Kraus' Recreation and Leisure in Modern Society

by McLean, Daniel D.

• ISBN13: 9780763707569
• ISBN10: 0763707562
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-07-01
• Publisher: JONES & BARTLETT PUBLISHERS

Summary

The seventh edition of this classic textbook continues to provide a detailed overview of the history, developments, and current trends in leisure studies. It has been heavily revised to reflect recent societal changes and the challenges that face the leisure-services industry in the 21st century. Students will learn how trends such as dramatic shifts in population make-up, the impact of technology, and marketing affect leisure-service systems and the recreation and park professions. To reflect these trends, the text now focuses on ten different types of organizations, ranging from nonprofit community organizations or armed forces recreation to sports management and travel and tourism sponsors.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
1 Recreation and Leisure: The Current Scene	1	(22)
Introduction	1	(1)
Varied Views of Recreation and Leisure	2	(1)
Social Factors Promoting the Recreation and Park Movement	3	(14)
Challenges Facing the Leisure-Service Field	17	(1)
Purposes of This Text	17	(3)
Summary	20	(1)
Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examination	21	(1)
Endnotes	21	(2)
2 Basic Concepts: Philosophical Analysis of Play, Recreation, and Leisure	23	(26)
Introduction	23	(1)
The Meaning of Play	24	(1)
Early Theories of Play	24	(2)
Twentieth-Century Concepts of Play	26	(3)
Psychological Analysis of Play	29	(3)
The Meaning of Leisure: Six Views	32	(6)
The Meaning of Recreation	38	(1)
Contemporary Definitions of Recreation	39	(5)
Relationships Among Play, Leisure, and Recreation	44	(1)
Summary	45	(1)
Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examination	45	(1)
Endnotes	46	(3)
3 Early History of Recreation and Leisure	49	(42)
Introduction	49	(1)
The Play of Early Societies	50	(3)
Recreation and Leisure in Ancient Civilizations	53	(4)
Early Christian Era: Dark and Middle Ages	57	(2)
The Renaissance	59	(1)
Influence of the Protestant Reformation	60	(1)
Development of Parks and Recreation Areas	61	(2)
Recreation in America: The Colonial Period	63	(3)
Nineteenth-Century Changes: Impact of the Industrial Revolution	66	(2)
Growth of Popular Participation in America	68	(2)
Changing Attitudes Toward Play	70	(1)
Growth of Commercial Amusements	71	(1)
The Beginning Recreation Movement	72	(5)
Effects of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination	77	(1)
Recreation and Parks: Early Twentieth Century	78	(1)
Emergence of the Recreation Movement: Three Pioneers	78	(2)
Emerging New Lifestyles	80	(1)
Public Concerns About the Use of Leisure	81	(2)
Major Forces Promoting Organized Recreation Services	83	(2)
Impact of the Great Depression	85	(1)
A Nation at War	86	(1)
Summary	87	(1)
Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examination	88	(1)
Endnotes	89	(2)
4 Recreation and Leisure in the Modern Era	91	(26)
Introduction	91	(1)
Post-World War II Expectations	92	(1)
Expansion of Recreation and Leisure	92	(1)
Trends in Program Sponsorship	93	(6)
Counterculture: Youth in Rebellion	99	(2)
Drives for Equality by Disadvantaged Groups	101	(2)
Era of Austerity and Fiscal Cutbacks	103	(3)
Expansion of Other Recreation Programs	106	(1)
Trends in the 1990's	106	(6)
Leisure and Recreation in the Twenty-First Century	112	(2)
Summary	114	(1)
Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examination	115	(1)
Endnotes	115	(2)
5 Personal Leisure Perspectives: Motivations and Age Group Factors 117
Introduction	117	(1)
Motivation: What Is It?	118	(1)
Motivation for Recreation Participation	119	(10)
Influence of Age Groups on Recreation	129	(2)
Recreation in the Lives of Children	131	(3)
Recreation in the Lives of Adolescents	134	(3)
Recreation in the Lives of Adults	137	(3)
Recreation in the Lives of Older Adults	140	(3)
Summary	143	(1)
Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examination	144	(1)
Endnotes	144	(3)
