Justice Administration: Police, Courts, And Corrections Management

by Peak, Ken

• ISBN13: 9780132206730
• ISBN10: 0132206730
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, Fifth Edition,is the only single-author book of its kind: exploring administration from a systems perspective and examining the organization, operation, personnel roles, functions, issues and practices of the police, courts, and corrections. Drawing on the authorrs"s 35 years of experience, the text offers an authentic and unique real -world perspective. This revision incorporates more than 30 case studies, discussions of future considerations, articles fromLaw Enforcement Newsand a new chapter on terrorism and homeland defense. Updated material addresses topics such as the Prison Litigation Reform Act, probation-police partnerships, computer crime and probation, and new technologies.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
About the Author	xxi
Introduction by Hon. Procter Hug, Jr.	xxiii
PART I JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION: AN INTRODUCTION	1	(60)
Chapter 1 The Study and Scope of Justice Administration	3	(19)
Key Terms and Concepts	4	(1)
Learning Objectives	4	(1)
Why Study Justice Administration?	4	(3)
Purpose of the Book and Key Terms	5	(1)
Organization of the Book	5	(2)
A True System of Justice?	7	(6)
A Criminal Justice Process?	8	(1)
A Criminal Justice Network?	8	(2)
A Criminal Justice Nonsystem?	10	(3)
Or a True Criminal Justice System?	13	(1)
The Foundations of Justice and Administration: Legal and Historical Bases	13	(3)
The Consensus versus Conflict Debate	14	(1)
Crime Control through Due Process	15	(1)
Public-Sector versus Private-Sector Administration	16	(1)
Policymaking in Justice Administration	17	(2)
SUMMARY	19	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	19	(1)
NOTES	20	(2)
Chapter 2 Organization and Administration: Principles and Practices	22	(39)
Key Terms and Concepts	23	(1)
Learning Objectives	23	(1)
Introduction	24	(1)
Defining Organizations	24	(1)
Organizational Theory and Function	25	(3)
Elements of an Organization	25	(2)
Organizational Inputs/Outputs	27	(1)
Organizational Structure	28	(1)
Leading the Organization	29	(2)
What Is Leadership?	30	(1)
Organizational Communication	31	(5)
Definition and Characteristics	31	(2)
Communication within Criminal Justice Organizations	33	(1)
The Grapevine	34	(1)
Oral and Written Communication	35	(1)
Other Barriers to Effective Communication	35	(1)
Cultural Empathy	36	(1)
Historical Approaches to Management	36	(2)
Scientific Management	36	(1)
Human Relations Management	37	(1)
Systems Management	38	(1)
Primary Leadership Theories	38	(5)
Trait Theory	38	(2)
Style Theory	40	(1)
Situational Leadership	41	(2)
The Managerial Grid	43	(2)
Types of Leadership Skills	45	(1)
Motivating Employees	46	(9)
The Hawthorne Studies	46	(1)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs	47	(4)
McGregor's Theory X/Theory Y	51	(1)
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory	52	(1)
Expectancy and Contingency Theories	52	(3)
A Diversion: Managing Generation X/Y Employees	55	(1)
SUMMARY	56	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	56	(1)
NOTES	57	(4)
PART II THE POLICE	61	(114)
Chapter 3 Police Organization and Operation	63	(20)
Key Terms and Concepts	64	(1)
Learning Objectives	64	(1)
Introduction	64	(1)
Police Agencies as Organizations	65	(1)
The Grouping of Activities	65	(1)
The Division of Labor	65	(1)
Elements of Police Organizational Structure	66	(2)
Examples of Police Organization	68	(4)
The Basic Organizational Structure	68	(3)
Commentary on the Quasi-Military Style of Policing	71	(1)
Organizational Guidelines: Policies, Procedures, Rules, and Regulations	72	(1)
Community-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving	73	(4)
Rationale and Definitions	73	(1)
