Krause's Food, Nutrition and Diet Therapy

by Mahan & Escott-Stump

• ISBN13: 9780721697840
• ISBN10: 0721697844
• Edition: 11th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-10-28
• Publisher: Saunders

Summary

Universally recognized as the premier clinical text in nutrition, the 11th edition of Krause's Food, Nutrition, & Diet Therapy provides the theoretical knowledge and clinical information you need to understand basic nutrition, assess clients of varying ages and illnesses, plan dietary support that meets their unique needs, and promote good health and fitness. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

PART I NUTRITION BASICS
1 Digestion, Absorption, Transport, and Excretion of Nutrients	2	(19)
Peter L. Beyer MS, RD, LD
The Gastrointestinal Tract
Overview of Digestive and Absorptive Processes	4	(7)
Enzymes in Digestion	5	(1)
Regulators of GI Activity: Nerves, Neurotransmitters, and Neuropeptide Hormones	6	(3)
Digestion in the Mouth	9	(1)
Digestion in the Stomach	9	(1)
Digestion in the Small Intestine	10	(1)
The Small Intestine: Primary Site of Nutrient Absorption	11	(2)
Structure and Function	11	(1)
Absorptive Mechanisms	12	(1)
The Large Intestine	13	(6)
Bacterial Action	13	(2)
Digestion and Absorption of Specific Types of Nutrients	15	(4)
Factors Affecting Digestion	19	(1)
Summary	19	(2)
2 Energy	21	(16)
Carol D. Frary, MS, RD
Rachel K. Johnson, PhD, MPH, RD
Components of Energy Expenditure	22	(3)
Resting and Basal Energy
Expenditure	22	(3)
Thermic Effect of Food	25	(1)
Energy Expended in Physical Activity	25	(1)
Measurement of Energy Expenditure	25	(3)
Units of Measurement	25	(1)
Measuring Human Energy Expenditure	26	(1)
Thermic Effect of Food	27	(1)
Energy Expended in Physical Activity	27	(1)
Estimating Energy Requirements	28	(5)
Measuring Energy Intake	28	(1)
Measuring Basal and Resting Metabolic Rate	28	(1)
Estimations of Energy Expenditure	28	(4)
Estimated Energy Expended in Physical Activity	32	(1)
Calculating Food Energy	33	(4)
3 Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids	37	(38)
Susan Ettinger, PhD, RD
Carbohydrates	39	(11)
Monosaccharides	40	(2)
Disaccharides and Oligosaccharides	42	(2)
Polysaccharides: Starch	44	(1)
Animal Carbohydrates: Glycogen	45	(1)
Nondigestible Carbohydrate Homopolymers: Cellulose	45	(1)
Nondigestible Carbohydrate Heteropolymers: Hemicellulose and Gums	45	(3)
The Impact of Carbohydrates on Metabolism	48	(2)
Fats and Lipids	50	(12)
Lipid Structures and Functions	50	(2)
Fatty Acids	52	(2)
Sources of Fatty Acids	54	(1)
The Omega-6/Omega-3 Ratio	55	(1)
Triglycerides	56	(1)
Phospholipids	57	(2)
Synthetic Lipids	59	(2)
Food Sources of Fat and Reasonable Recommendations	61	(1)
Amino Acids and Protein	62	(8)
Protein: The Nitrogen Cycle and Dietary Protein Sources	62	(1)
Amino Acid Structure	62	(2)
Protein Synthesis	64	(1)
Protein Folding: Three-Dimensional Structure	64	(2)
Dietary Protein Quality	66	(1)
Protein Processing and Digestibility	66	(1)
Protein Complementarity	67	(1)
Protein Use and Nitrogen Balance	67	(2)
Nitrogen Excretion: The Urea Cycle	69	(1)
Macronutrient Use and Storage in the Fed State	70	(1)
Carbohydrates	70	(1)
Lipid Transport and Storage	70	(1)
Macronutrient Catabolism in the Fasted State	71	(2)
Adapted Starvation: Marasmus	71	(1)
Nonadapted Starvation	72	(1)
Summary	73	(2)
4 Vitamins	75	(45)
Margie Lee Gallagher, PhD, RD, MS
The Fat-Soluble Vitamins	76	(17)
Vitamin A	76	(7)
Vitamin D (Calciferol)	83	(5)
Vitamin E	88	(3)
Vitamin K	91	(2)
The Water-Soluble Vitamins	93	(22)
Thiamin	93	(2)
Riboflavin	95	(3)
Niacin	98	(2)
Pantothenic Acid	100	(1)
Vitamin B6	101	(2)
Folate	103	(3)
Vitamin B12	106	(3)
Biotin	109	(1)
Ascorbic Acid	110	(5)
Other Vitamin-Like Factors	115	(6)
Choline	115	(1)
Carnitine	116	(1)
myo-Inositol	116	(1)
Ubiquinones	117	(1)
Bioflavonoids	117	(3)
5 Minerals	120	(44)
John J.B. Anderson, PhD
Characteristics of Minerals	121	(1)
Bioavailability	121	(1)
Mineral-Mineral Interactions	122	(1)
Mineral Composition of the Body	122	(1)
Functions	122	(1)
Problem Minerals in the U.S. Diet	122	(1)
Prebiotics and Minerals	122	(1)
Macrominerals	122	(12)
Calcium	123	(5)
Phosphorus	128	(2)
Magnesium	130	(3)
Sulfur	133	(1)
Micrornineras (Trace Elements)	134	(16)
General Characteristics	134	(1)
Iron	135	(8)
Zinc	143	(4)
Fluoride	147	(1)
Copper	148	(2)
Ukratrace Minerals	150	(8)
Iodine	150	(2)
Selenium	152	(2)
Manganese	154	(1)
Chromium	155	(1)
Molybdenum	156	(1)
Boron	157	(1)
Cobalt	157	(1)
Other Trace Elements	158	(1)
Summary	158	(6)
6 Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance	164	(18)
Susan J. Whitmire, RD, LDN, CNSD
Body Water	165	(4)
Functions	165	(1)
Distribution	165	(1)
Balance	165	(3)
Requirements	168	(1)
Electrolytes	169	(3)
Sodium	170	(1)
Chloride	171	(1)
Potassium	172	(1)
Acid Base Balance	172	(2)
Acid Generation	172	(1)
Regulation	172	(2)
Acid Base Disorders	174	(2)
Metabolic Acidosis	175	(1)
Metabolic Alkalosis	175	(1)
Respiratory Acidosis	175	(1)
Respiratory Alkalosis	175	(1)
Compensation	176	(1)
Summary	176	(6)
PART 2 NUTRITION IN THE LIFE CYCLE
7 Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation	182	(32)
Judith K. Shabert, MD, RD, MPH
Pregnancy	183	(18)
Effect of Nutritional Status on Pregnancy Outcome	183	(4)
Nutritional Supplementation During Pregnancy	187	(1)
Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy	188	(1)
Nutritional Requirements	189	(5)
Guide for Eating During Pregnancy	194	(5)
Complications of Pregnancy and Their Dietary Implications	199	(2)
Lactation	201	(8)
Physiology	202	(1)
Nutritional Requirements	202	(2)
Breast-Feeding an Infant	204	(5)
Nutrition, Fertility, and Conception	209	(1)
Summary	209	(5)
8 Nutrition During Infancy	214	(20)
Cristine M. Trahms, MS, RD. CD, FADA
Physiologic Development	215	(2)
Nutrient Requirements	217	(3)
Energy	217	(1)
Protein	218	(1)
Lipids	218	(1)
Carbohydrates	218	(1)
Water	219	(1)
Minerals	219	(1)
Vitamins	220	(1)
Milk	220	(6)
Composition of Human and Cow's Milk	221	(1)
Antiinfective Factors	222	(1)
Formulas	222	(3)
Whole Cow's Milk	225	(1)
Formula Preparation	226	(1)
Food	226	(1)
Feeding	226	(6)
Initial Feeding Patterns	226	(1)
Development of Feeding Skills	227	(1)
Addition of Semisolid Foods	227	(1)
