Laboratory Investigations in Anatomy and Physiology : Pig Version

by Sarikas, Stephen N.

• ISBN13: 9780805353235
• ISBN10: 0805353232
• Format: Spiral Bound
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Summary

This concise lab manual moves beyond "cookbook"-style lab instruction to help you develop the investigative skills required for a successful career in health care. Consistently emphasizing the relationship between structure and function, author Stephen Sarikas guides you in predicting outcomes and interpreting what you experience in the lab. Through the use of an engaging "connected learning" technique, each exercise step builds on the last to help you understand complex ideas and make connections between concepts. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
Body Organization and Terminology	p. 1
Using Anatomical Terms to Describe Body Organization	p. 2
Defining Anatomical Planes and Sections	p. 5
Identifying Organs and Organ Systems	p. 6
Identifying Anatomical Regions	p. 9
Exploring the Body Cavities	p. 12
Examining the General Organization of Serous Membranes	p. 12
Review Sheet: Body Organization and Terminology	p. 15
Care and Use of the Compound Light Microscope	p. 17
Learning the Parts of a Light Microscope	p. 18
Viewing a Specimen with the Compound Microscope	p. 19
Viewing the Letter e	p. 20
Perceiving Depth of Field	p. 21
Using the Oil Immersion Lens	p. 21
Determining the Diameter of the Field of View	p. 22
Review Sheet: Care and Use of the Compound Light Microscope	p. 25
The Cell
Cell Structure and Cell Division	p. 27
Preparing a Wet Mount of Cheek Epithelial Cells	p. 31
Light Microscopic Observations of Various Cell Types	p. 33
Examining a Model of a Typical Eukaryotic Cell	p. 33
Electron Microscopic Observations of Cells	p. 34
Examining the Stages of Mitosis	p. 36
Review Sheet: Cell Structure and Cell Division	p. 37
Membrane Transport	p. 39
Demonstrating Simple Diffusion	p. 42
Demonstrating Membrane Permeability	p. 44
Observing Osmosis	p. 45
Review Sheet: Membrane Transport	p. 47
Tissues
Epithelial and Connective Tissues	p. 49
Microscopic Observations of Epithelial Tissue	p. 50
Microscopic Observations of Connective Tissue	p. 56
Review Sheet: Epithelial and Connective Tissues	p. 63
The Integumentary System
The Integumentary System	p. 67
Examining Fingerprint Patterns	p. 69
Examining the Microscopic Structure of Skin	p. 69
Examining the Accessory Structures of Skin	p. 70
Examining the Anatomical Model of Skin	p. 73
Examining the Structure of Nails	p. 73
Review Sheet: The Integumentary System	p. 75
The Skeletal System
Introduction to the Skeletal System and the Axial Skeleton	p. 77
Classifying Bones According to Shape	p. 77
Classifying Bones According to Location	p. 78
Examining the Microscopic Structure of Bone	p. 81
Examining the Gross Anatomy and Arrangement of Compact and Spongy Bone	p. 81
Identifying the Bones of the Skull	p. 83
Identifying the Bony Landmarks and Openings of the Skull	p. 87
Examining the Fetal Skull	p. 87
Examining the General Features of the Vertebral Column	p. 90
Examining the Unique Features of Specific Vertebrae	p. 92
Examining the Structure of the Thoracic Cage	p. 95
Review Sheet: Introduction to the Skeletal System and the Axial Skeleton	p. 99
The Appendicular Skeleton	p. 105
Examination of the Upper Extremity	p. 106
Examination of the Lower Extremity	p. 110
Review Sheet: The Appendicular Skeleton	p. 119
Articulations	p. 125
Examining the Structure of Fibrous Joints	p. 126
Examining the Structure of Cartilaginous Joints	p. 129
Understanding the Types of Movements at Synovial Joints	p. 131
Examining the Structure and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints	p. 131
Examining the Structure of Specific Synovial Joints	p. 136
Review Sheet: Articulations	p. 145
The Muscular System
Histology of Muscle Tissue	p. 147
Light Microscopic Structure of Skeletal Muscle	p. 147
Light Microscopic Structure of Cardiac Muscle	p. 148
