Lacewings in the Crop Environment

by Edited by P. K. McEwen , T. R. New , A. E. Whittington

• ISBN13: 9780521772174
• ISBN10: 0521772176
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-06-18
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

Lacewings are predatory insects which attack and kill large numbers of insect pests. Lacewings in the Crop Environment addresses both the theoretical and practical aspects of lacewing biology and their use in crop protection. The book opens with a section on lacewing systematics and ecology. Next, lacewings as predators in a wide variety of commercially important crops are reviewed and this is followed by a section on the principles of using lacewings in pest control. The possible impact of genetically modified crops on lacewing populations is also discussed. Finally, a fascinating array of case studies of lacewing use in many crops from around the world is presented, and future uses of lacewings speculated upon. Lacewings in the Crop Environment is an essential reference work and practical handbook for students, researchers of biological control, integrated pest management and agricultural science, and for field workers using lacewings in pest management programmes worldwide.

Table of Contents

List of contributors	xiii
Preface	xvii
PART 1 Lacewing systematics and ecology	1	(154)
Introduction to the Neuroptera: what are they and how do they operate?	3	(3)
T.R. New
Introduction	3	(1)
Definition	3	(1)
Classification	3	(1)
Biology	4	(2)
Introduction to the systematics and distribution of Coniopterygidae, Hemerobiidae, and Chrysopidae used in pest management	6	(23)
T.R. New
Introduction	6	(1)
Coniopterygidae Burmeister	7	(5)
Hemerobiidae Latreille	12	(4)
Chrysopidae Schneider	16	(13)
The common green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea s. lat.) and the sibling species problem	29	(14)
C.S. Henry
S.J. Brooks
D. Thierry
P. Duelli
J.B. Johnson
Introduction	29	(1)
Morphological criteria	29	(5)
Ecophysiological criteria	34	(1)
Mating signals	35	(2)
Molecular systematics	37	(1)
Conclusion and prognosis	38	(5)
Recognition of larval Neuroptera	43	(39)
Coniopterygidae	43	(7)
V.J. Monserrat
Preimaginal stages of the family Hemerobiidae	50	(10)
J.D. Oswald
C.A. Tauber
Recognition of early stages of Chrysopidae	60	(22)
L.M. Diaz-Aranda
V.J. Monserrat
C.A. Tauber
Ecology and habitat relationships	82	(34)
F. Szentkiralyi
Introduction	82	(1)
Temporal patterns of lacewings	82	(3)
Spatial patterns of lacewings	85	(9)
Lacewings in the aphidophagous guild organisation	94	(6)
Chemical ecology of lacewings	100	(16)
Natural food and feeding habits of lacewings	116	(14)
M. Canard
Introduction	116	(1)
Feeding by green lacewing larvae	116	(3)
Feeding by adult green lacewings	119	(2)
Feeding by brown lacewings and dustywings	121	(2)
Influence of food on reproductive potential, tritrophic relations	123	(1)
Lacewings in the aphidophagous guild	123	(7)
Outlines of lacewing development	130	(25)
M. Canard
T.A. Volkovich
Pattern of individual development	130	(1)
Embryonic development	130	(1)
Hatching	130	(1)
Larval growth	130	(3)
Cocoon spinning and development inside the cocoon	133	(1)
Adult emergence	134	(1)
Pre-pairing time, sexual behaviour, and preoviposition time	134	(1)
Oviposition	135	(1)
Sedentarism and dispersal	135	(1)
Adult longevity	135	(2)
Protective devices	137	(1)
Tritrophic relations	137	(1)
Voltinism and seasonal adaptations	138	(1)
Diapause and its hormonal control	138	(1)
Sensitive and responsive stages	139	(1)
