Language Arts : Process, Product, and Assessment

by Farris, Pamela J.

• ISBN13: 9781577663638
• ISBN10: 1577663632
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-08-30
• Publisher: Waveland Pr Inc

Author Biography

Pamela J. Farris teaches undergraduate and graduate methods courses in the Department of Literacy Education at Northern Illinois University where she serves as Distinguished Teaching Professor.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
1 Teaching the Language Arts	1	(38)
Peering into the Classroom: The Beginning Teacher	1	(4)
Peering into the Classroom: Team Teaching	5	(3)
The Development of the Language Arts	8	(1)
Historical Overview of the Teaching of the Language Arts	9	(4)
The Language Arts	13	(11)
Speaking	13	(1)
Writing	14	(1)
Listening	15	(1)
Reading	16	(3)
Viewing	19	(1)
Visually Representing	20	(1)
Examples of Using Language Arts	20	(4)
Characteristics of Competent Language Users	24	(1)
Interdisciplinary Instruction	24	(1)
Student Assessment	25	(7)
Individualized Educational Plans (IEPs)	30	(2)
Summary	32	(1)
Questions	33	(1)
Reflective Teaching	33	(1)
Activities	33	(1)
Further Reading	33	(1)
References	34	(1)
Children's Literature	35	(1)
Web Sites	36	(3)
2 Children and Teachers in the Classroom	39	(30)
Peering into the Classroom: A Fourth-Grade Class	39	(3)
Children and Their Teachers	42	(2)
Children and Their World	44	(2)
Effective Teaching	46	(10)
Guiding Principles	46	(2)
Daily Structure and Flexibility	48	(6)
Creating an Enticing Classroom Environment	54	(2)
Diversity in the Classroom	56	(8)
Multicultural Considerations	59	(1)
Meeting the Learning Needs of Every Student	60	(2)
English Language Learners	62	(2)
Summary	64	(1)
Questions	64	(1)
Reflective Teaching	65	(1)
Activities	65	(1)
Further Reading	65	(1)
References	66	(1)
Children's Literature	67	(2)
3 Strategies for Processing Language	69	(48)
Peering into the Classroom: A Fifth-Grade Class Project	69	(3)
Thinking and Language	72	(7)
Egocentric and Socialized Behavior	72	(3)
Social Context for Learning	75	(2)
Information Processing	77	(2)
The Nature of Intelligence: Multiple Intelligences	79	(4)
Stimulating Motivation in the Classroom	83	(7)
Viewing	85	(1)
Picture Walks	85	(1)
Reenactment	86	(1)
Videos and DVDs	86	(1)
Concept Muraling	87	(3)
Visually Representing	90	(1)
Teaching Models for Language Arts Instruction	91	(13)
Graphic Organizers	93	(2)
Nondirective Teaching (Constructivism)	95	(4)
Think Alouds	99	(2)
Cooperative Learning	101	(3)
Questioning Strategies	104	(5)
Developing Higher-Level Thinking Skills	106	(3)
Culturally Diverse and Special Needs Students	109	(1)
Summary	110	(1)
Questions	111	(1)
Reflective Teaching	111	(1)
Activities	111	(1)
Further Reading	111	(1)
References	112	(2)
Children's Literature	114	(3)
4 Children's Literature: Opening Windows to New Worlds	117	(72)
Peering into the Classroom: A Diverse Classroom	118	(3)
Important Literary Elements	121	(8)
Characterization	121	(1)
Plot	122	(2)
Setting	124	(1)
Theme	125	(1)
Style	126	(1)
Illustrations	126	(3)
Picture Books	129	(2)
Suggested Books for Emergent and Beginning Readers	130	(1)
Genre	131	(11)
Traditional Literature	131	(1)
Modern Fantasy	132	(1)
Contemporary Realistic Fiction	132	(2)
Historical Fiction	134	(1)
