Krause's Food, Nutrition, and Diet Therapy

by Mahan, L.K.

• ISBN13: 9780721658353
• ISBN10: 0721658350
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1996-01-01
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Health Science div

Summary

Universally recognized as the premier clinical text in nutrition, the 11th edition of Krause's Food, Nutrition, & Diet Therapy provides the theoretical knowledge and clinical information you need to understand basic nutrition, assess clients of varying ages and illnesses, plan dietary support that meets their unique needs, and promote good health and fitness. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Nutrition Basics
Digestion, Absorption, Transport, and Excretion of Nutrients	p. 2
The Gastrointestinal Tract	p. 3
Overview of Digestive and Absorptive Processes	p. 4
The Small Intestine: Primary Site of Nutrient Absorption	p. 11
The Large Intestine	p. 13
Summary	p. 19
Energy	p. 21
Components of Energy Expenditure	p. 22
Measurement of Energy Expenditure	p. 25
Estimating Energy Requirements	p. 28
Calculating Food Energy	p. 33
Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids	p. 37
Carbohydrates	p. 39
Fats and Lipids	p. 50
Amino Acids and Protein	p. 62
Macronutrient Use and Storage in the Fed State	p. 70
Macronutrient Catabolism in the Fasted State	p. 71
Summary	p. 73
Vitamins	p. 75
The Fat-Soluble Vitamins	p. 76
The Water-Soluble Vitamins	p. 93
Other Vitamin-Like Factors	p. 115
Minerals	p. 120
Characteristics of Minerals	p. 121
Macrominerals	p. 122
Microminerals (Trace Elements)	p. 134
Ultratrace Minerals	p. 150
Other Trace Elements	p. 158
Summary	p. 158
Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance	p. 164
Body Water	p. 165
Electrolytes	p. 169
Acid-Base Balance	p. 172
Acid-Base Disorders	p. 174
Summary	p. 176
Nutrition in the Life Cycle
Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation	p. 182
Pregnancy	p. 183
Lactation	p. 201
Nutrition, Fertility, and Conception	p. 209
Summary	p. 209
Nutrition During Infancy	p. 214
Physiologic Development	p. 215
Nutrient Requirements	p. 217
Milk	p. 220
Food	p. 226
Feeding	p. 226
Summary	p. 232
Nutrition for Low-Birth-Weight Infants	p. 234
Physiologic Development	p. 235
Nutritional Requirements: Parenteral Feeding	p. 237
Transition From Parenteral to Enteral Feeding	p. 242
Nutritional Requirements: Enteral Feeding	p. 243
Feeding Methods	p. 246
Selection of Enteral Feeding	p. 248
Growth and Nutritional Assessments	p. 250
Discharge Care	p. 251
Neurodevelopmental Outcome	p. 256
Summary	p. 257
Nutrition in Childhood	p. 259
Growth and Development	p. 260
Nutrient Requirements	p. 262
Providing an Adequate Diet	p. 268
Nutritional Concerns	p. 275
Preventing Chronic Disease	p. 279
Summary	p. 280
Nutrition in Adolescence	p. 284
Growth and Development	p. 285
Nutrient Requirements	p. 288
Food Habits	p. 293
Special Situations	p. 295
Strategies for Improving Nutritional Well-Being	p. 299
Summary	p. 299
Nutrition in the Adult Years	p. 302
Eating and the Food Environment	p. 303
Defensive Nutrition Paradigm	p. 305
Gastrointestinal Integrity	p. 308
Detoxification Systems	p. 310
Guidelines for a Defensive Nutrition Paradigm	p. 311
Summary	p. 315
Nutrition in Aging	p. 318
The Older Population	p. 319
Theories of Aging	p. 319
Physiologic Changes	p. 321
Multidisciplinary Assessment	p. 324
Nutrition Screening	p. 325
Nutrition Needs	p. 326
Dietary Planning	p. 331
Nutrition Issues	p. 331
Supportive Services	p. 334
Nutrition Care
Nutrition in the Community	p. 340
Nutrition Practice in the Community	p. 342
Needs Assessment for Community-Based Nutrition Services	p. 344
National Food and Nutrition Data Sources	p. 345
National Nutrition Guidelines and Goals	p. 347
Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs	p. 350
Food Safety: Laws, Regulations, and Issues	p. 354
Food Technology	p. 357
Agricultural Products and Concerns	p. 358