Weaning From Breast or Bottle to Cup	228	(1)
Early Childhood Caries	229	(1)
Feeding Older Infants	230	(2)
Summary	232	(2)
9 Nutrition for Low-Birth-Weight Infants	234	(25)
Diane M. Anderson, PhD, RD, CSP, FADA
Physiologic Development	235	(2)
Gestational Age and Size	235	(1)
Infant Mortality and Statistics	236	(1)
Characteristics of Immaturity	236	(1)
Nutritional Requirements. Parenteral Feeding	237	(5)
Fluid	237	(2)
Energy	239	(1)
Glucose	239	(1)
Amino Acids	239	(1)
Lipids	240	(1)
Electrolytes	241	(1)
Minerals	241	(1)
Trace Elements	241	(1)
Vitamins	241	(1)
Transition From Parenteral to Enteral Feeding	242	(1)
Nutritional Requirements. Enteral Feeding	243	(3)
Energy	243	(1)
Protein	243	(1)
Lipids	244	(1)
Carbohydrates	244	(1)
Minerals and Vitamins	245	(1)
Feeding Methods	246	(2)
Gastric Gavage	246	(1)
Transpyloric Feeding	247	(1)
Nipple-Feeding	247	(1)
Breast-Feeding	247	(1)
Tolerance of Feedings	247	(1)
Selection of Enteral Feeding	248	(2)
Human Milk	248	(1)
Premature Infant Formulas	249	(1)
Transitional Infant Formulas	249	(1)
Formula Adjustments	249	(1)
Growth and Nutritional Assessments	250	(1)
Growth Rates and Growth Charts	250	(1)
Laboratory Indices	251	(1)
Discharge Care	251	(5)
Neurodevelopmental Outcome	256	(1)
Summary	257	(2)
10 Nutrition in Childhood	259	(25)
Betty L. Lucas, MPH, RD, CD
Growth and Development	260	(2)
Growth Patterns	260	(1)
Catch-Up Growth	260	(1)
Assessing Growth	260	(2)
Nutrient Requirements	262	(6)
Energy	262	(1)
Protein	262	(1)
Minerals and Vitamins	262	(6)
Providing an Adequate Diet	268	(7)
Intake Patterns	268	(1)
Factors Influencing Food Intake	269	(3)
Feeding Preschool Children	272	(2)
Feeding School-Age Children	274	(1)
Nutritional Concerns	275	(4)
Obesity	275	(2)
Underweight and Failure to Thrive	277	(1)
Iron Deficiency	277	(1)
Dental Caries	278	(1)
Allergies	278	(1)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	278	(1)
Autism Spectrum Disorders	279	(1)
Preventing Chronic Disease	279	(1)
Dietary Fat and Cardiovascular Health	279	(1)
Calcium and Bone Health and Obesity	280	(1)
Fiber	280	(1)
Physical Activity	280	(1)
Summary	280	(4)
11 Nutrition in Adolescence	284	(18)
Bonnie A. Spear PhD, RD
Growth and Development	285	(3)
Physiologic Changes	285	(1)
Psychological Changes	286	(2)
Nutrient Requirements	288	(5)
Energy	289	(1)
Protein	289	(1)
Minerals and Vitamins	290	(3)
Food Habits	293	(2)
Irregular Meals and Snacking	293	(1)
Fast Foods and the Media	293	(1)
Potential Nutritional Inadequacies	294	(1)
Adolescents as Food Purchasers	294	(1)
Special Situations	295	(4)
Vegetarians	295	(1)
Eating Disorders	295	(1)
Obesity	296	(1)
Hyperlipidemie	297	(1)
Sports Nutrition	297	(1)
Substance Use	298	(1)
Pregnancy	298	(1)
Strategies for Improving Nutritional Well-Being	299	(1)
Nutritional Status Assessments	299	(1)
Prerequisites for Change	299	(1)
Summary	299	(3)
12 Nutrition in the Adult Years	302	(16)
Kimberly Mathai, MS, RD, CN
Eating and the Food Environment	303	(2)
What Americans Eat	303	(1)
How Americans Eat	304	(1)
Defensive Nutrition Paradigm	305	(3)
Phytochemicals	305	(3)
Organ Support	308	(1)
Gastronitestinal Integrity	308	(2)
Intestinal Mucosa	308	(1)
Intestinal Microflora	308	(2)
Detoxification Systems	310	(2)
Gastrointestinal System: Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue	310	(1)
Liver: Two-Phase Detoxification System	310	(1)
Supporting Detoxification Pathways	311	(1)
Guidelines for a Defensive Nutrition Paradigm Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Intake	312	(3)
Increasing Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake	314	(1)
Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation	314	(1)
Women's Health	314	(1)
Men's Health	315	(1)
Summary	315	(3)
13 Nutrition in Aging	318	(22)
Nancy G. Harris, MS, RD, LDN, FADA
The Older Population	319	(1)
Theories of Aging	319	(2)
Physiologic Changes	321	(3)
Body Composition Changes	321	(1)
Sensory Losses	322	(1)
Oral Health Status	322	(1)
Gastrointestinal Function	322	(1)
Cardiovascular Function	323	(1)
Renal Function	323	(1)
Neurologic Function	324	(1)
Immunocompetence	324	(1)
Medications	324	(1)
Multidisciplinary Assessment	324	(1)
Nutrition Screening	325	(1)
Nutrition Needs	326	(5)
Energy	326	(1)
Protein	326	(1)
Carbohydrates	327	(1)
Lipids	327	(1)
Minerals	327	(3)
Vitamins	330	(1)
Water	331	(1)
Dietary Planning	331	(1)
Nutrition Issues	331	(3)
Dysphagia	332	(1)
Pressure Ulcers	333	(1)
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases	334	(1)
Failure to Thrive	334	(1)
Supportive Services	334	(8)
Community Nutrition Programs	335	(1)
Assisted Living and Skilled Care Facilities	335	(5)
PART 3 NUTRITION CARE
14 Nutrition in the Community	340	(23)
Judith L. Dodd, MS, RD, FADA, LD
Cynthia Taft Bayerl, MS, RD. LDN
Nutrition Practice in the Community	342	(2)
Needs Assessment for Community Based Nutrition Services	344	(1)
Needs Assessment: General Information	344	(1)
Sources for Needs Assessment Information	345	(1)
National Food and Nutrition Data Sources	345	(2)
National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys	345	(1)
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey	346	(1)
Continuing Survey of Food Intake of Individuals: Diet and Health Knowledge Survey	346	(1)
National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Act	346	(1)
Nutrition Screening Initiative	346	(1)
National Nutrient Data Bank	347	(1)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	347	(1)
National Nutrition Guidelines and Goals	347	(3)
Healthy People and The Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health	347	(1)
Dietary Guidelines for Americans	347	(1)
Other Dietary Guidance	348	(1)
Recommended Dietary Allowances and Dietary Reference Intakes	349	(1)
Food Guides	350	(1)
Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs	350	(4)
National School Lunch Program and After-School Snack Program	350	(2)
School Breakfast Program	352	(1)
Special Milk Program	352	(1)
Child and Adult Care Food Program	352	(1)
Summer Food Service Program	352	(1)
WIC Program	352	(1)
Head Start Program	353	(1)
Food Stamp Program	353	(1)
Senior Adult Meals	353	(1)
Cooperative Extension and the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program	354	(1)
Food Safety: Laws, Regulations, and Issues	354	(3)