Light Microscopic Structure of Smooth Muscle	p. 149
Examining Skeletal Muscle Cells in Three Dimensions	p. 150
Examining the Neuromuscular Junction at a Skeletal Muscle Cell	p. 151
Observing the Contraction of Skeletal Muscle Fibers	p. 153
Review Sheet: Histology of Muscle Tissue	p. 155
Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System	p. 157
Identifying Muscles of the Head	p. 158
Identifying Muscles of the Neck	p. 165
Identifying Respiratory Muscles of the Thorax	p. 169
Identifying Abdominal Wall Muscles	p. 172
Identifying Deep Back Muscles	p. 174
Identifying Pelvic Floor Muscles	p. 177
Identifying Anterior Shoulder Muscles	p. 178
Identifying Posterior Shoulder Muscles	p. 180
Identifying Anterior Arm Muscles	p. 184
Identifying Triceps Brachii	p. 187
Identifying Anterior Forearm Muscles	p. 187
Identifying Posterior Forearm Muscles	p. 192
Identifying Intrinsic Hand Muscles	p. 195
Identifying Gluteal Muscles	p. 198
Identifying Anterior Thigh Muscles	p. 200
Identifying Medial Thigh Muscles	p. 203
Identifying Posterior Thigh Muscles	p. 204
Identifying Anterior Leg Muscles	p. 205
Identifying Lateral Leg Muscles	p. 206
Identifying Posterior Leg Muscles	p. 208
Identifying Intrinsic Foot Muscles	p. 210
Review Sheet: Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System	p. 213
Physiology of the Muscular System	p. 217
Demonstrating Isotonic and Isometric Contractions	p. 219
Examining Resistance Versus Contraction Speed	p. 220
Demonstrating Multiple Motor Unit Summation	p. 220
Demonstrating Muscle Fatigue	p. 221
Testing Muscle Flexibility	p. 222
Recording EMG Using the BIOPAC System	p. 224
Review Sheet: Physiology of the Muscular System	p. 229
The Nervous System
Histology of Nervous Tissue	p. 231
Identifying Major Components of Multipolar Neurons	p. 236
Examining the Synapse	p. 237
Examining Microscopic Structure of the Cerebrum	p. 238
Examining Microscopic Structure of the Cerebellum	p. 239
Examining Microscopic Structure of the Spinal Cord	p. 240
Examining Microscopic Structure of Spinal Nerve Roots	p. 242
Examining Microscopic Structure of Peripheral Nerves	p. 242
Demonstrating the Significance of the Myelin Sheath	p. 244
Review Sheet: Histology of Nervous Tissue	p. 245
The Brain and Cranial Nerves	p. 247
Dissecting the Sheep Meninges	p. 251
Dissecting Surface Structures on the Sheep Brain	p. 256
Examining a Midsagittal Section of the Sheep Brain	p. 257
Examining a Coronal Section of the Sheep Brain	p. 258
Examining Brain Ventricles and CSF Flow	p. 259
Electroencephalography Using the Biopac Student Lab System	p. 260
Identifying the Origins of the Cranial Nerves	p. 263
Identifying the Openings for the Cranial Nerves	p. 265
Testing the Functions of Cranial Nerves	p. 266
Review Sheet: The Brain and Cranial Nerves	p. 273
The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves	p. 277
Identifying Spinal Meninges and Associated Structures	p. 277
Examining the Gross Anatomy	p. 280
Using a Two-Point Discrimination Test	p. 282
Testing General Sensory Function in Dermatomes	p. 284
Review Sheet: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves	p. 285
Human Reflex Physiology	p. 287
Assessing Coordination	p. 288
Assessing Balance	p. 288
Assessing Coordinated Movement and Balance	p. 289
Reflex Tests for the Upper Extremity	p. 292
Reflex Tests for the Lower Extremity	p. 292
Review Sheet: Human Reflex Physiology	p. 295
Special Senses	p. 297
Examining the Anatomy of Olfactory Structures	p. 299
Testing Olfactory Adaptation	p. 300
Examining the Anatomy of Gustatory Structures	p. 302
Testing Gustatory Sensations	p. 302
Examining the Anatomy of Vision Structures	p. 306
Performing Visual Tests	p. 311
Examining Ear Anatomy	p. 318
Performing Hearing Tests	p. 321
Review Sheet: Special Senses	p. 323
The Endocrine System
The Endocrine System	p. 327
Examining Gross Anatomy of the Endocrine System	p. 327
Examining Microscopic Anatomy of Endocrine Organs	p. 336
Review Sheet: The Endocrine System	p. 341
