Law for Business

by BARNES

• ISBN13: 9780072976113
• ISBN10: 007297611X
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-04-08
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Summary

For over 20 years, Law for Business has gone well beyond merely identifying the current legal rules and regulations affecting business by offering insights into new developments and trends that will affect the future of business. It has provided students with a comprehensive, yet concise treatment of the legal issues of fundamental importance to business students and the business profession. The cases, which have always been a strong feature, are edited and re-written by the authors, who divide the material into three categories: facts, issues, decisions. The authors, Barnes, Dworkin, and Richards, choose cases that are appropriate to explain precedent and history as well as include "hot topic" cases that relate to current events. In addition to case applications, the authors use such techniques as content summaries to apply concepts to practice. Effective managers and employees must develop knowledge of both law and business because people involved in business also are involved in, and greatly affected by, the laws concerning business.

Table of Contents

PART ONE INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW	1	(144)
Law, Legal Reasoning, and the Legal Profession	3	(26)
Introduction	3	(1)
Law in Business	4	(1)
Chapter Overview	4	(1)
The Nature of Law	4	(1)
Legal Rules	4	(1)
Functions of Law	4	(1)
Classifications of Law	5	(3)
Substantive versus Procedural Law	5	(2)
Criminal versus Civil Law	7	(1)
Constitutional Foundations	8	(1)
Checks and Balances	8	(1)
Constitutional Powers	8	(1)
Constitutional Limitations	9	(1)
Federalism	9	(1)
Sources of Law	9	(4)
Constitutions	10	(1)
Treaties	10	(1)
Statutes	10	(1)
Administrative Rules and Decisions	10	(1)
Executive Orders	11	(1)
Judicial Decisions	12	(1)
Private Law	12	(1)
Legal Reasoning	13	(2)
Legal Interpretation	13	(2)
Law and Orderly Change	15	(4)
Procedural Safeguards	16	(1)
Stare Decisis	16	(3)
Legal Jurisprudence	19	(2)
Legal Positivism	19	(1)
Natural Law	20	(1)
Sociological Jurisprudence	20	(1)
Legal Realism	21	(1)
The Legal Profession	21	(4)
The Adversary System	21	(2)
Professional Responsibilities	23	(1)
Confidentiality	23	(2)
Competence and Care	25	(1)
Preventive Law	25	(4)
Objectives of Preventive Law	25	(1)
Roles of Lawyers and Clients	25	(4)
Dispute Settlement	29	(22)
Means of Dispute Settlement	29	(7)
Negotiation	29	(1)
Alternative Dispute Resolution	29	(4)
The Courts	33	(1)
Jurisdiction	34	(2)
State Courts	36	(1)
Inferior Courts	36	(1)
Trial Courts	36	(1)
Appeals Courts	36	(1)
Federal Courts	37	(2)
District Court	38	(1)
Special Courts	38	(1)
Court of Appeals	38	(1)
The Supreme Court	39	(1)
The Adversary System	39	(1)
The Function of the Judge	40	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages	40	(1)
Procedure	40	(8)
The Functions of Procedure	40	(1)
Pleadings	40	(5)
Discovery	45	(1)
The Trial	46	(2)
Appellate Procedure	48	(1)
Basis for Appeal	48	(1)
The Appeal	48	(1)
Results of Appeal	48	(1)
Court Problems and Proposed Solutions	49	(2)
Some Criticisms	49	(1)
Proposals	49	(2)
Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility	51	(26)
Introduction	52	(1)
Chapter-Overview	52	(1)
Predominant Ethical Theories	52	(6)
Rights Theory	53	(1)
Justice Theory	54	(1)
Utilitarianism	55	(2)
Profit Maximization	57	(1)
The Law as a Corporate Control Device	58	(8)
Corporate Influence on the Content of the Law	59	(1)
Conscious Lawbreaking	59	(2)
Unknown Harms	61	(1)
Irrational Corporate Behavior	62	(4)
Defining Ethical Corporate Behavior	66	(3)
Values That Find Wide Acceptance	66	(1)
Corporate or Industry Codes of Ethical Conduct	66	(1)
Constituency Values	67	(2)
The Corporate Governance Agenda	69	(3)
Greater Shareholder Power	69	(1)
Changing the Composition of the Board	70	(1)
Changes in Management Structure	71	(1)
Guidelines for Ethical Decision Making	72	(5)
Model for Making Ethical Decisions	73	(1)