Surveillance Systems	354	(1)
Regulatory Agencies	354	(2)
Approaches to Foodborne Illness Prevention	356	(1)
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points	356	(1)
Health Claims	357	(1)
Food Technology	357	(1)
Additives	357	(1)
Food Fortification and Enrichment	357	(1)
Irradiation	358	(1)
Agricultural Products and Concerns	358	(1)
Pesticides	358	(1)
Total Diet Study (Market Basket Sample)	358	(1)
Genetically Modified Foods and Biotechnology	358	(1)
Antibiotics and Hormones	359	(1)
Other Concerns About Food and Water Safety	359	(2)
Summary	361	(2)
15 Guidelines for Dietary Planning	363	(27)
Robert Earl, MPH, RD
Determining Nutrient Needs	364	(3)
Worldwide Guidelines	364	(1)
Dietary Reference Intakes (Formerly "Recommended Dietary Allowances")	364	(3)
Nutritional Status of Americans	367	(4)
Food and Nutrient Intake Data	367	(1)
Status Report From the NNMRRP	367	(3)
Nutrition Monitoring Report	370	(1)
Current Public Health Issues	370	(1)
Healthy Eating Index	371	(1)
National Guidelines for Diet Planning	371	(8)
Current Health Issues	371	(1)
Current Dietary Guidance in the United States and Canada	372	(3)
Implementing the Guidelines	375	(4)
Food Labeling	379	(3)
Mandatory Nutrition Labeling	379	(1)
Standardized Serving Sizes	379	(1)
Nutrition Facts Label	379	(1)
Nutrient Content Claims	380	(1)
Health Claims	380	(2)
Cultural Aspects of Dietary Planning	382	(4)
Dietary Patterns of Southeast Asians	382	(1)
Dietary Patterns of Chinese Americans	383	(1)
Dietary Patterns of Hispanics	384	(1)
Dietary Patterns of Native Americans	384	(1)
Dietary Restrictions and Patterns of Religious Groups	385	(1)
Vegetarianism	386	(1)
Summary	386	(4)
16 Introduction to Nutritional Genomics	390	(17)
Ruth M. DeBusk, PhD, RD
The Human Genome Project	392	(2)
Genetic Fundamentals	394	(7)
Genetics and Genomics	394	(1)
Genetic Basics	395	(1)
Modes of Inheritance and Penetrance	396	(1)
Disease at the Chromosomal Level	397	(1)
Disease at the Molecular Level	398	(3)
Disease at the Mitochondrial Level	401	(1)
Genetics and Nutrition Therapy	401	(3)
Influences of Gene-Nutrient Interactions on Metabolic Processes	401	(1)
Influences of Gene-Nutrient Interactions on Gene Expression	402	(1)
Complex Genetic-Nutrition Connections	403	(1)
Summary	404	(3)
17 Dietary and Clinical Assessment	407	(29)
Kathleen A. Hammond, MS, RD. LD, CNSD, RN, BSN, CNSN
Nutritional Imbalance	408	(2)
Nutritional Screening	410	(2)
Nutritional Assessment	412	(17)
Histories	413	(5)
Nutrient Intake Analysis	418	(3)
Anthropometry	421	(1)
Interpretation of Height and Weight	421	(3)
Body Composition	424	(5)
Nutrition-Focused Physical Examination	429	(1)
Physical Signs	429	(1)
Immune Function	430	(1)
Handgrip Dynamometry	430	(1)
Biochemical Analysis	430	(1)
Classifying Malnutrition	430	(1)
Summary	430	(6)
18 Laboratory Data in Nutrition Assessment	436	(19)
Timothy H. Carlson, PhD, RD, NRCC
Definition and Usefulness of Nutrition Laboratory Data	437	(2)
Specimen Types	438	(1)
Types of Assays	438	(1)
Assessment of Protein-Energy Status	439	(3)
Hormonal and Cell-Mediated Response to Stress	439	(1)
Nitrogen Balance	439	(1)
Visceral (Plasma) Protein Indicators	440	(2)
Somatic Indicators of Protein-Energy Malnutrition	442	(1)
Laboratory Data for Nutritional Anemias	442	(4)
Classification of Anemia	443	(1)
Laboratory Tests for Iron Deficiency Anemias	443	(1)
Effect of Inflammation on Anemia	444	(1)
Laboratory Assessment of Macrocytic Anemias Associated With B Vitamin Deficiencies	445	(1)
Markers of Malabsorption	446	(1)
Wellness Assessment	446	(4)
Lipid Indices of Cardiovascular Risk	446	(1)
Indices of Oxidative Stress	447	(3)
Nutritional Interpretation of Routine Medical Laboratory Data	450	(1)
Clinical Chemistry Panels	450	(3)
The Complete Blood Count	450	(1)
Urinalysis	451	(2)
Summary	453	(2)
19 Food-Drug Interactions	455	(20)
Zaneta M. Pronsky, MS, RD, LDN, FADA
Sr. Jeanne P. Crowe, PharmD, RPH
Pharmacologic Aspects of Food-Drug Interactions	456	(1)
Pharmacodynamics	456	(1)
Pharmocokinetics	457	(1)
Risk Factors for Food-Drug Interactions	457	(2)
Pharmacogenomics	458	(1)
Effects of Food on Drug Therapy	459	(3)
Drug Absorption	459	(1)
Medication and Enteral Nutrition Interactions	460	(1)
Drug Distribution	460	(1)
Drug Metabolism	461	(1)
Drug Excretion	461	(1)
Effects of Drugs on Food and Nutrition	462	(1)
Nutrient Absorption	462	(1)
Nutrient Metabolism	462	(1)
Nutrient Excretion	463	(1)
Modification of Drug Action by Food and Nutrients	463	(1)
Alcohol	464	(1)
Effects of Drugs on Nutritional Status	464	(6)
Oral, Taste, and Smell	464	(1)
Gastrointestinal Effects	465	(2)
Appetite Changes	467	(2)
Organ System Toxicity	469	(1)
Glucose Levels	469	(1)
Excipients and Food-Drug Interactions	470	(2)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	472	(1)
Summary	473	(2)
20 Integrative Medicine and Phytotherapy	475	(21)
Ruth M. DeBusk, PhD, RD
Integrative Therapies	476	(6)
Naturopathy (Natural Medicine)	477	(1)
Chiropractic	478	(1)
Homeopathy	478	(1)
Traditional Oriental Medicine	479	(1)
Phytotherapy	479	(1)
Clinical Assessment	480	(1)
Regulation	481	(1)
Commonly Used Botanicals	482	(9)
Echinacea	482	(1)
Garlic	483	(1)
Ginger	484	(1)
Ginkgo	485	(1)
Ginseng	486	(1)
Hawthorn	487	(1)
Milk Thistle	488	(1)
Saw Palmetto	489	(1)
St. John's wort	490	(1)
Valerian	490	(1)
Guidelines for Working With Clients Who Use Botanicals	491	(1)
Summary	492	(4)
21 The Nutrition Care Process	496	(23)
Cynthia M. Brylinsky, MS, RD, LDN
Nutrition Care Process and Medical Nutrition Therapy	497	(1)
Nutritional Assessment	497	(4)
Nutrition Diagnosis	498	(1)
Nutrition Intervention	498	(3)
Monitoring and Evaluation of Nutritional Care	501	(1)
Nutritional Care Record	501	(2)
Charting and Documentation	503	(4)
Format for Medical Record Charting	506	(1)
Influences on Nutritional Care	507	(3)
Managed Care Organizations	507	(2)
Strategies of Managed Care Systems	509	(1)
Payment Systems	509	(1)
Patient-Focused Care	509	(1)
Nutritional Intervention and Diet Modification	510	(1)
The Diet Prescription	510	(1)
Modifications of the Normal Diet	511	(1)
Foods as Nutrient Sources	511	(1)
Nutritional Care for the Hospitalized Patient	511	(4)
Standard Hospital or Health Care Diets	511	(1)
Regular Diet	511	(1)