Physiological and biochemical aspects of diapause	140	(1)
External factors governing the induction of diapause	140	(3)
Diapause intensity	143	(1)
Diapause development and diapause completion	143	(2)
Environmental control of summer diapause	145	(1)
Temperature requirements for lacewing development	145	(10)
PART 2 Lacewings in crops	155	(138)
Introduction to Part 2 the Editors	157	(1)
Lacewings in field crops	158	(14)
P. Duelli
Introduction	158	(1)
The main lacewing genera present on field crops	158	(1)
Dominant lacewing species in field crops in different continents	159	(4)
Migration flights and nomadism in field crops	163	(1)
Migration flights to and from overwintering sites	163	(1)
Preovipository migration flights	164	(1)
Nomadism	164	(8)
Lacewings in fruit and nut crops	172	(67)
F. Szentkiralyi
Apple	172	(12)
Pear	184	(6)
Plum	190	(1)
Peach	190	(4)
Cherry	194	(1)
Grape	194	(6)
Olive	200	(8)
Citrus	208	(8)
Tropical and subtropical fruits	216	(3)
Small fruits and melons	219	(1)
Nuts	220	(19)
Lacewings in vegetables, forests, and other crops	239	(54)
F. Szentkiralyi
Vegetables	239	(1)
Beverage and sugar crop plants	240	(2)
Ornamental plants	242	(3)
Broad-leaved forests	245	(25)
Conifers	270	(23)
PART 3 Principles	293	(92)
Introduction to Part 3 the Editors	295	(1)
The use of lacewings in biological control	296	(7)
L.J. Senior
P.K. McEwen
Historical development	296	(1)
Lacewing species used in biological control	296	(1)
The effectiveness of lacewings as biological control agents	297	(1)
General schemes of use	297	(1)
Failure of biological control using lacewings	298	(1)
Conclusion	299	(4)
Mass-rearing, release techniques, and augmentation	303	(17)
D.A. Nordlund
A.C. Cohen
R.A. Smith
Introduction	303	(1)
Mass-rearing	303	(1)
Larval rearing	303	(1)
Adult holding and egg harvesting	304	(2)
Artificial diet for lacewing larvae	306	(5)
Adult diet	311	(1)
Release techniques	312	(2)
Augmentation	314	(2)
Environmental manipulation to increase the effectiveness or number of lacewings	316	(1)
Conclusion	316	(4)
Features of the nutrition of Chrysopidae larvae and larval artificial diets	320	(18)
I.G. Yazlovetsky
Introduction	320	(2)
Nutrition mechanisms of Chrysoperla carnea larvae	322	(3)
Current state of artificial nutritional diets for Chrysopidae larvae	325	(7)
Conclusion	332	(6)
Ecological studies of released lacewings in crops	338	(13)
K.M. Daane
Introduction	338	(1)
Habitat influence on release effectiveness	338	(2)
Natural-enemy interactions	340	(2)
Lacewings and pesticide use in the release environment	342	(1)
Predator-prey relationships at the release site	343	(2)
Conclusions	345	(6)
Sampling and studying lacewings in crops	351	(6)
T.R. New
A.E. Whittington
Introduction	351	(1)
Field appraisal	351	(1)
Eggs	352	(1)
Larvae	352	(1)
Pupae	353	(1)
Adults	353	(1)
Laboratory appraisal	353	(4)
Interactions with plant management strategies	357	(23)
Effects of pesticides	357	(9)
H. Vogt
E. Vinuela
Determination of acetlycholinesterase activity as a helpful tool for assessing pesticide side-effects in lacewings	366	(3)
A. Bozsik
Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis via ingestion of transgenic corn-fed prey and purified proteins	369	(11)
A. Hilbeck
F. Bigler
Lacewings, biological control, and conservation	380	(5)
T.R. New
Introduction	380	(1)
Topics of concern	380	(1)
Lacewings and risks	381	(1)
Discussion	381	(4)
PART 4 Case studies	385	(134)
Introduction to Part 4 the Editors	387	(1)
Micromus tasmaniae: a key predator on aphids on field crops on Australasia?	388	(7)
P.A. Horne