Other Concerns About Food and Water Safety	p. 359
Summary	p. 361
Guidelines for Dietary Planning	p. 363
Determining Nutrient Needs	p. 364
Nutritional Status of Americans	p. 367
National Guidelines for Diet Planning	p. 371
Food Labeling	p. 379
Cultural Aspects of Dietary Planning	p. 382
Summary	p. 386
Introduction to Nutritional Genomics	p. 390
The Human Genome Project	p. 392
Genetic Fundamentals	p. 394
Genetics and Nutrition Therapy	p. 401
Summary	p. 404
Dietary and Clinical Assessment	p. 407
Nutritional Imbalance	p. 408
Nutritional Screening	p. 410
Nutritional Assessment	p. 412
Nutrition-Focused Physical Examination	p. 429
Classifying Malnutrition	p. 430
Summary	p. 430
Laboratory Data in Nutrition Assessment	p. 436
Definition and Usefulness of Nutrition Laboratory Data	p. 437
Assessment of Protein-Energy Status	p. 439
Laboratory Data for Nutritional Anemias	p. 442
Markers of Malabsorption	p. 446
Wellness Assessment	p. 446
Nutritional Interpretation of Routine Medical Laboratory Data	p. 450
Summary	p. 453
Food-Drug Interactions	p. 455
Pharmacologic Aspects of Food-Drug Interactions	p. 456
Risk Factors for Food-Drug Interactions	p. 457
Effects of Food on Drug Therapy	p. 459
Effects of Drugs on Food and Nutrition	p. 462
Modification of Drug Action by Food and Nutrients	p. 463
Effects of Drugs on Nutritional Status	p. 464
Excipients and Food-Drug Interactions	p. 470
Medical Nutrition Therapy	p. 472
Summary	p. 473
Integrative Medicine and Phytotherapy	p. 475
Integrative Therapies	p. 476
Commonly Used Botanicals	p. 482
Guidelines for Working With Clients Who Use Botanicals	p. 491
Summary	p. 492
The Nutrition Care Process	p. 496
Nutrition Care Process and Medical Nutrition Therapy	p. 497
Nutritional Care Record	p. 501
Charting and Documentation	p. 503
Influences on Nutritional Care	p. 507
Nutritional Intervention and Diet Modification	p. 510
Nutritional Care for the Hospitalized Patient	p. 511
Nutritional Care of the Terminally Ill or Hospice Patient	p. 515
Discharge Planning and Home Care	p. 515
Summary	p. 517
Counseling for Change	p. 519
Counseling Techniques	p. 520
Stages of Change	p. 520
Activities That Facilitate Behavior Change	p. 521
Intervention Model	p. 523
Not-Ready-to-Change Counseling Sessions	p. 525
Ready-to-Change Counseling Sessions	p. 528
Resistance Behaviors and Potential Strategies to Modify Them	p. 529
Summary	p. 530
Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Support	p. 533
Rationale and Criteria for Appropriate Nutrition Support	p. 534
Enteral Nutrition	p. 537
Parenteral Nutrition	p. 544
Transitional Feeding	p. 549
Pharmacologic Use of Nutrients	p. 550
Nutrition Support in Long-Term and Home Care	p. 551
Ethical Issues	p. 552
Interdisciplinary Nutrition Support Services	p. 552
Summary	p. 553
Nutrition for Health and Fitness
Nutrition for Weight Management	p. 558
Body Weight Components	p. 559
Regulation of Body Weight	p. 562
Weight Management Throughout Life	p. 564
Weight Imbalance: Overweight and Obesity	p. 565
Management of Obesity in Adults	p. 570
Common Problems Encountered in Obesity Management	p. 585
Weight Management in Children	p. 586
Weight Imbalance: Excessive Leanness	p. 587
Nutrition in Eating Disorders	p. 594
Diagnostic Criteria	p. 595
Etiology	p. 599
Pathophysiology	p. 599
Nutritional Assessment	p. 601
Psychological Management	p. 607
Nutritional Care	p. 609
Nutrition Education	p. 611
Prognosis	p. 611
Summary	p. 612
Nutrition for Exercise and Sports Performance	p. 616
Energy Production	p. 617
Fuels for Contracting Muscles	p. 619
Nutritional Requirements of Exercise	p. 620
Weight Management	p. 634
Other Considerations	p. 634
Ergogenic Aids	p. 635
Summary	p. 638
Nutrition and Bone Health	p. 642
Bone Structure and Bone Physiology	p. 643
Bone Mass and Bone Density	p. 647
Nutrition and Bone	p. 650
Osteopenia and Osteoporosis	p. 654
Summary	p. 663