Biography and Autobiography	134	(1)
Informational Books	135	(3)
Poetry	138	(4)
Multicultural Literature	142	(7)
Criteria for Selecting Multicultural Literature	143	(1)
A Listing of Multicultural Literature	143	(6)
Thematic Units	149	(16)
American Colonial Period Books	150	(2)
Integrating the Curriculum	152	(13)
Literature Circles	165	(10)
Literature Circles with Beginning Readers: Initiating Grand Conversations	166	(1)
Beginning Bilingual Readers and Grand Conversations	167	(1)
Intermediate and Middle School Readers and Grand Conversations	168	(1)
Organizing Literature Circles	168	(6)
Suggestions for Initiating Literature Circles	174	(1)
Literature Response Journals	175	(2)
Book Talks	177	(1)
Summary	178	(1)
Questions	179	(1)
Reflective Teaching	179	(1)
Activities	179	(1)
Further Reading	180	(1)
References	180	(1)
Children's Literature	181	(5)
Web Sites	186	(3)
5 Oral Language: Developing the Base of Expression	189	(36)
Peering into the Classroom: Teaching Diverse Learners	189	(4)
The Development of English	193	(6)
Aspects of Language	197	(1)
Phonology	197	(1)
Morphology	198	(1)
Syntax	198	(1)
Semantics	198	(1)
Children's Language Acquisition and Development	199	(5)
Babbling	200	(1)
Semantic Development	200	(1)
Holophrastic and Telegraphic Speech	201	(1)
Overgeneralization	202	(1)
The Functions of Language	203	(1)
Language in the Classroom	204	(2)
Dialects	206	(2)
Black English or Ebonics	207	(1)
Multicultural Considerations	208	(10)
Spanish-Influenced English	210	(6)
Asian-Influenced English	216	(1)
Native American Languages	217	(1)
Codeswitching	218	(1)
Evaluating Language Development	218	(1)
Summary	219	(1)
Questions	220	(1)
Reflective Teaching	220	(1)
Activities	220	(1)
Further Reading	220	(1)
References	221	(2)
Children's Literature	223	(2)
6 Speaking: The Oral Expression of Thoughts	225	(40)
Peering into the Classroom: Re-creating a Favorite Story through Drama	225	(2)
The Importance of Oral Language	227	(2)
Language Settings	229	(3)
Conversational Skills	231	(1)
Intonation	232	(1)
Oral Interpretation of Poetry and Prose	233	(14)
Language Play, Fluency, and Children's Literature	234	(1)
Choral Speaking and Reading	234	(3)
Reader's Theater	237	(2)
Storytelling	239	(8)
Discussions as Small Group Activities	247	(2)
Brainstorming	247	(1)
Panel Discussions and Debates	248	(1)
Drama as Creative Play	249	(8)
Drama as a Process	249	(2)
Language Expansion and Extension in Drama	251	(1)
Types of Drama	251	(6)
Media, Technology, and Creative Dramatics	257	(1)
Special Needs and English Language Learners	258	(1)
Summary	259	(1)
Questions	259	(1)
Reflective Teaching	260	(1)
Activities	260	(1)
Further Reading	260	(1)
References	261	(1)
Children's Literature	262	(3)
7 Listening: A Receptive Skill	265	(32)
Peering into the Classroom: Listening to Stories of Ourselves	265	(3)
Factors in Effective Listening	268	(3)
The Teacher as Listener	270	(1)
Levels of Listening	271	(11)
Marginal Listening	271	(1)
Appreciative Listening	272	(2)
Attentive Listening	274	(4)
Critical Listening	278	(4)
Guidelines for Developing Listening Strategies	282	(1)
Instructional Approaches	283	(4)
Organizing for Listening	286	(1)
Special Needs Students and Listening	286	(1)
English Language Learners (ELLS) and Listening	287	(1)
Directed Listening Strategies	287	(5)