The S.A.R.A. Process	74	(2)
Desired Organizational Elements under COPPS	76	(1)
Effecting Change in Policing	77	(2)
Change Begins with the Supervisor	77	(1)
The Chief Executive and Mid-Level Manager	78	(1)
Case Studies	79	(1)
SUMMARY	80	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	80	(1)
NOTES	81	(2)
Chapter 4 Police Personnel Roles and Functions	83	(32)
Key Terms and Concepts	84	(1)
Learning Objectives	84	(1)
Introduction	85	(1)
Roles of the Police Executive: The Mintzberg Model of CEOs	85	(3)
The Interpersonal Role	85	(1)
The Informational Role	86	(1)
The Decision-Maker Role	87	(1)
Law Enforcement Executives, Generally	88	(3)
Obtaining the Best: The Assessment Center	88	(1)
Skills of Good Managers	89	(1)
The "Ten Commandments"	89	(1)
Managing the Organization's Critical Components	90	(1)
Chiefs of Police	91	(3)
Expectations of Government and Community	91	(1)
Qualifications	92	(1)
Job Protection, Termination, and the Political Arena	93	(1)
The Sheriff	94	(1)
Role and Functions	94	(1)
Middle Managers: Captains and Lieutenants	95	(3)
First-Line Supervisors: The Patrol Sergeant	98	(6)
Seeking the Gold Badge	98	(1)
Assuming the Position: General Roles and Functions	98	(4)
Types of Supervisors	102	(2)
The Patrol Officer	104	(3)
Basic Tasks	104	(1)
What Traits Make a Good Officer?	104	(1)
Can People Be Too Smart for Police Work?	105	(1)
Policy Implications	106	(1)
Strategies for Hiring the Best	107	(1)
Roles and Functions of Police Personnel under COPPS	107	(3)
The Chief Executive	108	(1)
Middle Managers	108	(1)
First-Line Supervisors	109	(1)
Rank-and-File Officers	109	(1)
Case Studies	110	(2)
SUMMARY	112	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	112	(1)
NOTES	112	(3)
Chapter 5 Police Issues and Practices	115	(30)
Key Terms and Concepts	116	(1)
Learning Objectives	116	(1)
Introduction	116	(1)
Managing the Use of Force	117	(4)
Power to Be Used judiciously	117	(1)
A Typology of Abuse of Authority	118	(2)
Reporting and Examining Use-of-Force Occurrences	120	(1)
Vehicular Pursuits	121	(4)
A High-Stakes Operation	121	(1)
The Supreme Court's View	122	(1)
Leadership Rejoinder	122	(3)
Border and Heartland Troubles	125	(2)
A Daily Deluge of Humanity	125	(1)
Crimes Wrought by Undocumented Aliens	126	(1)
New Technologies: Drones and Databases	127	(1)
Challenges with Racial Profiling	127	(4)
A "Hot Button" Issue	127	(2)
Need for Data	129	(1)
Leadership Challenges	130	(1)
Bringing Down the Walls: Women and Minorities Wearing the Badge	131	(4)
Women as Officers and Executives	131	(2)
Key Issues	133	(2)
Minorities as Law Enforcement Officers	135	(1)
The High Cost of Hunting Missing Persons in an Age of Media Superfluity	135	(3)
Future Considerations	136	(1)
Forecasts and Strategies	136	(1)
COPPS and Other Trends	136	(2)
Case Studies	138	(3)
SUMMARY	141	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	141	(1)
NOTES	142	(3)
Chapter 6 Terrorism and Homeland Defense	145	(30)
Key Terms and Concepts	146	(1)
Learning Objectives	146	(1)
Introduction	146	(2)
Types and Categories of Terrorism	148	(43)
Definitions	148	(1)
Categories	148	(1)
Nuclear Biological, and Environmental Terrorism	148	(2)
Other Threats: Cyberterrosism and Agriculture Shock	150	(41)
Law Enforcement Responses	191	(6)
General Approaches and Posse Comitatus	151	(1)
The Department of Homeland Security	151	(46)
Establishing Command and Control: The National Incident Management System	197
Emergency Response Checklist	162	(1)
Tactical Concerns	163	(1)
Technology Needs	164	(1)
Interagency Cooperation, Command and Control: The Washington, D.C.-Area Sniper Investigation	164	(3)
Unfinished Business with Regard to Vulnerability to Terrorism	167	(2)
Case Studies	169	(1)
SUMMARY	170	(1)
ITEMS FOR REVIEW	171	(1)
NOTES	171	(4)
PART III THE COURTS	175	(64)
Chapter 7 Court Organization and Operation	177	(17)