Nutrition for Oral and Dental Health	p. 667
Nutritional Factors in Tooth Development	p. 668
Dental Caries	p. 668
Fluoride	p. 673
Preventive Care	p. 675
Periodontal Disease	p. 676
Early Childhood Caries	p. 677
Tooth Loss and Dentures	p. 678
Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease	p. 678
Polypharmacy	p. 680
Summary	p. 680
Medical Nutrition Therapy
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders	p. 686
Disorders of the Esophagus	p. 687
Disorders of the Stomach	p. 692
Summary	p. 702
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders	p. 705
Common Intestinal Problems	p. 706
Diseases of the Small Intestine	p. 712
Intestinal Brush-Border Enzyme Deficiencies	p. 718
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases	p. 721
Disorders of the Large Intestine	p. 727
Intestinal Surgery	p. 730
Summary	p. 735
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Liver, Biliary System, and Exocrine Pancreas Disorders	p. 738
Physiology and Functions of the Liver	p. 739
Laboratory Assessment of Liver Function	p. 740
Diseases of the Liver	p. 740
Liver Resection and Transplantation	p. 755
Physiology and Functions of the Gallbladder	p. 756
Diseases of the Gallbladder	p. 757
Physiology and Functions of the Exocrine Pancreas	p. 760
Diseases of the Exocrine Pancreas	p. 761
Summary	p. 764
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Food Allergy and Food Intolerance	p. 768
Immunologic Basis	p. 769
Symptoms	p. 770
Risk Factors for the Development of Food Allergy	p. 772
Food Intolerances	p. 773
Diagnosis	p. 776
Treatment	p. 781
Natural History of Food Allergy	p. 784
Food Allergy in Infancy	p. 787
Diet and Prevention of Allergic Disease	p. 788
Summary	p. 789
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia of Nondiabetic Origin	p. 792
Pathophysiology	p. 794
Diagnostic and Screening Criteria	p. 799
Management of Diabetes Mellitus	p. 799
Diabetes and Age-Related Issues	p. 815
Implementing Nutrition Self-Management	p. 819
Acute Complications	p. 825
Long-Term Complications	p. 827
Preventing Diabetes	p. 829
Hypoglycemia of Nondiabetic Origin	p. 830
Summary	p. 833
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Anemia	p. 838
Iron-Related Blood Disorders	p. 839
Megaloblastic Anemias	p. 847
Other Nutritional Anemias	p. 854
Nonnutritional Anemias	p. 856
Summary	p. 858
Medical Nutrition Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease	p. 860
Prevalence and Incidence	p. 861
Mortality	p. 861
Pathophysiology and Etiology	p. 864
Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease	p. 866
Lipoprotein Assessment	p. 869
Genetic Hyperlipidemias: Classification and Diagnosis	p. 877
Dietary Factors	p. 878
Treatment	p. 882
Summary	p. 896
Medical Nutrition Therapy in Hypertension	p. 900
Definition and Classification	p. 901
Prevalence and Incidence	p. 901
Morbidity and Mortality	p. 902
Pathophysiology	p. 903
Primary Prevention	p. 904
Medical Management	p. 912
Summary	p. 916
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Heart Failure and Transplant	p. 919
Heart Failure	p. 920
Cardiac Transplantation	p. 932
Summary	p. 934
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Pulmonary Disease	p. 937
Relationships Between Nutrition and the Pulmonary System	p. 938
Overview of Medical Nutrition Therapy in Pulmonary Disease	p. 941
Aspiration	p. 942
Asthma	p. 942
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia	p. 943
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	p. 945
Cystic Fibrosis	p. 948
Lung Cancer	p. 955
Pneumonia	p. 955
Respiratory Failure	p. 955
Tuberculosis	p. 956
Summary	p. 957
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Renal Disorders	p. 961
Physiology and Function of the Kidneys	p. 962
Renal Disease	p. 963
Glomerular Diseases	p. 964
Diseases of the Tubules and Interstitium	p. 965
Progressive Nature of Renal Disease	p. 969
End-Stage Renal Disease	p. 970
Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones)	p. 988
Summary	p. 994
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cancer Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery	p. 997
Diagnosis and Medical Treatment	p. 998
Nutrition in the Etiology of Cancer	p. 1000
Nutritional Implications of Cancer	p. 1004
Nutritional Implications of Cancer Therapy	p. 1008
Nutritional Care of Adults Diagnosed With Cancer	p. 1014
Nutritional Care of Children Diagnosed With Cancer	p. 1019
Complementary and Alternative Therapies	p. 1020
Summary	p. 1023
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Disease	p. 1027
Pathophysiology, Etiology, and Classification	p. 1028
Epidemiology and Trends	p. 1030
Manifestations and Stages of HIV Infection	p. 1033
Opportunistic Infections and Other Complications	p. 1034
Medical Management	p. 1037
Women and HIV	p. 1042
Pediatric Considerations	p. 1043
Relationship Between Malnutrition and AIDS	p. 1044
Medical Nutrition Therapy	p. 1046
Complications With a Nutrition Impact	p. 1051
Complementary and Alternative Therapies	p. 1054
Summary	p. 1054
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Metabolic Stress: Sepsis, Trauma, Burns, and Surgery	p. 1058
Metabolic Response to Stress	p. 1059
Starvation Versus Stress	p. 1062
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome	p. 1062
Head Injury	p. 1070
Major Burns	p. 1071
Surgery	p. 1076
Summary	p. 1078
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Neurologic Disorders	p. 1081
Neurologic Disease Classification	p. 1082
Nervous System Wiring and Lesions	p. 1083
Medical Nutrition Therapy	p. 1086
Problems With Procurement of Food	p. 1086
Neurologic Diseases Arising From Nutritional Deficiencies or Excesses	p. 1092
Neurologic Diseases With Nonnutrition Etiologies	p. 1096
Summary	p. 1117
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Rheumatic Disorders	p. 1121
Etiology	p. 1122
Pathophysiology of Inflammation in Rheumatic Diseases	p. 1123
Drugs Commonly Used to Reduce Inflammation	p. 1123
Osteoarthritis	p. 1124
Rheumatoid Arthritis	p. 1126
Sjogren's Syndrome	p. 1133
Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome	p. 1134
Gout	p. 1134
Scleroderma	p. 1135
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus	p. 1136
Chronic Fatigue Disorder Syndrome and Fibromyalgia	p. 1137
Controversies and Unproven Remedies for Rheumatic Disorders	p. 1138
Summary	p. 1138
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Metabolic Disorders	p. 1143
Newborn Screening	p. 1144
Goals of Medical Nutrition Therapy	p. 1144
Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism	p. 1144
Disorders of Organic Acid Metabolism	p. 1157
Disorders of Urea Cycle Metabolism	p. 1159
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism	p. 1161
Glycogen Storage Diseases	p. 1162
Disorders of Fatty Acid Oxidation	p. 1163
Other Disorders	p. 1164
Role of Nutritionist in Medical Nutrition Therapy for Metabolic Disorders	p. 1164
Summary	p. 1166
Appendixes
General Abbreviations	p. 1171
Unit Abbreviations	p. 1172
Potential ICD-9-CM Codes for Nutrition Services	p. 1173
Milliequivalents and Milligrams of Electrolytes	p. 1176
Approximate Conversions to and From Metric Measures	p. 1176
Nutritional Physical Assessment
Birth to 36 Months: Boys Length-for-Age and Weight-for-Age Percentiles	p. 1177
Birth to 36 Months: Boys Head Circumference-for-Age and Weight-for-Length Percentiles	p. 1178
2 to 20 Years: Boys Stature-for-Age and Weight-for-Age Percentiles	p. 1179
Birth to 36 Months: Girls Length-for-Age and Weight-for-Age Percentiles	p. 1180
Birth to 36 Months: Girls Head Circumference-for-Age and Weight-for-Length Percentiles	p. 1181
2 to 20 Years: Girls Stature-for-Age and Weight-for-Age Percentiles	p. 1182
Tanner Stages of Adolescent Development for Females	p. 1183
Tanner Stages of Adolescent Development for Males	p. 1183