6 Sociocultural Factors Affecting Leisure	147	(20)
Introduction	147	(1)
Gender Factors Influencing Leisure	148	(7)
Sexual Orientation Factors Influencing Leisure	155	(2)
Race and Ethnicity Factors Influencing Leisure	157	(6)
Progress in the New Millennium	163	(1)
Summary	164	(1)
Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examination	165	(1)
Endnotes	165	(2)
7 Social Functions of Community Recreation	167	(28)
Introduction	167	(1)
New Emphasis on Community Benefits	168	(2)
Function 1: Enriching the Quality of Life	170	(1)
Function 2: Contributing to Personal Development	171	(1)
Function 3: Making the Community a More Attractive Place to Live	172	(3)
Function 4: Preventing Antisocial Uses of Free Time	175	(3)
Function 5: Improving Intergroup and Intergenerational Relations	178	(2)
Function 6: Strengthening Neighborhood and Community Ties	180	(4)
Function 7: Meeting the Needs of Special Populations	184	(1)
Function 8: Maintaining Economic Health and Community Stability	185	(2)
Function 9: Enriching Community Cultural Life	187	(1)
Function 10: Promoting Health and Safety	188	(3)
Need for a Coherent Philosophy of Service	191	(1)
Summary	191	(1)
Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examination	192	(1)
Endnotes	192	(3)
8 The Leisure-Service System: Governmental, Nonprofit, and Commercial Recreation Agencies	195	(38)
Introduction	195	(1)
Key Elements in the Leisure-Service System	196	(1)
Government Recreation, Park, and Leisure Services	196	(1)
Role of the Federal Government	196	(7)
Recreation-Related Functions of State Governments	203	(2)
The Role of County and Local Governments	205	(2)
Municipal Recreation and Park Departments	207	(5)
Public Recreation and Parks in Canada	212	(1)
Nonprofit Organizations: The Voluntary Sector	213	(2)
Types of Nonprofit Youth-Serving Agencies	215	(8)
Commercial Recreation	223	(4)
Differences and Similarities Among Agencies	227	(1)
Partnerships Among Major Leisure-Service Agencies	228	(1)
Summary	229	(1)
Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examination	230	(1)
Endnotes	231	(2)
9 Specialized Leisure-Service Areas	233	(38)
Introduction	233	(1)
Therapeutic Recreation Service	234	(9)
Armed Forces Recreation	243	(4)
Employee Services and Recreation Programs	247	(6)
Campus Recreation	253	(8)
Private-Membership Recreation Organizations	261	(4)
Comparisons Among Special-Focus Agencies	265	(1)
Summary	266	(1)
Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examination	267	(1)
Endnotes	267	(4)
10 Two Major Leisure-Service Components: Sports and Tourism	271	(28)
Introduction	271	(1)
Sports as Popular Recreation	272	(1)
Patterns of Sports Involvement	273	(1)
Levels of Sports Competition	273	(2)
Religious Implications of Sports	275	(1)
Historical Evolution of Sports	276	(3)
Future Trends in Sport	279	(3)
Travel and Tourism	282	(1)
Scope of Tourism	283	(1)
Major Areas of Tourism Services	284	(4)
Other Tourism Themes	288	(6)
Marketing Advances in Travel and Tourism	294	(1)
Summary	295	(1)
Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examination	295	(1)
Endnotes	296	(3)
11 Career Opportunities and Professionalism	299	(20)
Introduction	299	(1)
Recreation as a Career	300	(15)
Current Level of Professional Status	315	(1)
Summary	316	(1)
Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examination	316	(1)
Endnotes	317	(2)
12 Philosophy of Recreation and Leisure: Future Perspectives	319	(32)
Introduction	319	(1)
Need for a Sound Philosophical Basis	320	(1)
Past Views of Recreation and Leisure	321	(1)
Philosophical Analyses of Recreation and Leisure	322	(2)
Operational Philosophies of Recreation and Leisure	324	(9)
Key Principles Guiding Leisure-Service Delivery Today	333	(2)
Other Guidelines	335	(2)
Facing the Challenge of the Future	337	(1)
Efforts to Predict the Future	338	(1)
Challenges and Strategies for the Future	339	(7)
Ever-Growing Leisure Involvement: A Caution	346	(1)
Prospects for the Future	347	(1)
Summary	347	(1)
Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examination	348	(1)
Endnotes	349	(2)
Photo Credits	351	(2)
Index	353