Key Terms and Concepts	178	(1)
Learning Objectives	178	(1)
Introduction	178	(1)
By the Numbers: Court Statistics	179	(1)
Inside the Courts: Decor, Decorum, Citizens	179	(3)
Hallowed Places	179	(1)
Justice in the Eye of the Beholder	180	(1)
Seeking Truth in an Adversarial Atmosphere	181	(1)
Courts as Organizations	182	(3)
A Nonbureaucratic Work Group	182	(1)
Organizational Structure	183	(2)
The Influence of Courts in Policymaking	185	(1)
Decreasing Litigation: Alternative Dispute Resolution	186	(2)
ADR Options: Arbitration and Mediation	187	(1)
Attempts at Reforming Court Organization	188	(3)
Case Study	191	(1)
SUMMARY	192	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	192	(1)
NOTES	192	(2)
Chapter 8 Court Personnel Roles and Functions	194	(21)
Key Terms and Concepts	195	(1)
Learning Objectives	195	(1)
Introduction	195	(1)
Defining Judicial Administration	196	(2)
The Jurists	198	(4)
Those Who Would Be Judges: Methods of Selection	198	(1)
Benefits and Problems	199	(3)
Good Judging and Courtroom Civility	202	(2)
Judges as Court Managers	204	(1)
Court Clerks	204	(1)
Key Individuals	204	(1)
The Forgotten Majority: Clerks in Rural Courts	205	(1)
Trained Court Administrators	205	(2)
Development and Training	205	(2)
General Duties	207	(1)
How Judges Evaluate Administrators	207	(1)
Jury Administration	208	(2)
Case Study	210	(1)
SUMMARY	211	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	211	(1)
NOTES	212	(3)
Chapter 9 Court Issues and Practices	215	(24)
Key Terms and Concepts	216	(1)
Learning Objectives	216	(1)
Introduction	216	(1)
Justice from the Due Process and Crime Control Perspectives	217	(3)
Courthouse Violence	217	(1)
Types of Courthouse Violence	218	(1)
Making a Threat Assessment	219	(1)
Problem-Solving Courts	220	(2)
"Therapeutic Justice," Not "McJustice"	220	(1)
In the Spotlight: Drug Courts	221	(1)
The Dilemma of Delay	222	(3)
"Justice Delayed..."	222	(1)
The Consequences	222	(1)
Suggested Solutions	223	(1)
Case Scheduling: Two Systems	224	(1)
A Blockbuster Supreme Court Decision on Federal Sentencing Guidelines	225	(5)
Other Issues	226	(1)
Gender Bias	226	(1)
Should Juveniles Be Tried as Adults?	227	(1)
Should the Exclusionary Rule Be Banned?	228	(1)
Should Cameras Be Banned?	228	(1)
Does Plea Bargaining Belong?	229	(1)
Jury Science	230	(1)
Future Considerations	231	(2)
Shifts in Philosophy and Practice	231	(1)
Trends and Expectations	231	(2)
Case Studies	233	(2)
SUMMARY	235	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	235	(1)
NOTES	236	(3)
PART IV CORRECTIONS	239	(88)
Chapter 10 Corrections Organization and Operation	241	(28)
Key Terms and Concepts	242	(1)
Learning Objectives	242	(1)
Introduction	243	(1)
Correctional Organizations	243	(3)
Inmates, Employment, Expenditures	243	(1)
Why the Increase in Corrections Populations?	244	(1)
General Mission and Features	245	(1)
Prisons as Organizations	246	(3)
Statewide Central Offices	246	(3)
Prison Organization and Administration	249	(4)
Inmate Litigation	253	(3)
Rights of Inmates	253	(1)
A Resurgence of the Hands-off Doctrine?	253	(1)
Increases in Litigation and Frivolous Lawsuits prior to the New Millennium	254	(1)
The Prison Litigation Reform Act	255	(1)
Jails as Organizations	256	(3)
The "New-Generation" Jail	256	(2)
Making Jails Productive	258	(1)
Probation and Parole Agencies as Organizations	259	(4)
Probation Systems	259	(2)
Parole Systems	261	(2)
Case Studies	263	(1)
SUMMARY	264	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	265	(1)
NOTES	265	(4)
Chapter 11 Corrections Personnel Roles and Functions	269	(25)
Key Terms and Concepts	270	(1)
Learning Objectives	270	(1)
Introduction	270	(1)
Prisons	271	(8)
The Warden: A Profile	271	(1)
Preparing New Wardens for Success	272	(1)
Principles of Good Prison Leadership	273	(2)
Administering the Death Penalty	275	(1)
Achieving Racial Balance	275	(1)