Soft Diet	512	(1)
Liquid Diets	512	(2)
Consistency Modifications	514	(1)
Food Intake	514	(1)
Psychological Factors	514	(1)
Nutritional Counseling	515	(1)
Nutritional Care of the Terminally Ill or Hospice Patient	515	(1)
Discharge Planning and Home Care	515	(2)
Summary	517	(2)
22 Counseling for Change	519	(14)
Linda G. Snetselaar BS, MS, PhD, RD
Counseling Techniques	520	(1)
Stages of Change	520	(1)
Activities That Facilitate Behavior Change	521	(2)
Expressing Empathy	521	(1)
Understanding Cultural Factors	522	(1)
Developing Discrepancy	522	(1)
Avoiding Arguments or Defensiveness	522	(1)
Rolling With Resistance	522	(1)
Supporting Self-Efficacy	522	(1)
Intervention Model	523	(2)
Interviewing	523	(1)
First Session	523	(1)
Assessment	524	(1)
Establishing Rapport	525	(1)
Assessment of Current Eating Behavior	525	(1)
Assessment of Readiness to Change	525	(1)
Not-Ready-to-Change Counseling Sessions	525	(3)
Asking Open-Ended Questions	525	(1)
Reflective Listening	526	(1)
Affirming	526	(1)
Summarizing	526	(1)
Eliciting Self-Motivational Statements	527	(1)
Ending the Session	527	(1)
Unsure-About-Change Counseling Sessions	528	(1)
Arranging for the Next Contact	528	(1)
Ready-to-Change Counseling Sessions	528	(1)
Action Plan	529	(1)
Arranging for the Next Contact	529	(1)
Resistance Behaviors and Potential Strategies to Modify Them	529	(1)
Reflecting	530	(1)
Double-Sided Reflection	530	(1)
Shifting Focus	530	(1)
Agreeing With a Twist	530	(1)
Emphasizing Personal Choice	530	(1)
Reframing	530	(1)
Summary	530	(3)
23 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Support	533	(25)
Abby S. Bloch, PhD, RD, FADA
Charles Mueller, PhD, MS, RD, CNSD, CDN
Rationale and Criteria for
Appropriate Nutrition Support	534	(3)
Enteral Nutrition	537	(7)
Enteral Access	537	(1)
Enteral Formula Composition	538	(2)
Administration	540	(1)
Complications and Monitoring	541	(3)
Parenteral Nutrition	544	(5)
Parenteral Access	544	(1)
Parenteral Nutrition Solutions	545	(1)
Administration	546	(1)
Complications and Monitoring	547	(2)
Refeeding Syndrome	549	(1)
Transitional Feeding	549	(1)
Parenteral to Enteral Feeding	549	(1)
Parenteral to Oral Feeding	550	(1)
Enteral to Oral Feeding	550	(1)
Oral Supplements	550	(1)
Pharmacologic Use of Nutrients	550	(1)
Nutrition Support in Long-Term and Home Care	551	(1)
Long-Term Care	551	(1)
Home Care	551	(1)
Ethical Issues	552	(1)
Interdisciplinary Nutrition Support Services	552	(1)
Summary	553	(5)
PART 4 NUTRITION FOR HEALTH AND FITNESS
24 Nutrition for Weight Management	558	(36)
Idamarie Laquatra, PhD, RD
Body Weight Components	559	(3)
Body Fat	559	(1)
Adipose Tissue Structure	560	(1)
Adipocytes, Hypertrophy, and Hyperplasia	560	(1)
Fat Cell Development	560	(1)
Fat Storage	561	(1)
Regulation of Body Weight	562	(2)
Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation	562	(1)
Set-Point Theory	562	(1)
Factors Regulating Energy Intake and Body Weight	563	(1)
Weight Management Throughout Life	564	(1)
Weight and Longevity	565	(1)
Weight Imbalance: Overweight and Obesity	565	(5)
Assessment	565	(1)
Prevalence	565	(1)
Etiology	566	(1)
Health Risks	567	(3)
Management of Obesity in Adults	570	(15)
Goals of Treatment	571	(1)
Rate and Extent of Weight Loss	572	(1)
Lifestyle Modification	572	(1)
Dietary Modification	573	(1)
Recommendations	574	(1)
Restricted-Energy Diets	574	(1)
Exchange System Diets	574	(1)
Formula Diets and Meal Replacement Programs	574	(1)
Commercial Programs	575	(1)
Extreme Energy Restriction	575	(3)
Popular Diets and Practices	578	(2)
Exercise	580	(1)
Pharmaceutical Management	581	(1)
Surgical Procedures	582	(3)
Maintenance of Reduced Body Weight	585	(1)
Common Problems Encountered in Obesity Management	585	(1)
Plateau Effect	585	(1)
Weight Cycling	586	(1)
Weight Management in Children	586	(1)
Weight Imbalance: Excessive Leanness	587	(8)
Etiology	587	(1)
Assessment	588	(1)
Management	588	(1)
High-Energy Diets for Weight Gain	588	(6)
25 Nutrition in Eating Disorders	594	(22)
Janet E. Schebendach, MA, RD
Pamela Reichert-Anderson, MA, RD
Diagnostic Criteria	595	(4)
Anorexia Nervosa	596	(1)
Bulimia Nervosa	596	(1)
Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified	597	(1)
Binge Eating Disorder	597	(1)
Childhood Eating Disorders	597	(1)
Eating Disorders in Athletes	597	(1)
Eating Disorders in People With Diabetes	598	(1)
Etiology	599	(1)
Pathophysiology	599	(2)
Clinical Characteristics and Medical Complications: Anorexia Nervosa	599	(2)
Clinical Characteristics and Medical Complications: Bulimia Nervosa	601	(1)
Nutritional Assessment	601	(6)
Diet History	601	(2)
Eating Behavior	603	(1)
Laboratory Data	603	(2)
Vitamin and Mineral Abnormalities	605	(1)
Fluid and Electrolyte Abnormalities	605	(1)
Metabolic Changes	605	(1)
Anthropometric Assessment	605	(2)
Psychological Management	607	(2)
Nutritional Care	609	(2)
Anorexia Nervosa	609	(1)
Bulimia Nervosa	610	(1)
Monitoring	611	(1)
Nutrition Education	611	(1)
Prognosis	611	(1)
Summary	612	(4)
26 Nutrition for Exercise and Sports Performance	616	(26)
Jacqueline R. Benning, PhD, RD
Energy Production	617	(2)
Adenosine Triphosphate	617	(1)
Aerobic Pathway	618	(1)
Energy Continuum	618	(1)
Fuels for Contracting Muscles	619	(1)
Sources of Fuel	619	(1)
Substrate Choice	619	(1)
Nutritional Requirements of Exercise	620	(14)
Fluid	620	(3)
Glucose and Sodium	623	(1)
Osmolality	623	(1)
Fluid Requirements	623	(2)
Endurance Events	625	(9)
Weight Management	634	(1)
Other Considerations	634	(1)
Alcohol	634	(1)
Caffeine	634	(1)
Ergogenic Aids	635	(3)
β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate	635	(1)
Creatine	635	(2)
DHEA	637	(1)
Androstenedione	637	(1)
Summary	638	(4)
27 Nutrition and Bone Health	642	(25)
John J.B. Anderson, PhD
Bone Structure and Bone Physiology	643	(4)
Composition of Bone	643	(1)
Types of Bone Tissue	643	(1)
Bone Cells	644	(1)
Calcium Homeostasis	644	(1)
Bone Modeling	645	(1)
Bone Remodeling	645	(2)
Bone Markers	647	(1)
Bone Mass and Bone Density	647	(3)
Measurement of Bone Mineral Content and Bone Mineral Density	647	(1)
Ultrasound Measurements	647	(1)
Accumulation of Bone Mass	647	(1)
Peak Bone Mass	648	(1)
Loss of Bone Mass	648	(2)
Nutrition and Bone	650	(4)
Calcium	650	(2)
Phosphate	652	(1)
Vitamin D	652	(1)
