercise	104	(2)
Overuse	106	(1)
Summary	107	(6)
Muscle Structure and Function	113	(27)
Gary Chleboun
Introduction	113	(1)
Patient Case	114	(1)
Elements of Muscle Structure	114	(9)
Composition of a Muscle Fiber	114	(1)
The Contractile Unit	115	(2)
The Motor Unit	117	(2)
Muscle Structure	119	(2)
Muscular Connective Tissue	121	(2)
Muscle Function	123	(12)
Muscle Tension	123	(6)
Classification of Muscles	129	(3)
Factors Affecting Muscle Function	132	(3)
Effects of Immobilization, Injury, and Aging	135	(1)
Immobilization	135	(1)
Injury	135	(1)
Aging	136	(1)
Summary	136	(4)
SECTION 2 Axial Skeletal Joint Complexes	140	(92)
The Vertebral Column	141	(52)
Diane Dalton
Introduction	142	(1)
Patient Case	142	(1)
General Structure and Function	142	(14)
Structure	142	(8)
Function	150	(6)
Regional Structure and Function	156	(20)
Structure of the Cervical Region	156	(5)
Function of the Cervical Region	161	(3)
Structure of the Thoracic Region	164	(1)
Function of the Thoracic Region	165	(1)
Structure of the Lumbar Region	166	(4)
Function of the Lumbar Region	170	(3)
Structure of the Sacral Region	173	(1)
Function of the Sacral Region	174	(2)
Muscles of the Vertebral Column	176	(11)
The Craniocervical/Upper Thoracic Regions	176	(4)
Lower Thoracic/Lumbopelvic Regions	180	(6)
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor	186	(1)
Effects of Aging	187	(1)
Summary	188	(5)
The Thorax and Chest Wall	193	(22)
Julie Starr
Diane Dalton
Introduction	193	(1)
Patient Case	193	(1)
General Structure and Function	193	(15)
Rib Cage	193	(7)
Muscles Associated With the Rib Cage	200	(8)
Coordination and Integration of Ventilatory Motions	208	(1)
Developmental Aspects of Structure and Function	209	(1)
Differences Associated with the Neonate	209	(1)
Differences Associated with the Elderly	210	(1)
Pathological Changes in Structure and Function	210	(2)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	210	(2)
Summary	212	(3)
The Temporomandibular Joint	215	(17)
Don Hoover
Pamela Ritzline
Patient Case	215	(1)
Introduction	215	(1)
Structure	216	(3)
Articular Surfaces	216	(1)
Articular Disk	217	(1)
Capsule and Ligaments	218	(1)
Upper and Lower Temporomandibular Joints	219	(1)
Function	219	(6)
Mandibular Motions	219	(3)
Muscular Control of the Temporomandibular Joint	222	(1)
Relationship with the Cervical Spine	223	(2)
Dentition	225	(1)
Age-Related Changes in the Temporomandibular Joint	225	(1)
Dysfunctions	226	(2)
Inflammatory Conditions	226	(1)
Capsular Fibrosis	226	(1)
Osseous Mobility Conditions	226	(1)
Articular Disk Displacement	227	(1)
Degenerative Conditions	227	(1)
Summary	228	(4)
SECTION 3 Upper Extremity Joint Complexes	232	(122)
The Shoulder Complex	233	(40)
Paula M. Ludewig
John D. Borstead
Introduction	233	(1)
Patient Case	234	(1)
Components of the Shoulder Complex	234	(25)
Sternoclavicular Joint	234	(3)
Acromioclavicular Joint	237	(5)
Scapulothoracic Joint	242	(4)
Glenohumeral Joint	246	(13)
Integrated Function of the Shoulder Complex	259	(8)
Scapulothoracic and Glenohumeral Contributions	259	(1)
Sternoclavicular and Acromioclavicular Contributions	260	(2)
Structural Dysfunction	262	(1)
Muscles of Elevation	263	(1)
Deltoid Muscle Function	263	(1)
Supraspinatus Muscle Function	264	(1)
Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Subscapularis Muscle Function	264	(1)
Upper and Lower Trapezius and Serratus Anterior Muscle Function	264	(2)