Middle Managers and Supervisors	276	(1)
"Thy Brother's Keeper": Correctional Officers	276	(1)
A Typology: Eight Types of Correctional Officers	277	(2)
Inappropriate Relationships with Inmates	279	(1)
Jail Personnel	280	(3)
Jail Purpose and Environment	280	(1)
Choosing Jail Work and Type of Facility	280	(1)
Female Jail Employees	281	(1)
Detention as a Career Path	282	(1)
Employee Training	282	(1)
Correctional Officer Stress and Burnout	283	(1)
Probation and Parole Officers	283	(1)
Primary Duties	283	(1)
To Arm or Not to Arm?	284	(1)
Probation Management Styles	284	(2)
Case Studies	286	(4)
SUMMARY	290	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	291	(1)
NOTES	291	(3)
Chapter 12 Corrections Issues and Practices	294	(33)
Key Terms and Concepts	295	(1)
Learning Objectives	295	(1)
Introduction	295	(1)
Issues Facing Correctional Administrators	296	(3)
Substantive Correctional Issues	296	(1)
Administrative Correctional Issues	297	(2)
Issues Concerning Inmate Populations	299	(5)
Sexual Coercion in Correctional Institutions	299	(1)
Averting Inmate Suicides	300	(1)
The Aging Offender	301	(1)
Juvenile Offenders Sentenced as Adults	302	(1)
Female Offenders	302	(1)
Mentally Ill Offenders	303	(1)
Minority Inmates	303	(1)
Segregating Inmates	304	(1)
Drug Use in Prisons: Interdiction and Treatment	304	(2)
The Pennsylvania Plan	305	(1)
Treating the Problem in Prisons	305	(1)
The Move toward Privatization	306	(1)
Emergence of the Concept	306	(1)
Arguments For and Against	306	(1)
Alternatives to Incarceration: Intermediate Sanctions	307	(7)
Intensive Probation or Parole	308	(2)
House Arrest	310	(1)
Electronic Monitoring	311	(1)
Shock Probation/Parole	312	(1)
Boot Camps/Shock Incarceration	313	(1)
Day Reporting Centers	313	(1)
Reinventing Probation: Partnering with the Police	314	(2)
A Crisis in Boston	314	(1)
Before Replication Is Attempted...	315	(1)
Computer Crime and the Probation Officer	316	(1)
Legal Provisions	316	(1)
Supervising the Computer Offender	316	(1)
Corrections and the Future	317	(2)
The Changing Nature qf 'justice," Treatment; and Custody	317	(1)
Changing Personnel and Populations	317	(2)
Case Studies	319	(2)
SUMMARY	321	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	321	(1)
NOTES	322	(5)
PART V ISSUES SPANNING THE JUSTICE SYSTEM: ADMINISTRATIVE CHALLENGES AND PRACTICES	327	(158)
Chapter 13 Ethical Considerations	329	(29)
Key Terms and Concepts	330	(1)
Learning Objectives	330	(1)
Introduction	330	(7)
Food for Thought: Some Ethical Dilemmas	337
Ethics	333	(2)
Philosophical Foundations	333	(1)
Types of Ethics	334	(1)
Ethics in Policing	335	(7)
A Primer: The Oral Interview	335	(1)
A "Slippery Slope"? Lying and Deception	336	(1)
Gratuities	337	(2)
Greed and Temptation	339	(2)
Community Policing	341	(1)
Training, Supervision, Values	341	(1)
Ethics in the Courts	342	(4)
The Evolution of Standards of Conduct	342	(1)
The Judge	343	(2)
Lawyers for the Defense	345	(1)
Prosecutors	345	(1)
Other Court Employees	345	(1)
Ethics in Corrections	346	(1)
Guiding Decision Making	347	(1)
Some Ethics Tests for the Justice Professional	348	(1)
Is Workplace Loyalty Always Good?	348	(3)
Case Studies	351	(3)
SUMMARY	354	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	354	(1)
NOTES	355	(3)
Chapter 14 Rights of Criminal Justice Employees	358	(33)
Key Terms and Concepts	359	(1)
Learning Objectives	359	(1)
Introduction	359	(1)
Overview	360	(1)
The Employment Relationship	361	(8)
Recruitment and Hiring	361	(1)
Disparate Treatment	362	(1)
How Old Is "Too Old" in Criminal Justice?	363	(1)
Criminal Justice and Affirmative Action	364	(1)
Property Rights in Employment	365	(2)
Pay and Benefits	367	(1)
Criminal Justice and a Safe Workplace	368	(1)
Constitutional Rights of Criminal Justice Employees	369	(11)
Freedom of Speech and Association	369	(3)
Searches and Seizures	372	(1)