The Cardiovascular System
Blood Cells	p. 343
Identifying Blood Cells	p. 344
Identifying White Blood Cell Types	p. 345
Performing a Differential White Blood Cell Count	p. 346
Determining Your Blood Type	p. 349
Review Sheet: Blood Cells	p. 353
Gross Anatomy of the Heart	p. 355
Examining the Organization of the Pericardium	p. 355
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Human Heart	p. 357
Identifying the Blood Vessels of the Coronary Circulation	p. 360
Tracing the Flow of Blood Through the Heart Chambers	p. 362
Dissection of the Sheep Heart	p. 363
Review Sheet: Gross Anatomy of the Heart	p. 367
Anatomy of Blood Vessels	p. 371
Examining the Microscopic Structure of Blood Vessels	p. 373
Identifying the Major Blood Vessels in the Pulmonary Circuit	p. 376
Identifying the Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation	p. 377
Identifying the Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation	p. 383
Identifying Collateral Pathways in the Systemic Circulation	p. 389
Review Sheet: Anatomy of Blood Vessels	p. 391
Cardiovascular Physiology	p. 393
Listening for Heart Sounds	p. 394
Measuring Blood Pressure	p. 396
Examining the Effect of Exercise on Blood Pressure	p. 397
Measuring the Pulse Rate	p. 398
Examining the Effect of Exercise on Pulse Rate	p. 398
Using the Biopac Student Lab System to Measure and Evaluate the Electrical Activity of the Heart	p. 400
Review Sheet: Cardiovascular Physiology	p. 405
The Lymphatic System
The Lymphatic System	p. 407
Examining the Gross Anatomical Structure of the Lymphatic System	p. 407
Examining the Microscopic Structure of Lymphatic Structures	p. 413
Observing the Antigen-Antibody Reaction Using Immunodiffusion	p. 416
Review Sheet: The Lymphatic System	p. 419
The Respiratory System
Anatomy of the Respiratory System	p. 421
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Nose and Nasal Cavity	p. 421
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Pharynx	p. 423
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Larynx	p. 423
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Trachea	p. 425
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Lungs	p. 426
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Bronchial Tree	p. 428
Examining the Microscopic Anatomy of the Respiratory Mucosa	p. 429
Examining the Microscopic Anatomy of the Trachea	p. 430
Examining the Microscopic Anatomy of the Lungs	p. 431
Review Sheet: Anatomy of the Respiratory System	p. 435
Respiratory Physiology	p. 439
Examining Pulmonary Ventilation	p. 441
Measuring Respiratory Volumes	p. 444
Calculating Respiratory Volumes and Capacities	p. 445
Predicting and Measuring Vital Capacity	p. 447
Using the Biopac Student Lab System to Measure Depth of Ventilation and Breathing Rate	p. 448
Review Sheet: Respiratory Physiology	p. 451
The Digestive System
Anatomy of the Digestive System	p. 453
Examining the General Organization of the Peritoneum	p. 456
Examining the Gross Anatomical Structure of the Alimentary Canal	p. 456
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Teeth, Salivary Glands, and Tongue	p. 463
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas	p. 466
Examining the Microscopic Structure of the Alimentary Canal	p. 469
Examining the Microscopic Structure of Accessory Digestive Organs	p. 475
Review Sheet: Anatomy of the Digestive System	p. 479
Actions of a Digestive Enzyme	p. 483
Conducting the Control Tests	p. 484
Testing for the Presence of Starch and Disaccharides in Various Beverages	p. 485
Testing the Effect of pH on Amylase Activity	p. 486
Review Sheet: Actions of a Digestive Enzyme	p. 489
The Urinary System
Anatomy of the Urinary System	p. 491
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Urinary System	p. 492
Examining the Nephron	p. 494
Examining the Blood Supply of the Kidney	p. 496
Examining the Microscopic Anatomy of the Urinary System	p. 496
Dissecting a Kidney	p. 501
Review Sheet: Anatomy of the Urinary System	p. 503
Urinary Physiology	p. 505