Directed Listening Activity	288	(2)
Directed Listening-Thinking Activity	290	(2)
Summary	292	(1)
Questions	292	(1)
Reflective Teaching	293	(1)
Activities	293	(1)
Further Reading	293	(1)
References	294	(1)
Children's Literature	295	(2)
8 Writing: A Multidimensional Process	297	(54)
Peering into the Classroom: Writer's Workshop	297	(3)
Initial Attempts at Writing	300	(2)
The Writing Process	302	(4)
Prewriting	302	(1)
Writing	303	(1)
Rewriting	303	(1)
Publishing	304	(2)
Writer's Workshop	306	(1)
Mini Lessons	306	(1)
Writing Consideration	307	(5)
Audience	307	(2)
Voice	309	(3)
The Development of Children's Writing	312	(19)
Kindergarten	312	(2)
First Grade	314	(5)
Second Grade	319	(3)
Third Grade	322	(3)
Fourth Grade	325	(3)
Fifth and Sixth Grades	328	(2)
Seventh and Eighth Grades	330	(1)
The Teacher's Role in the Writing Process	331	(6)
The Teacher as a Writing Model	331	(3)
Shared Writing	334	(2)
Interactive Writing	336	(1)
Guided Writing	336	(1)
Independent Writing	336	(1)
Conferencing with Students	337	(5)
"Honeybee" Conferences	337	(1)
Structured Conferences	337	(3)
Group Conferences	340	(2)
Special Needs Learners	342	(1)
English Language Learners	343	(1)
Summary	344	(1)
Questions	345	(1)
Reflective Teaching	345	(1)
Activities	345	(1)
Further Reading	345	(1)
References	346	(2)
Children's Literature	348	(3)
9 Writing: Narrative, Poetry, Expository, and Persuasive	351	(58)
Peering into the Classroom: Journal Writing	351	(3)
Writing Strategies and Skills	354	(4)
Ideas	354	(1)
Organization	355	(1)
Words	356	(1)
Connections	357	(1)
Conventions	358	(1)
Narrative Writing	358	(10)
Dialogues	361	(1)
Journals	362	(2)
Letters and E-Mails	364	(4)
Poetry	368	(7)
Elements of Poetry	371	(1)
Types of Poetry	372	(3)
Informational/Expository Writing	375	(13)
Academic Learning Logs	377	(5)
Autobiographies	382	(1)
Biographies	383	(2)
Gathering Information: Note Taking	385	(3)
Persuasive Writing	388	(1)
Technology and Writing	389	(2)
Evaluating Student Writing	391	(11)
Portfolios	392	(2)
Responding to Children's Writing	394	(1)
Anecdotal Records and Checklists	395	(3)
Holistic Evaluation	398	(4)
Summary	402	(1)
Questions	403	(1)
Reflective Teaching	403	(1)
Activities	403	(1)
Further Reading	404	(1)
References	404	(1)
Children's Literature	405	(4)
10 Grammar	409	(22)
Peering into the Classroom: Teaching Grammar to First and Second Graders	409	(3)
Standard and Non-Standard English	412	(1)
Systems of Grammar	412	(3)
Traditional Grammar	413	(1)
Structural Grammar	413	(1)
Transformational Generative Grammar	414	(1)
Grammar Instruction	415	(8)
Teaching Punctuation	417	(3)
Teaching Grammar	420	(3)
Grammar for English Language Learners (ELLs)	423	(1)
The Revision Process	424	(2)
Proofreading	424	(1)
Editing	425	(1)
Summary	426	(1)
Questions	427	(1)
Reflective Teaching	427	(1)
Activities	427	(1)
Further Reading	428	(1)
References	428	(1)
Children's Literature	429	(2)
11 Spelling, Word Study, and Handwriting	431	(52)
Peering into the Classroom: Spelling Demons or Spelling Patterns?	431	(4)
English Spelling	435	(1)
Stages of Spelling Development	436	(7)
A Simple Spelling Test for Kindergartners and First Graders	441	(1)
High-Frequency Words	442	(1)
Spelling and Word Study Instruction	443	(3)
Spelling Research	446	(2)