Direct Methods for Measuring Height and Weight	p. 1184
Indirect Methods for Measuring Height	p. 1184
Determination of Frame Size	p. 1185
Body Mass Index (BMI) Table	p. 1186
Body Mass Index-for-Age Percentiles: Boys, 2 to 20 Years	p. 1187
Body Mass Index-for-Age Percentiles: Girls, 2 to 20 Years	p. 1188
Body Mass Index, Mid-Upper Arm Circumference, Triceps Skinfold Thickness, and Arm Muscle Circumference for Men 50 Years of Age and Older Examined in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994)	p. 1189
Body Mass Index, Mid-Upper Arm Circumference, Triceps Skinfold Thickness, and Arm Muscle Circumference for Women 50 Years of Age and Older Examined in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994)	p. 1190
Arm Anthropometry for Children	p. 1191
Arm Anthropometry for Adults	p. 1192
Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Weight (kg) by Height (cm) for Males of 2 to 74 Years	p. 1193
Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Weight (kg) by Height (cm) for Females of 2 to 74 Years	p. 1194
Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Weight (kg) by Age for Adult Males of Small, Medium, and Large Frames	p. 1195
Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Weight (kg) by Age for Adult Females of Small, Medium, and Large Frames	p. 1196
Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Triceps Skinfold Thickness (mm) by Age for Males and Females of 1 to 50 Years	p. 1197
Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Upper Arm Muscle Area (cm[superscript 2]) by Height (cm) for Boys and Girls of 2 to 17 Years	p. 1198
Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Upper Arm Muscle Area (cm[superscript 2]) by Age for Adult Males of Small, Medium, and Large Frames	p. 1199
Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Upper Arm Muscle Area (cm[superscript 2]) by Age for Adult Females of Small, Medium, and Large Frames	p. 1200
Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles of Upper Arm Fat Area (cm[superscript 2]) by Age for Males and Females of 1 to 74 Years	p. 1201
Nutrition-Focused Physical Assessment	p. 1202
Laboratory Tests, Drugs, and Dietary Supplements
A Guide to the Use of Laboratory Data in Nutritional Assessment and Monitoring	p. 1206
Nutritional Implications of Selected Drugs	p. 1220
Counseling Patients on Dietary Supplements	p. 1226
Enteral Formulas
Milk-Based Formulas or Products Designed to Be Mixed With Milk	p. 1228
Whole-Protein, Lactose-Free Formulas With 0.5 kcal/ml	p. 1228
Whole-Protein, Lactose-Free Formulas With 1 to 1.2 kcal/ml	p. 1229
Whole-Protein, Lactose-Free Formulas With 1.5 and 2.0 kcal/ml	p. 1231
Specially Designed Formulas: Clear Liquid, Fat Malabsorption, Glucose Intolerance, Hepatic, Immune-Support, Metabolic Stress, Pulmonary, Renal	p. 1232
Defined Formulas	p. 1235
Pediatric Specialized Formulas	p. 1236
Modular Components for Enteral Feedings	p. 1237
Nutrient Tables
Fiber Content of Selected Foods	p. 1238
Caffeine Content of Foods	p. 1240
Nutritive Values for Alcoholic Beverages and Mixes	p. 1241
Oxalate Content of Foods	p. 1242
Bioavailability of Oxalate	p. 1243
Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Selected Foods	p. 1244
Carotenoid Content of Fruits and Vegetables	p. 1246
Vitamin D Content of Foods	p. 1249
Vitamin E Content of Foods as [alpha]-Tocopherol (mg)	p. 1251
Vitamin K Content of Foods	p. 1253
Selenium Content of Foods	p. 1254
Menu Planning Lists
Caloric Expenditure Worksheet for Various Exercise Activities Based on Body Weight	p. 1259
Exchange Lists for Meal Planning	p. 1262
Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load of Selected Foods	p. 1271
National Dysphagia Diets	p. 1272
Miscellaneous
The Nutrition Care Process	p. 1278
Percentage of Body Fat Based on Four Skinfold Measurements	p. 1282
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