Magnesium	652	(1)
Vitamin K	652	(1)
Vitamin A (Retinol)	653	(1)
Trace Minerals	653	(1)
Other Nutrients	653	(1)
Osteopenia and osteoporosis	654	(9)
Definitions of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis	655	(1)
Prevalence of Osteoporotic Fractures	655	(1)
Types of Osteoporosis	655	(1)
Etiology	656	(1)
Risk Factors	657	(3)
Secondary Prevention and Treatment	660	(1)
Estrogen Replacement Therapy	660	(1)
Bisphosphonates	661	(1)
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators	661	(1)
Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone Therapy	661	(1)
Other Drug Treatments	661	(1)
Dietary Treatment	662	(1)
Other Treatment Modalities	662	(1)
Summary	663	(4)
28 Nutrition for Oral and Dental Health	667	(19)
Riva Touger-Decker PhD, RD, FADA
Nutritional Factors in Tooth Development	668	(1)
Dental Caries	668	(5)
Pathophysiology	669	(2)
Cariogenicity of Individual Foods	671	(1)
Factors Affecting Cariogenicity of Food	671	(1)
The Decay Process	672	(1)
Fluoride	673	(2)
Mechanism of Action	673	(1)
Sources of Fluoride	674	(1)
Preventive Care	675	(1)
Periodontal Disease	676	(1)
Pathophysiology	676	(1)
Nutritional Care	676	(1)
Early Childhood Caries	677	(1)
Pathophysiology and Incidence	677	(1)
Nutritional Care	677	(1)
Tooth Loss and Dentures	678	(1)
Nutritional Care	678	(1)
Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease	678	(2)
Manifestations of HIV/AIDS	678	(1)
Fungal Infections	678	(1)
Other Painful Mouth Problems	679	(1)
Diabetes Mellitus	679	(1)
Head and Neck Cancers	679	(1)
Polypharmacy	680	(1)
Summary	680	(6)
PART 5 MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY
29 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders	686	(19)
Peter L. Beyer MS, RD, LD
Disorders of the Esophagus	687	(5)
Gastroesophageal Reflux and Esophagitis	688	(2)
Hiatal Hernia	690	(1)
Oral Cavity Cancer and Surgery	691	(1)
Disorders of the Stomach	692	(10)
Indigestion and Dyspepsia	692	(1)
Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease	692	(1)
Peptic Ulcers	693	(2)
Characteristics of and Comparisons Between Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers	695	(2)
Carcinoma of the Stomach	697	(1)
Gastric Surgery	698	(1)
Dumping Syndrome	699	(3)
Summary	702	(3)
30 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders	705	(33)
Peter L. Beyer MS, RD, LD
Common Intestinal Problems	706	(6)
Intestinal Gas and Flatulence	706	(1)
Constipation	707	(2)
Diarrhea	709	(2)
Steatorrhea	711	(1)
Gastrointestinal Strictures and Obstruction	711	(1)
Diseases of the Small Intestine	712	(6)
Celiac Disease (Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy)	712	(4)
Tropical Sprue	716	(2)
Intestinal Brush-Border Enzyme Deficiencies	718	(3)
Lactose Maldigestion and Lactose Intolerance	718	(3)
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases	721	(6)
Crohn's Disease	721	(2)
Ulcerative Colitis	723	(4)
Disorders of the Large Intestine	727	(3)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome	727	(1)
Diverticular Disease	728	(2)
Colon Cancer and Polyps	730	(1)
Intestinal Surgery	730	(5)
Small-Bowel Resections and Short-Bowel Syndrome	730	(1)
Jejunal Resections	731	(1)
Ileal Resections	731	(2)
Blind-Loop Syndrome (Bacterial Overgrowth)	733	(1)
Fistula Repair	733	(1)
Ileostomy or Colostomy	733	(1)
Ileal Pouch After Colectomy	734	(1)
Rectal Surgery	735	(1)
Summary	735	(3)
31 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Liver, Biliary System, and Exocrine Pancreas Disorders	738	(30)
Jeanette M. Hasse, PhD, RD, LD, CNSD, FADA
Laura E. Matarene, MS, RD, LD, CNSD, FADA
Physiology and Functions of the Liver	739	(1)
Structure	739	(1)
Functions	739	(1)
Laboratory Assessment of Liver Function	740	(1)
Diseases of the Liver	740	(15)
Acute Viral Hepatitis	740	(2)
Fulminant Hepatitis	742	(1)
Chronic Hepatitis	742
Alcoholic Liver Disease, Alcoholic Hepatitis, and Cirrhosis	142	(601)
Cholestatic Liver Diseases	743	(3)
Inherited Disorders	746	(1)
Other Liver Diseases	747	(1)
Cirrhosis	748	(7)
Liver Resection and Transplantation	755	(1)
Physiology and Functions of the Gallbladder	756	(1)
Diseases of the Gallbladder	757	(3)
Cholelithiasis	751	(7)
Cholecystitis	758	(2)
Acute Cholangitis	760	(1)
Sclerosing Cholangitis	760	(1)
Cholestasis	760	(1)
Physiology and Functions of the Exocrine Pancreas	760	(1)
Diseases of the Exocrine Pancreas	761	(3)
Pancreatitis	761	(3)
Pancreatic Surgery	764	(1)
Summary	764	(4)
32 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Food Allergy and Food Intolerance	768	(24)
Sherry K Hubbard, RD, LD
Immunologic Basis	769	(1)
Definitions	769	(1)
Immune System	769	(1)
Allergic Reactions	770	(1)
Symptoms	770	(2)
Unclear or Unproven Relationships	771	(1)
Risk Factors for the Development of Food Allergy	772	(1)
Food Intolerances	773	(3)
Food Additives	773	(2)
Sulfites	775	(1)
Carbohydrate Intolerance	776	(1)
Diagnosis	776	(5)
Food Challenge	779	(2)
Treatment	781	(3)
Natural History of Food Allergy	784	(3)
Food Allergy in Infancy	787	(1)
Recommendations for Infant Feeding	787	(1)
Colic	788	(1)
Diet and Prevention of Allergic Disease	788	(1)
Oral Allergy Syndrome	788	(1)
Latex Allergy	788	(1)
Genetic Engineering	789	(1)
Summary	789	(3)
33 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia of Nondiabetic Origin	792	(46)
Marion J. Franz, MS, RD, LD, CDE
Pathophysiology	794	(5)
Type 1 Diabetes	794	(3)
Type 2 Diabetes	797	(1)
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus	797	(2)
Other Types of Diabetes	799	(1)
Impaired Glucose Homeostasis	799	(1)
Diagnostic and Screening Criteria	799	(1)
Management of Diabetes Mellitus	799	(16)
Control and Outcomes	800	(1)
Nutrition Therapy	801	(6)
Exercise	807	(2)
Medications	809	(5)
Blood Glucose Monitoring	814	(1)
Self-Management Education	814	(1)
Diabetes and Age-Related Issues	815	(4)
Children and Adolescents	815	(1)
Pregnancy	816	(2)
Older Adults	818	(1)
Implementing Nutrition Self-Management	819	(6)
Assessment	819	(4)
Intervention and Self-Management Education	823	(1)
Goal Setting	823	(1)
Evaluation and Documentation	823	(1)
Follow-Up and Continuing Medical Nutrition Therapy	823	(2)
Acute Complications	825	(2)
Hypoglycemia	825	(1)
Hyperglycemia and Diabetic Ketoacidosis	826	(1)
Fasting Hyperglycemia	826	(1)