Using the Guidelines	74	(3)
Business and the Constitution	77	(24)
Introduction	77	(1)
State Regulation of Business	78	(3)
State Power	78	(1)
Federal Preemption	78	(2)
Dormant Commerce Clause	80	(1)
Federal Regulation of Business	81	(2)
Constitutional Checks on Governmental Power	83	(12)
State Action	83	(1)
The Takings Clause	84	(2)
The Due Process Clause	86	(1)
Equal Protection	87	(5)
The First Amendment	92	(3)
Administrative Agencies	95	(6)
Rise of Agencies	95	(1)
Characteristics of Agencies	95	(1)
Limits on Agencies Powers	95	(1)
Breadth of Agency Regulation	96	(1)
The Federal Trade Commission Act	96	(5)
Crimes	101	(16)
The Nature of Crimes	101	(1)
The Essentials of Crime	102	(3)
Criminal Procedure	105	(2)
Crime and People in Business	107	(5)
Sentencing Guidelines	109	(1)
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	109	(2)
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act	111	(1)
Global Anticorruption Initiatives	112	(1)
Cybercrime	112	(5)
The Electronic Communications Privacy Act	112	(1)
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act	113	(1)
Recent Developments in Cybercrime	113	(1)
International Efforts to Combat Cybercrime	113	(4)
Intentional Torts	117	(16)
Intentional Torts	117	(2)
Interference with Personal Rights	119	(8)
Battery	119	(1)
Assault	120	(1)
False Imprisonment	120	(1)
Intentional Infliction of Mental Stress	120	(1)
Defamation	121	(3)
Invasion of Privacy	124	(2)
Misuse of Legal Proceedings	126	(1)
Interference with Property Rights	127	(2)
Trespass to Land	127	(1)
Trespass to Personal Property	128	(1)
Conversion	128	(1)
Interference with Economic Relations	129	(4)
Disparagement	129	(1)
Interference with Contract	129	(1)
Interference with Economic Expectations	129	(4)
Negligence and Strict Liability	133	(12)
Negligence	133	(8)
Duty	134	(1)
Breach	135	(1)
Causation	136	(1)
General Causation Rules	137	(1)
Res Ipsa Loquitur	138	(1)
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress	139	(1)
Defenses to Negligence	140	(1)
Recklessness	141	(1)
Strict Liability	141	(1)
Current Issues	142	(3)
PART TWO CONTRACTS	145	(154)
The Nature and Origins of Contracts	147	(14)
What Is a Contract?	147	(1)
Why Have Contracts?	148	(1)
How Has Contract Law Developed?	149	(1)
The Uniform Commercial Code	150	(1)
Article 2	151	(2)
Creation of Practical Contract Rules	152	(1)
Cyber-Contracts	152	(1)
Good Faith and Fair Dealing	152	(1)
Contracts for the International Sale of Goods	153	(2)
Types of Contracts	155	(2)
Valid, Unenforceable, Voidable, and Void Contracts	155	(1)
Unilateral and Bilateral Contracts	155	(1)
Executed and Executory Contracts	155	(1)
Express and Implied Contracts	156	(1)
Quasi Contract	157	(1)
Promissory Estoppel	158	(3)
Creating a Contract: Offers	161	(16)
Introduction	163	(1)
What Is an Offer?	163	(3)
Intent	163	(1)
Definiteness	164	(2)
Communication to the Offeree	166	(1)
Cyber-Contracts	166	(1)
Shrinkwrap Contracts	166	(1)
Special Problems with Offers	167	(2)
Advertisements	167	(1)
Rewards	168	(1)
Auctions	168	(1)
Bids	168	(1)
What Terms Are Included in Offers?	169	(1)
How Long Do Offers Last?	170	(7)
Terms of the Offer	170	(1)
Lapse of Time	170	(1)
Revocation	171	(1)
Firm Offers	171	(1)
Options	171	(1)
Estoppel	172	(1)
Revocation of Offers for Unilateral Contracts	172	(1)
The Effectiveness of Revocations	173	(1)
Rejection	173	(1)
Death or Insanity of Either Party	174	(1)
Destruction of Subject Matter	174	(1)
Intervening Illegality	174	(3)
Creating a Contract: Acceptances	177	(14)
What Is an Acceptance?	179	(3)
The Battle of the Forms	180	(1)
Accepting an Offer for a Unilateral Contract	181	(1)
Accepting an Offer for a Bilateral Contract	181	(1)
Silence as Acceptance	182	(1)
Who Can Accept an Offer?	182	(1)
Acceptance When a Writing Is Anticipated	183	(1)
Communication of Acceptance	184	(4)
Manner of Communication	184	(1)
When Is Acceptance Communicated?	184	(1)
Authorized Means of Communication	185	(1)
Acceptance by Shipment	186	(2)
Cyber-Contracts	188	(3)
Browse-Wrap Contracts	188	(3)
Consideration	191	(16)
The Idea of Consideration	193	(2)