Rhomboid Muscle Function	266	(1)
Muscles of Depression	266	(1)
Latissimus Dorsi and Pectoral Muscle Function	266	(1)
Teres Major and Rhomboid Muscle Function	266	(1)
Summary	267	(6)
The Elbow Complex	273	(32)
Cynthia C. Norkin
Introduction	273	(1)
Patient Case	274	(1)
Structure: Elbow Joint (Humeroulnar and Humeroradial Articulations)	274	(8)
Articulating Surfaces on the Humerus	274	(1)
Articulating Surfaces on the Radius and Ulna	275	(1)
Articulation	276	(1)
Joint Capsule	276	(2)
Ligaments	278	(2)
Muscles	280	(2)
Function: Elbow Joint (Humeroulnar and Humeroradial Articulations)	282	(7)
Axis of Motion	282	(2)
Range of Motion	284	(2)
Muscle Action	286	(3)
Structure: Superior and Inferior Articulations	289	(3)
Superior Radioulnar Joint	289	(1)
Inferior Radioulnar Joint	289	(1)
Radioulnar Articulation	290	(1)
Ligaments	290	(2)
Muscles	292	(1)
Function: Radioulnar Joints	292	(3)
Axis of Motion	292	(1)
Range of Motion	293	(1)
Muscle Action	293	(1)
Stability	294	(1)
Mobility and Stability: Elbow Complex	295	(1)
Functional Activities	295	(1)
Relationship to the Hand and Wrist	295	(1)
Effects of Age and Injury	296	(4)
Age	296	(1)
Injury	297	(3)
Summary	300	(5)
The Wrist and Hand Complex	305	(49)
Noelle M. Austin
Introduction	305	(1)
The Wrist Complex	305	(14)
Radiocarpal Joint Structure	306	(4)
Midcarpal Joint Structure	310	(1)
Function of the Wrist Complex	311	(8)
The Hand Complex	319	(21)
Carpometacarpal Joints of the Fingers	319	(2)
Metacarpophalangeal Joints of the Fingers	321	(3)
Interphalangeal Joints of the Fingers	324	(1)
Extrinsic Finger Flexors	325	(3)
Extrinsic Finger Extensors	328	(1)
Extensor Mechanism	329	(4)
Intrinsic Finger Musculature	333	(4)
Structure of the Thumb	337	(2)
Thumb Musculature	339	(1)
Prehension	340	(6)
Power Grip	341	(3)
Precision Handling	344	(2)
Functional Position of the Wrist and Hand	346	(1)
Summary	346	(8)
SECTION 4 Hip Joint	354	(124)
The Hip Complex	355	(82)
Pamela K. Levangie
Introduction	355	(1)
Patient Case	356	(1)
Structure of the Hip Joint	356	(10)
Proximal Articular Surface	356	(2)
Distal Articular Surface	358	(3)
Articular Congruence	361	(1)
Hip Joint Capsule and Ligaments	362	(3)
Structural Adaptations to Weight-Bearing	365	(1)
Function of the Hip Joint	366	(12)
Motion of the Femur on the Acetabulum	366	(2)
Motion of the Pelvis on the Femur	368	(3)
Coordinated Motions of the Femur, Pelvis, and Lumbar Spine	371	(2)
Hip Joint Musculature	373	(5)
Hip Joint Forces and Muscle Function in Stance	378	(7)
Bilateral Stance	378	(1)
Unilateral Stance	379	(2)
Reduction of Muscle Forces in Unilateral Stance	381	(4)
Hip Joint Pathology	385	(3)
Arthrosis	386	(1)
Fracture	386	(1)
Bony Abnormalities of the Femur	387	(1)
Summary	388	(5)
The Knee
Lynn Snyder-Macker
Michael Lewek
Introduction	393	(1)
Patient Case	394	(1)
Structure of the Tibiofemoral Joint	394	(15)
Femur	394	(1)
Tibia	395	(1)
Tibiofemoral Alignment and Weight-Bearing Forces	395	(2)
Menisci	397	(2)
Joint Capsule	399	(3)
Ligaments	402	(5)
IIiotibial Band	407	(1)
Bursae	408	(1)
Tibiofemoral Joint Function	409	(11)
Joint Kinematics	409	(4)
Muscles	413	(6)
Stabilizers of the Knee	419	(1)
Patellofemoral Joint	420	(9)
Patellofemoral Articular Surfaces and Joint Congruence	421	(1)
Motions of the Patella	422	(1)
Patellofemoral Joint Stress	423	(2)
Frontal Plane Patellofemoral Joint Stability	425	(3)