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State	827	(1)
Long-Term Complications	827	(2)
Macrovascular Diseases	827	(1)
Microvascular Diseases	828	(1)
Gastroparesis	829	(1)
Preventing Diabetes	829	(1)
Hypoglycemia of Nondiabetic Origin	830	(3)
Pathophysiology	830	(1)
Types of Hypoglycemia	831	(1)
Diagnostic Criteria	831	(1)
Management of Hypoglycemia	832	(1)
Summary	833	(5)
34 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Anemia	838	(22)
Tracy Stopler MS, RD
Iron Related Blood Disorders	839	(8)
Iron Deficiency Anemia	839	(6)
Hemochromatosis	845	(1)
Iron Toxicity	846	(1)
Megaloblastic Anemias	847	(7)
Pernicious and Other Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemias	847	(4)
Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia	851	(3)
Other Nutritional Anemias	854	(2)
Copper Deficiency Anemia	854	(1)
Anemia of Protein-Energy Malnutrition	854	(1)
Sideroblastic (Pyridoxine Responsive) Anemia	855	(1)
Vitamin E-Responsive Anemia	856	(1)
Nonnutritional Anemias	856	(2)
Sports Anemia (Hypochromic Microcytic Transient Anemia)	856	(1)
Anemia of Pregnancy	856	(1)
Anemia of Inflammation, Infection, or Malignancy (Anemia of Chronic Disease)	856	(1)
Sickle Cell Anemia	857	(1)
Thalassemias	857	(1)
Summary	858	(2)
35 Medical Nutrition Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease	860	(40)
Debra A. Krummel, PhD, RD, LD
Prevalence and Incidence	861	(1)
Mortality	861	(3)
Pathophysiology and Etiology	864	(2)
Atherosclerosis	864	(1)
Endothelial Dysfunction	865	(1)
Thrombosis	866	(1)
Clinical Determination	866	(1)
End Points	866	(1)
Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease	866	(3)
Blood Lipids and Lipoproteins	866	(2)
Lipoproteins and Metabolism	868	(1)
Lipoprotein Assessment	869	(8)
Lipoprotein Profile	869	(3)
Assessing Risk	872	(1)
Category I Risk Factors	872	(2)
Category II Risk Factors	874	(1)
Category III Risk Factors	875	(2)
Category IV Risk Factors	877	(1)
Emerging Risk Factors	877	(1)
Genetic Hyperlipidemias: Classification and Diagnosis	877	(1)
Familial Hypercholesterolemie	877	(1)
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemie	878	(1)
Familial Dyslipidemie	878	(1)
Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia	878	(1)
Dietary Factors	878	(4)
Saturated Fatty Acids	878	(1)
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids	879	(1)
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids	880	(1)
Amount of Dietary Fat	880	(1)
Dietary Cholesterol	880	(1)
Other Dietary Factors	881	(1)
Treatment	882	(14)
Background	882	(1)
Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes	883	(4)
Secondary Prevention	887	(1)
Therapeutic Lifestyle Change Diet	888	(1)
Aggressive Diets	888	(3)
Medical Intervention	891	(2)
Pharmacologic Management	893	(3)
Summary	896	(4)
36 Medical Nutrition Therapy in Hypertension	900	(19)
Debra A. Krummel, PhD, RD, LD
Definition and Classification	901	(1)
Prevalence and Incidence	901	(1)
Morbidity and Mortality	902	(1)
Pathophysiology	903	(1)
Primary Prevention	904	(8)
Dietary Factors	905	(1)
Excess Body Weight	906	(1)
Excessive Consumption of Sodium Chloride	907	(3)
Alcohol Consumption	910	(1)
Physical Activity	910	(1)
Other Dietary Factors	910	(1)
Combination of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease	911	(1)
Medications	912	(1)
Medical Management	912	(4)
Lifestyle Modifications	912	(1)
Weight Management	912	(2)
Salt Restriction	914	(1)
Other Dietary Modifications	914	(1)
Exercise	914	(1)
Pharmacologic Treatment	914	(2)
Treatment of Blood Pressure in Older Adults	916	(1)
Summary	916	(3)
37 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Heart Failure and Transplant	919	(18)
Debra A. Krummel, PhD, RD, LD
Heart Failure	920	(12)
Prevalence and Incidence	921	(1)
Risk Factors	921	(1)
Prevention	921	(2)
Pathophysiology	923	(1)
Cardiac Cachexia	924	(1)
Medical Management	925	(2)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	927	(1)
Energy	927	(1)
Sodium	927	(4)
Potassium	931	(1)
Fluids	931	(1)
Calcium and Vitamin D	931	(1)
Magnesium	932	(1)
Thiamin	932	(1)
Feeding Strategies	932	(1)
Supplements	932	(1)
Cardiac Transplantation	932	(2)
Pretransplant Medical Nutrition Therapy	933	(1)
Posttransplant Medical Nutrition Therapy	933	(1)
Summary	934	(3)
38 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Pulmonary Disease	937	(24)
Donna H. Mueller, PhD, RD, FADA
Relationships Between Nutrition and the Pulmonary System	938	(3)
Optimal Nutrition and the Pulmonary System	938	(1)
Impact of Malnutrition on the Pulmonary System	938	(2)
Impact of Pulmonary System Disease on Nutritional Status	940	(1)
Overview of Medical Nutrition Therapy in Pulmonary Disease	941	(1)
Aspiration	942	(1)
Asthma	942	(1)
Pathophysiology	942	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	943	(1)
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia	943	(2)
Pathophysiology	943	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	944	(1)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	945	(3)
Pathophysiology	945	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	945	(3)
Cystic Fibrosis	948	(7)
Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Criteria	948	(2)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	950	(5)
Lung Cancer	955	(1)
Pneumonia	955	(1)
Respiratory Failure	955	(1)
Pathophysiology	955	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	955	(1)
Tuberculosis	956	(1)
Pathophysiology	956	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	957	(1)
Summary	957	(4)
39 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Renal Disorders	961	(36)
Katy G. Wilkens, MS, RD
Physiology and Function of the Kidneys	962	(1)
Renal Disease	963	(1)
Glomerular Diseases	964	(1)
Nephritic Syndrome	964	(1)
Nephrotic Syndrome	964	(1)
Diseases of the Tubules and Interstitium	965	(4)
Acute Renal Failure	965	(3)
Other Tubular or Interstitial Diseases	968	(1)
Pyelonephritis	969	(1)
Progressive Nature of Renal Disease	969	(1)
End-Stage Renal Disease	970	(18)
Pathophysiology	970	(1)
Medical Treatment	970	(2)
Dialysis	972	(3)
Psychological Support	975	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	975	(11)
ESRD in Patients With Diabetes	986	(1)
ESRD in Children	986	(2)
Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones)	988	(6)