Self-Incrimination	373	(1)
Religious Practices	374	(1)
Sexual Misconduct	374	(1)
Residency Requirements	375	(1)
Moonlighting	376	(1)
Misuse of Firearms	376	(2)
Alcohol and Drugs in the Workplace	378	(2)
Rights of Police Officers	380	(1)
Sexual Harassment	381	(2)
The Family and Medical Leave Act	383	(1)
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)	383	(2)
Case Studies	385	(1)
SUMMARY	386	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	386	(1)
NOTES	387	(4)
Chapter 15 Special Challenges: Discipline, Labor Relations, and Liability	391	(34)
Key Terms and Concepts	392	(1)
Learning Objectives	392	(1)
Introduction	392	(1)
Disciplinary Policies and Practices	393	(12)
Maintaining the Public Trust	393	(1)
Due Process Requirements	394	(1)
A Tradition of Problems in Policing	395	(1)
Automated Records Systems	395	(1)
Determining the Level and Nature of Action	396	(1)
Positive and Negative Discipline	397	(1)
Dealing with Complaints	398	(2)
Making a Determination and Disposition	400	(5)
Labor Relations in Criminal Justice Agencies	405	(3)
The Movement Begins: Policing Then and Now	405	(2)
Corrections Follows the Precedent	407	(1)
Unionization in the Courts	408	(1)
Collective Bargaining: Types, Relationships, Negotiations, Job Actions	408	(6)
Three Models	408	(3)
The Bargaining Relationship	411	(1)
Negotiations	411	(2)
In the Event of an Impasse	413	(1)
Job Actions	414	(1)
Civil Liability	414	(6)
Torts and Negligence	415	(1)
Section 1983 Legislation	416	(1)
New Areas of Potential Liability	417	(1)
Liability of Corrections Personnel	418	(2)
Case Studies	420	(1)
SUMMARY	421	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	421	(1)
NOTES	422	(3)
Chapter 16 Financial Administration	425	(34)
Key Terms and Concepts	426	(1)
Learning Objectives	426	(1)
Introduction	426	(1)
The Budget	427	(1)
A Working Definition	427	(1)
Elements of a Budget	428	(9)
The Budget Cycle	428	(1)
Budget Formulation	428	(3)
Budget Approval	431	(2)
Budget Execution	433	(1)
The Audit	433	(4)
Budget Formats	437	(10)
The Line-Item Budget	437	(5)
The Performance Budget	442	(2)
The Program Budget	444	(1)
PBS and Zero-Based Budgeting Formats	445	(2)
Potential Pitfalls in Budgeting	447	(2)
The Need for Budgeting Flexibility	447	(1)
Common Cost and Waste Problems	448	(1)
Should Criminal Justice Policies—and Budgets—Be Reformed?	449	(6)
States Grapple with Large Deficits	449	(1)
Strategies for Policy Makers to Consider	450	(2)
Steps in Budget Development	452	(3)
Case Study	455	(1)
SUMMARY	456	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	456	(1)
NOTES	456	(3)
Chapter 17 Technologies Now and for the Future	459	(26)
Key Terms and Concepts	460	(1)
Learning Objectives	460	(1)
Introduction	460	(1)
Law Enforcement Tools and Methods	461	(11)
Technologies Versus Terrorists	461	(1)
Recent Developments in Less-Than-Lethal Weapons	462	(1)
Crime Mapping	463	(3)
Accident Investigation	466	(1)
Ending High-Speed Pursuits	467	(1)
Crime Scenes	468	(1)
Gang Intelligence Systems	468	(2)
Other Technologies	470	(2)
Reverse 911	472	(1)
Future Attractions: Augmented Reality and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles	472	(1)
Court Technologies	473	(4)
Six Types	474	(2)
The Courtroom 21 Project	476	(1)
Institutional Corrections	477	(2)
Putting down a Riot	477	(1)
Offender Management	478	(1)
Automated Direct-Supervision in Jails	478	(1)
"Virtual Visits" to Hospitals and Courtrooms	479	(1)
Probation and Parole	479	(1)
Corrections-Police Interface: Sharing Information	479	(1)
Kiosk Check-in for Probationers	479	(1)
A Body of Evidence: Biometrics	480	(1)
For More Information	481	(1)
SUMMARY	481	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	481	(1)
NOTES	482	(3)
Appendix I Relevant Web Sites and Listservs	485	(11)
Appendix II Writings of Confucius, Machiavelli, and Lao-Tzu	496	(3)
Index	499