Weight-Bearing vs. Non-Weight-Bearing Exercises with Patellofemoral Pain	428	(1)
Effects of Injury and Disease	429	(2)
Tibiofemoral Joint	429	(1)
Patellofemoral Joint	430	(1)
Summary	431	(6)
The Ankle and Foot Complex	437	(41)
Michael J. Mueller
Introduction	437	(1)
Patient Case	438	(1)
Definitions of Motions	438	(2)
Ankle Joint	440	(5)
Ankle Joint Structure	440	(3)
Ankle Joint Function	443	(2)
The Subtalar Joint	445	(7)
Subtalar Joint Structure	445	(2)
Subtalar Joint Function	447	(5)
Transverse Tarsal Joint	452	(6)
Transverse Tarsal Joint Structure	452	(2)
Transverse Tarsal Joint Function	454	(4)
Tarsometatarsal Joints	458	(2)
Tarsometatarsal Joint Structure	458	(1)
Tarsometatarsal Joint Function	459	(1)
Metatarsophalangeal Joints	460	(4)
Metatarsophalangeal Joint Structure	460	(1)
Metatarsophalangeal Joint Function	461	(3)
Interphalangeal Joints	464	(1)
Plantar Arches	464	(4)
Structure of the Arches	464	(1)
Function of the Arches	465	(3)
Muscular Contribution to the Arches	468	(1)
Muscles of the Ankle and Foot	468	(4)
Extrinsic Musculature	468	(4)
Intrinsic Musculature	472	(1)
Deviations from Normal Structure and Function	472	(2)
Summary	474	(4)
SECTION 5 Integrated Function	478	(91)
Posture	479	(38)
Cynthia C. Norkin
Introduction	479	(1)
Patient Case	480	(1)
Static and Dynamic Postures	480	(4)
Postural Control	481	(1)
Major Goals and Basic Elements of Control	481	(3)
Kinetics and Kinematics of Posture	484	(3)
Inertial and Gravitational Forces	485	(1)
Ground Reaction Forces	485	(1)
Coincident Action Lines	485	(1)
Sagittal Plane	486	(1)
Optimal Posture	487	(1)
Analysis of Standing Posture	487	(16)
Sagittal Plane Alignment and Analysis	488	(5)
Deviations from Optimal Alignment in the Sagittal Plane	493	(5)
Frontal Plane Optimal Alignment and Analysis	498	(1)
Deviations from Optimal Alignment in the Frontal Plane	498	(5)
Analysis of Sitting Postures	503	(5)
Muscle Activity	504	(1)
Interdiskal Pressures and Compressive Loads on the Spine	505	(1)
Seat Interface Pressures	506	(2)
Analysis of Lying Postures	508	(1)
Interdiskal Pressures	508	(1)
Surface Interface Pressures	508	(1)
Effects of Age, Pregnancy, Occupation, and Recreation on Posture	509	(3)
Age	509	(2)
Pregnancy	511	(1)
Occupation and Recreation	511	(1)
Summary	512	(5)
Gait	517	(52)
Sandra J. Olney
Introduction	517	(1)
General Features	518	(1)
Patient Case	518	(1)
Kinematics	519	(8)
Phases of the Gait Cycle	519	(3)
Gait Terminology	522	(2)
Joint Motion	524	(3)
Saunders' ``Determinants'' of Gait	527	(1)
Kinetics	527	(24)
Ground Reaction Force	527	(1)
Center of Pressure	528	(1)
Kinetic Analysis	528	(2)
Internal and External Forces, Moments, and Conventions	530	(4)
Energy Requirements	534	(1)
Mechanical Energy of Walking	534	(1)
Mechanical Energy: Kinematic Approach	534	(3)
Mechanical Power and Work	537	(6)
Muscle Activity	543	(4)
Ground Reaction Force: Sagittal Plane Analysis	547	(4)
Kinematics and Kinetics of the Trunk and Upper Extremities	551	(2)
Trunk	551	(2)
Upper Extremities	553	(1)
Stair and Running Gaits	553	(6)
Stair Gait	553	(2)
Running Gait	555	(3)
Summary	558	(1)
Effects of Age, Gender, Assistive Devices, and Orthoses	559	(2)
Age	559	(1)
Gender	560	(1)
Assistive Devices	561	(1)
Orthoses	561	(1)
Abnormal Gait	561	(3)
Structural Impairment	562	(1)
Functional Impairment	562	(2)
Summary	564	(5)
Index	569