Pathophysiology	988	(1)
Medical Management	988	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	988	(1)
Fluid and Urine Volume	988	(1)
Calcium Stones	989	(3)
Uric Acid Stones	992	(1)
Struvite Stones	992	(1)
Cystine Stones	992	(2)
Summary	994	(3)
40 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cancer Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery	997	(30)
Barbara Eldridge, MS, RD, LD
Diagnosis and Medical Treatment	998	(2)
Nutrition in the Etiology of Cancer	1000	(4)
Energy Balance and Exercise	1000	(1)
Fat	1000	(1)
Protein	1001	(1)
Fiber	1001	(1)
Fruits and Vegetables	1001	(1)
Chemoprevention	1002	(1)
Alcohol	1003	(1)
Coffee and Tea	1003	(1)
Artificial Sweeteners	1003	(1)
Nitrates, Nitrites, and Nitrosamines	1003	(1)
Method of Food Preparation	1004	(1)
Dietary Recommendations for Cancer Prevention	1004	(1)
Nutritional Implications of Cancer	1004	(4)
Cancer Cachexia	1006	(1)
Energy Metabolism	1007	(1)
Substrate Metabolism	1007	(1)
Other Metabolic Abnormalities	1007	(1)
Sensory Changes	1008	(1)
Nutritional Implications of Cancer Therapy	1008	(6)
Goals of Nutritional Care	1008	(2)
Common Nutrition Impact Symptoms of Cancer Therapies	1010	(4)
Nutritional Care of Adults Diagnosed With Cancer	1014	(5)
Body Weight, Energy, and Protein Needs	1015	(1)
Nutrient Supplementation	1015	(1)
Nutrition Screening and Assessment	1015	(1)
Determining Routes of Nutritional Care	1015	(1)
Oral Nutritional Management Strategies	1015	(2)
Guidelines for Oral Feeding During Anticancer Therapy	1017	(1)
Enteral Nutrition	1018	(1)
Parenteral Nutrition	1018	(1)
Home Enteral and Total Parenteral Nutrition	1018	(1)
Rehabilitation and Physical Activity	1018	(1)
Individuals With Advanced Cancer Receiving Palliative Care	1019	(1)
Nutritional Care of Children Diagnosed With Cancer	1019	(1)
Complementary and Alternative Therapies	1020	(3)
Dietary Recommendations for Cancer Survivors	1021	(2)
Summary	1023	(4)
41 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Disease	1027	(31)
Marcy Fenton, MS, RD
Elfyn Silverman, MPH, RD
Pathophysiology, Etiology, and Classification	1028	(2)
Epidemiology and Trends	1030	(3)
The United States	1030	(3)
Worldwide	1033	(1)
Manifestations and Stages of HIV Infection	1033	(1)
Opportunistic Infections and Other Complications	1034	(3)
Malignant Disease	1036	(1)
Neuromuscular Diseases	1036	(1)
HIV-Liver Disease	1037	(1)
Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases	1037	(1)
HIV-Associated Nephropathy	1037	(1)
Other Affected Organ Systems	1037	(1)
Medical Management	1037	(5)
Women and HIV	1042	(1)
Prenatal Considerations	1042	(1)
Breast-Feeding	1043	(1)
Other General Considerations for Women	1043	(1)
Pediatric Considerations	1043	(1)
Relationship Between Malnutrition and AIDS	1044	(2)
Wasting and Metabolic Disorders	1044	(2)
Lipodystrophy Syndrome	1046	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	1046	(5)
Screening	1047	(1)
Assessment	1047	(1)
Interventions	1047	(4)
Complications With a Nutrition Impact	1051	(3)
Diarrhea and Malabsorption	1051	(1)
Disorders of the Oral Cavity and Esophagus	1052	(1)
Neurologic Disorders	1053	(1)
Alterations in Metabolism and Body Shape	1053	(1)
Complementary and Alternative Therapies	1054	(1)
Summary	1054	(4)
42 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Metabolic Stress: Sepsis,Trauma, Burns, and Surgery	1058	(23)
Marion F. Winkler, MS, RD, LDN, CNSD
Ainsley M. Malone, MS, RD, CNSD
Metabolic Response to Stress	1059	(3)
Hormonal and Cell-Mediated Response	1059	(3)
Starvation Versus Stress	1062	(1)
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome	1062	(8)
Pathophysiology	1062	(2)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	1064	(5)
Anabolic Hormones	1069	(1)
Head Injury	1070	(1)
Pathophysiology	1070	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	1071	(1)
Major Burns	1071	(5)
Pathophysiology	1071	(1)
Medical Management	1072	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	1072	(4)
Surgery	1076	(2)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	1076	(2)
Summary	1078	(3)
43 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Neurologic Disorders	1081	(40)
Valentina M. Remig, PhD, RD, LD, FADA
Cecilia Romero, MD
Neurologic Disease Massification	1082	(1)
Nervous System Wiring and Lesions	1083	(3)
Localizing Signs of Mass Lesions	1083	(3)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	1086	(1)
Problems With Procurement of Food	1086	(6)
Meal Preparation	1086
Feeding Issues: Presentation of Food to the Mouth	1081	(6)
Eating: The Oral Process	1087	(1)
Swallowing	1088	(1)
Liquids	1089	(1)
Textures	1090	(1)
Nutrition Support	1090	(2)
Neurologic Diseases Arising From Nutritional Deficiencies or Excesses	1092	(4)
Primary Prevention Strategies: Beriberi and Pellagra	1092	(1)
Pernicious Anemia	1092	(1)
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome	1093	(1)
Stroke	1094	(2)
Neurologic Diseases With Nonnutrition Etiologies	1096	(21)
Adrenoleukodystrophy	1096	(1)
Alzheimer's Disease	1097	(3)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	1100	(5)
Epilepsy	1105	(2)
Guillain-Barré Syndrome	1107	(1)
Migraine Headache	1108	(1)
Myasthenia Gravis	1109	(1)
Multiple Sclerosis	1109	(2)
Parkinson's Disease	1111	(2)
Neurotrauma	1113	(2)
Spine Trauma	1115	(2)
Summary	1117	(4)
44 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Rheumatic Disorders	1121	(22)
Lisa Dorfman, MS, RD, LMHC
Etiology	1122	(1)
Pathophysiology of Inflammation in Rheumatic Diseases	1123	(1)
Drugs Commonly Used to Reduce Inflammation	1123	(1)
Osteoarthritis	1124	(2)
Pathophysiology	1124	(1)
Medical Management	1124	(1)
Surgery	1124	(1)
Exercise	1124	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	1124	(2)
Herbs and Complementary Therapy	1126	(1)
Rheumatoid Arthritis	1126	(7)
Pathophysiology	1127	(1)
Medical Management	1127	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	1128	(5)
Sjogren's Syndrome	1133	(1)
Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome	1134	(1)
Gout	1134	(1)
Pathophysiology	1134	(1)
Medical Management	1134	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	1135	(1)
Scleroderma	1135	(1)
Pathophysiology	1135	(1)