Examining the Physical Characteristics of Urine	p. 507
Measuring the Specific Gravity of Urine	p. 508
Examining the Chemical Characteristics of Urine	p. 509
Examining a Urine Sample Microscopically	p. 510
Review Sheet: Urinary Physiology	p. 511
The Reproductive Systems
The Male Reproductive System	p. 513
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System	p. 515
Examining the Microscopic Anatomy of Male Reproductive Organs	p. 518
Review Sheet: The Male Reproductive System	p. 521
The Female Reproductive System	p. 523
Examining the Gross Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System	p. 525
Identifying Homologous Reproductive Structures	p. 529
Examining the Microscopic Structure of Female Reproductive Organs	p. 529
Review Sheet: The Female Reproductive System	p. 535
Pig Dissection Exercises
Introduction to the Fetal Pig and Removal of the Skin	p. 543
Identifying the Bones of the Pig Skeleton	p. 544
Identifying External Structures on the Fetal Pig	p. 545
Removing the Skin from the Fetal Pig	p. 547
Review Sheet: Introduction to the Fetal Pig and Removal of the Skin	p. 549
Dissection of the Fetal Pig Muscular System	p. 551
Identifying Muscles of the Ventral Thorax and Abdomen	p. 551
Identifying Muscles of the Dorsal Thorax and Abdomen	p. 555
Identifying Muscles of the Head and Neck	p. 557
Identifying Muscles of the Forelimb	p. 558
Identifying Muscles of the Hindlimb	p. 559
Review Sheet: Dissection of the Fetal Pig Muscular System	p. 563
Dissection of the Fetal Pig Nervous System	p. 565
Dissecting the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves	p. 567
Identifying Major Nerves of the Brachial Plexus	p. 567
Identifying Major Nerves of the Lumbosacral Plexus	p. 568
Review Sheet: Dissection of the Fetal Pig Nervous System	p. 569
Dissection of the Fetal Pig Ventral Body Cavities and Endocrine System	p. 571
Opening the Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities	p. 571
Exploring the Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities	p. 572
Identifying Organs of the Fetal Pig Endocrine System	p. 573
Review Sheet: Dissection of the Fetal Pig Ventral Body Cavities and Endocrine System	p. 577
Dissection of the Fetal Pig Cardiovascular System	p. 579
Identifying External Heart Structures and the Great Vessels	p. 579
Identifying Internal Heart Structures	p. 581
Identifying Arteries of the Head, Neck, and Forelimb	p. 582
Identifying Arteries of the Thorax, Abdomen, and Hindlimb	p. 583
Identifying Veins of the Head, Neck, Thorax, and Forelimb	p. 585
Identifying Veins of the Abdomen, Pelvis, and Hindlimb	p. 585
Review Sheet: Dissection of the Fetal Pig Cardiovascular System	p. 591
Dissection of the Fetal Pig Lymphatic System	p. 593
Identifying Lymphatic Organs in the Fetal Pig	p. 593
Identifying the Thoracic Duct in the Fetal Pig	p. 595
Review Sheet: Dissection of the Fetal Pig Lymphatic System	p. 597
Dissection of the Fetal Pig Respiratory System	p. 599
Identifying Fetal Pig Respiratory Organs	p. 599
Identifying Respiratory Organs in the Thoracic Cavity	p. 601
Review Sheet: Dissection of the Fetal Pig Respiratory System	p. 603
Dissection of the Fetal Pig Digestive System	p. 605
Identifying Digestive and Respiratory Structures in the Head	p. 605
Tracing the Path of the Esophagus	p. 608
Identifying Digestive Organs in the Abdominal Cavity	p. 608
Review Sheet: Dissection of the Fetal Pig Digestive System	p. 611
Dissection of the Fetal Pig Urinary System	p. 613
Identifying Fetal Pig Urinary System Structures	p. 613
Review Sheet: Dissection of the Fetal Pig Urinary System	p. 617
Dissection of the Fetal Pig Reproductive System	p. 619
Identifying Male Fetal Pig Reproductive Structures	p. 619
Identifying Female Fetal Pig Reproductive Structures	p. 621
Review Sheet: Dissection of the Fetal Pig Reproductive System	p. 623
Writing a Laboratory Report	p. 625
Weights and Measures	p. 627
Photo Credits	p. 629
Index	p. 631
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