Spelling Activities	448	(4)
Making Words	448	(2)
Word Walls	450	(1)
Word Study Activities	451	(1)
Spelling Study Methods	452	(1)
Spelling Errors	452	(2)
Assisting Children with Spelling	454	(4)
Suggestions for Parents to Help Their Children Grow as Spellers	455	(1)
Spelling Development of English Language Learners (ELLS)	456	(1)
Spelling Development of Special Needs Learners	457	(1)
Spelling Generalizations	458	(2)
Dictionary Skills	460	(1)
Handwriting	461	(15)
Children's Handwriting Development	462	(2)
Instruction in Handwriting	464	(3)
Manuscript Handwriting	467	(2)
Cursive Handwriting	469	(2)
Legibility	471	(1)
Left-Handed Children	472	(2)
Special Problems	474	(1)
Evaluating Handwriting	475	(1)
Summary	476	(1)
Questions	476	(1)
Reflective Teaching	477	(1)
Activities	477	(1)
Further Reading	477	(1)
References	478	(2)
Children's Literature	480	(3)
12 Reading: Interaction Between Text and Reader	483	(66)
Peering into the Classroom: Creating a Reading Environment	484	(3)
Teachers as Professionals	487	(1)
Approaches to the Teaching of Reading	488	(10)
Reading in a Balanced Literacy Program	489	(4)
Four Blocks Reading Program	493	(1)
Reader's Workshop	494	(1)
Transactional View of Reading	495	(2)
Basal Reading Program	497	(1)
Instructional Practices for Emergent and Beginning Readers	498	(10)
Emergent Reading	498	(3)
Instruction for Children as They Begin to Read	501	(3)
Phonics Instruction	504	(4)
Comprehension	508	(4)
Repeated Exposure to Different Genres	509	(1)
Visual Structures to Support Comprehension	509	(1)
Making Predictions	510	(1)
Sequencing	511	(1)
Comparing and Contrasting	511	(1)
Locating Details	512	(1)
Cause and Effect	512	(1)
Problem and Solution	512	(1)
Instructional Strategies for Primary, Intermediate, and Middle School Readers	512	(5)
Questioning	513	(1)
Question-Answer Relationship (QAR)	514	(1)
Book Clubs	515	(1)
Directed Reading Activity	516	(1)
Directed Reading-Thinking Activity	516	(1)
Content Area and Expository Reading	517	(8)
Study Skills	520	(3)
Reciprocal Teaching	523	(2)
Vocabulary Acquisition	525	(3)
The Importance of Vocabulary Development	526	(1)
Vocabulary Instruction Techniques	527	(1)
Instructional Approaches for Struggling Readers	528	(6)
High-Risk Students	528	(1)
English Language Learners (ELLs)	529	(3)
Struggling Readers and Special Needs Students	532	(2)
Reading Assessment	534	(7)
Formal Evaluation Measures	536	(2)
Informal Evaluation Measures	538	(1)
Anecdotal Records	538	(1)
Reading Portfolios	539	(1)
Diagnostic-Reflective Portfolios	540	(1)
Summary	541	(1)
Questions	541	(1)
Reflective Teaching	541	(1)
Activities	541	(1)
For Further Reading	542	(1)
References	542	(5)
Children's Literature Books	547	(2)
13 Extending the Language Arts Curriculum	549	(24)
Peering into the Classroom: After the Kids Go Home	549	(2)
Family Literacy	551	(7)
Classroom Volunteers	558	(4)
The Classroom and Beyond	562	(5)
The Language Arts and the Internet	567	(2)
Search Engines	567	(1)
Web Sites	567	(2)
Summary	569	(1)
Questions	570	(1)
Reflective Teaching	570	(1)
Activities	570	(1)
For Further Reading	570	(1)
References	571	(1)
Children's Literature Books	572	(1)
Appendix: Additional Resources and Award-Winning Children's Literature	573	(12)
Name/Title Index	585	(14)
Subject Index	599