Medical Management	1136	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	1136	(1)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus	1136	(1)
Pathophysiology	1136	(1)
Medical Management	1137	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	1137	(1)
Chronic Fatigue Disorder Syndrome and Fibromyalgia	1137	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	1137	(1)
Complementary Therapy	1137	(1)
Controversies and Unproven
Remedies for Rheumatic Disorders	1138	(1)
Summary	1138	(5)
45 Medical Nutriton Therapy for Metabolic Disorders	1143	(28)
Cristine M. Trahms, MS, RD, CD, FADA
Newborn Screening	1144	(1)
Goals of Medical Nutrition Therapy	1144	(1)
Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism	1144	(13)
Phenylketonuria	1145	(12)
Maple Syrup Urine Disease	1157	(1)
Disorders of Organic Acid Metabolism	1157	(2)
Pathophysiology	1157	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	1158	(1)
Disorders of Urea Cycle Metabolism	1159	(2)
Pathophysiology	1159	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	1160	(1)
Disorders Carbohydrate Metabolism	1161	(1)
Galactosemia	1161	(1)
Glycogen Storage Diseases	1161	(2)
Disorders of Fatty Acid Oxidation	1163	(1)
Pathophysiology	1163	(1)
Medical Nutrition Therapy	1164	(1)
Other Disorders	1164	(1)
Role of Nutritionist in Medical Nutrition Therapy for Metabolic Disorders	1164	(2)
Summary	1166
APPENDIXES
1 General Abbreviations	1171	(1)
2 Unit Abbreviations	1172	(1)
3 Potential ICD-9-CM Codes for Nutrition Services	1173	(3)
4 Milliequivalents and Milligrams of Electrolytes	1176	(1)
5 Approximate Conversions to and From Metric Measures	1176	(1)
Nutritional Physical Assessment
6 Birth to 36 Months: Boys Length-for-Age and Weight-for-Age Percentiles	1177	(1)
7 Birth to 36 Months: Boys Head Circumference-for-Age and Weight-for Length Percentiles	1178	(1)
8 2 to 20 Years: Boys Stature-for-Age and Weight-for-Age Percentiles	1179	(1)
9 Birth to 36 Months: Girls Length-for-Age and Weight-for-Age Percentiles	1180	(1)
10 Birth to 36 Months: Girls Head Circumference-for-Age and Weight-for Length Percentiles	1181	(1)
11 2 to 20 Years: Girls Stature-for-Age and Weight-for-Age Percentiles	1182	(1)
12 Tanner Stages of Adolescent Development for Females	1183	(1)
13 Tanner Stages of Adolescent Development for Males	1183	(1)
14 Direct Methods for Measuring Height and Weight	1184	(1)
15 Indirect Methods for Measuring Height	1184	(1)
16 Determination of Frame Size	1185	(1)
17 Body Mass Index (BMI) Table	1186	(1)
18 Body Mass Index-for-Age Percentiles: Boys, 2 to 20 Years	1187	(1)
19 Body Mass Index-for-Age Percentiles: Girls, 2 to 20 Years	1188	(1)
20A Body Mass Index, Mid-Upper Arm Circumference,Triceps Skinfold Thickness, and Arm Muscle Circumference for Men 50Years of Age and Older Examined in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994)	1189	(1)
20B Body Mass Index, Mid-Upper Arm Circumference,Triceps Skinfold Thickness, and Arm Muscle Circumference for Women 50Years of Age and Older Examined in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994)	1190	(1)
21 Arm Anthropometry for Children	1191	(1)
22 Arm Anthropometry for Adults	1192	(1)
23 Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Weight (kg) by Height (cm) for Males of 2 to 74 Years	1193	(1)
24 Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Weight (kg) by Height (cm) for Females of 2 to 74 Years	1194	(1)
25 Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Weight (kg) by Age for Adult Males of Small, Medium, and Large Frames	1195	(1)
26 Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Weight (kg) by Age for Adult Females of Small, Medium, and Large Frames	1196	(1)
27 Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Triceps Skinfold Thickness (mm) by Age for Males and Females of 1 to 50 Years	1197	(1)
28 Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Upper Arm Muscle Area (cm2) by Height (cm) for Boys and Girls of 2 to 17Years	1198	(1)
29 Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Upper Arm Muscle Area (cm2) by Age for Adult Males of Small, Medium, and Large Frames	1199	(1)
30 Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Upper Arm Muscle Area (cm2) by Age for Adult Females of Small, Medium, and Large Frames	1200	(1)
31 Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Upper Arm Fat Area (cm2) by Age for Males and Females of 1 to 74 Years	1201	(1)
32 Nutrition-Focused Physical Assessment	1202	(4)
LABORATORYTESTS, DRUGS,AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
33 A Guide to the Use of Laboratory Data in Nutritional Assessment and Monitoring	1206	(14)
34 Nutritional Implications of Selected Drugs	1220	(6)
35 Counseling Patients on Dietary Supplements	1226	(2)
ENTERAL FORMULAS
36 Milk-Based Formulas or Products Designed to Be Mixed With Milk	1228	(1)
37A Whole-Protein, Lactose-Free Formulas With 0.5 kcal/ml	1228	(1)
37B Whole-Protein, Lactose-Free Formulas With 1 to 1.2 kcal/ml	1229	(2)
37C Whole-Protein, Lactose-Free Formulas With 1.5 and 2.0 kcal/ml	1231	(1)
38 Specially Designed Formulas: Clear Liquid, Fat Malabsorption, Glucose Intolerance, Hepatic, Immune-Support, Metabolic Stress, Pulmonary, Renal	1232	(3)
39 Defined Formulas	1235	(1)
40 Pediatric Specialized Formulas	1236	(1)
41 Modular Components for Enteral Feedings	1237	(1)
NUTRIENT TABLES
42 Fiber Content of Selected Foods	1238	(2)
43 Caffeine Content of Foods	1240	(1)
44 Nutritive Values for Alcoholic Beverages and Mixes	1241	(1)
45A Oxalate Content of Foods	1242	(1)
45B Bioavailability of Oxalate	1243	(1)
46 Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Selected Foods	1244	(2)
47 Carotenoid Content of Fruits and Vegetables	1246	(3)
48 Vitamin D Content of Foods	1249	(2)
49 Vitamin E Content of Foods as a-Tocopherol (mg)	1251	(2)
50 Vitamin K Content of Foods	1253	(1)
51 Selenium Content of Foods	1254	(5)
MENU PLANNING LISTS
52 Caloric Expenditure Worksheet for Various Exercise Activities Based on Body Weight	1259	(3)
53 Exchange Lists for Meal Planning	1262	(9)
54 Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load of Selected Foods	1271	(1)
55 National Dysphagia Diets	1272	(6)
MISCELLANEOUS
56 The Nutrition Care Process	1278	(4)
57 Percentage of Body Fat Based on Four Skinfold Measurements	1282