P.M. Ridland
T.R. New
Introduction	388	(1)
Biology	388	(1)
Surveys of field crops	389	(3)
Discussion	392	(3)
Preliminary notes on Mallada signatus (Chrysopidae) as a predator in field crops in Australia	395	(3)
P.A. Horne
T.R. New
D. Papacek
Introduction	395	(1)
Role in biological control	395	(1)
Production of stocks	396	(2)
An evaluation of lacewing releases in North America	398	(10)
K.M. Daane
K.S. Hagen
Introduction	398	(1)
Early use of lacewings in North America	398	(2)
Case studies in North America	400	(3)
Conclusions	403	(5)
Chrysoperla externa and Ceraeochrysa spp.: potential for biological control in the New World tropics and subtropics	408	(16)
G.S. Albuquerque
C.A. Tauber
M.J. Tauber
Ceraeochrysa and Chrysoperla: genera of primary importance to biological control	408	(1)
Systematics	408	(1)
Field data: prey and crop associations, seasonal cycles	409	(3)
Mass-production	412	(2)
Use of lacewings in pest management	414	(4)
Evaluation	418	(6)
Comparative plant substrate specificity of Iberian Hemerobiidae, Coniopterygidae, and Chrysopidae	424	(11)
V.J. Monserrat
F. Marin
Introduction	424	(1)
Materials and methods	425	(1)
Results and discussion	425	(1)
Habitat amplitude	425	(6)
Relationships between hemerobiid, coniopterygid, and chrysopid species and the plant substrates	431	(4)
Lacewings in Sardinian olive groves	435	(12)
R.A. Pantaleoni
A. Lentini
G. Delrio
Introduction	435	(1)
Materials and methods	435	(1)
Results	436	(3)
Discussion	439	(8)
Lacewing occurrence in the agricultural landscape of Pianura Padana	447	(24)
R.A. Pantaleoni
Introduction	447	(1)
The landscape	447	(4)
Lacewing occurrence in landscape units	451	(16)
Conclusions	467	(4)
Lacewings and snake-flies in Piedmont vineyards (northwestern Italy)	471	(10)
R.A. Pantaleoni
A. Alma
Introduction	471	(1)
Materials and methods	471	(1)
Results	472	(4)
Discussion	476	(5)
Control of aphids by Chrysoperla carnea on strawberry in Italy	481	(6)
M.G. Tommasini
M. Mosti
The strawberry crop in Italy	481	(1)
Main incentive for biological control against aphids on strawberry in Italy	481	(1)
Chrysoperla carnea: development of the release technique	482	(2)
Chrysoperla carnea: release technique	484	(1)
Marketing of Chrysoperla carnea	484	(1)
Perspectives	485	(2)
Artificial overwintering chambers for Chrysoperla carnea and their application in pest control	487	(5)
P.K. McEwen
C. Sengonca
Introduction	487	(1)
Acceptance of the chambers	487	(2)
Effect of lacewings on pest populations	489	(1)
Conclusion	490	(2)
Lacewings in Andalusian olive orchards	492	(6)
M. Campos
Introduction	492	(1)
Chrysopids within the olive orchard	492	(1)
Bioecology of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)	493	(1)
Conservation and augmentation of Chrysoperla carnea populations	493	(1)
Relationship between Prays oleae and Chrysoperla carnae	494	(4)
The green lacewings of Romania, their ecological patterns and occurrence in some agricultural crops	498	(15)
M. Paulian
Introduction	498	(1)
Chrysopidae of Romania	498	(1)
The common green lacewing complex in Romania	498	(3)
Ecological patterns of chrysopids in Romania	501	(7)
Occurrence and behaviour of green lacewings in agricultural crops	508	(5)
Biological control with Chrysoperla lucasina against Aphis fabae on artichoke in Brittany (France)	513	(6)
J.C. Maisonneuve
Introduction	513	(1)
Materials and methods	513	(1)
Results	514	(1)
Discussion and conclusions	514	(5)
PART 5 Conclusion	519	(4)
Lacewings in crops: towards the future	521	(2)
Taxonomic index	523	(7)
General index	530