Legal Value	193	(1)
Adequacy of Consideration	194	(1)
Bargained for and Given in Exchange	195	(1)
Solving Consideration Problems	195	(1)
Facts	196	(1)
Rules of Consideration	196	(6)
Preexisting Duties	196	(3)
Promises to Discharge Debts for Part Payment	199	(2)
Past Consideration	201	(1)
Forbearance to Sue	201	(1)
Mutuality of Obligation	202	(1)
Additional Exceptions to the Requirement of Consideration	202	(5)
Promissory Estoppel	202	(1)
Firm Offer	202	(1)
Charitable Subscriptions	203	(1)
Debts Barred by Bankruptcy Discharge or the Statute of Limitations	203	(4)
Capacity to Contract	207	(12)
Introduction	209	(1)
Minors' Contracts	209	(6)
The Reason for Minors' Incapacity	209	(1)
Ability to Disaffirm	210	(1)
Ratification	210	(1)
The Consequences of Disaffirming	211	(1)
Barriers to Disaffirmance	212	(1)
Emancipation	212	(1)
Misrepresentation of Age by Minors	213	(1)
Necessaries	213	(2)
Contracts of Mentally Impaired and Intoxicated Persons	215	(4)
Theory of Incapacity	215	(1)
The Test of Incapacity	215	(1)
The Effect of Incapacity	215	(1)
Necessaries	216	(1)
The Right to Disaffirm	216	(1)
Ratification	216	(3)
Voluntary Consent	219	(16)
Introduction	221	(1)
The Need for Real Consent	221	(1)
The Parties' Duty of Care	221	(1)
The Remedy	221	(1)
Ratification	221	(1)
Misrepresentation	221	(3)
Knowledge of Falsity	221	(1)
Materiality	222	(1)
Fact versus Opinion	222	(1)
Justifiable Reliance	223	(1)
Detriment	224	(1)
Fraud	224	(3)
What Is a ``Knowingly Made'' Misstatement?	224	(1)
Intent to Deceive	225	(1)
Fraud by Silence	225	(2)
Fraud in the Execution	227	(1)
The Remedy for Fraud	227	(1)
Duress and Undue Influence	227	(2)
General Nature	227	(1)
Duress	228	(1)
Undue Influence	229	(1)
Mistake	229	(6)
The Nature of Mistake	229	(1)
Mutual Mistake	229	(1)
Unilateral Mistake	230	(5)
Illegality	235	(16)
Introduction	237	(1)
Illegality	237	(1)
Types of Illegality	237	(1)
The Presumption of Legality	237	(1)
The Effect of Illegality	237	(2)
General Rule	237	(1)
Ignorance of Fact or Special Regulation	238	(1)
Rights of Protected Parties	238	(1)
Rescission before Performance of Illegal Act	239	(1)
Illegality and Divisible Contracts	239	(1)
Contracts to Commit Illegal Acts	239	(1)
Agreements to Commit Crimes	239	(1)
Agreements to Commit Torts	239	(1)
Contracts Made Illegal by Statute	239	(3)
Wagering Statutes	239	(1)
Statutes Declaring Bargains Void or Voidable	240	(1)
Regulatory Statutes	240	(2)
Contracts Contrary to Public Policy	242	(9)
The Idea of Public Policy	242	(1)
Contracts Injurious to Public Service	243	(1)
Contracts to Influence Fiduciaries	243	(1)
Exculpatory Clauses	243	(1)
Contracts in Restraint of Trade	244	(1)
Unequal Bargains	245	(1)
The Code and Unconscionable Contracts	246	(5)
The Form and Meaning of Contracts	251	(18)
The Statute of Frauds	253	(1)
The Effect of Failure to Comply	254	(1)
Contracts Covered by the Statute of Frauds	254	(7)
Executors' Agreements to Personally Pay Their Decedents' Debts	254	(1)
Contracts to Answer for the Debt of Another	255	(1)
Contracts Transferring an Interest in Land	256	(1)
Bilateral Contracts Not Capable of Being Performed within One Year	256	(1)
What Kind of Writing Is Required?	257	(1)
Cyber-Contracts and E-Signatures	258	(1)
The Code's Statute of Frauds	259	(2)
Interpreting Contracts	261	(1)
The Necessity of Interpretation	261	(1)
Rules of Construction	261	(1)
The Parol Evidence Rule	262	(7)
The Purpose of the Rule	262	(2)
Exceptions to the Parol Evidence Rule	264	(5)
Third Parties' Contract Rights	269	(12)
Assignment of Contracts	271	(2)
Definition	271	(1)
What Contracts Are Assignable?	271	(2)
The Consequences of Assignment	273	(2)
The Rights and Duties of Assignees	273	(1)
Delegation of Duties	273	(2)
Third-Party Beneficiary Contracts	275	(6)
Donee Beneficiaries	275	(2)
Creditor Beneficiaries	277	(1)
Incidental Beneficiaries	277	(4)
Performance and Remedies	281	(18)
Conditions	283	(1)
Definition	283	(1)
Types of Conditions	283	(1)
The Creation of Conditions	283	(1)
Standards of Performance	284	(3)
Complete or Satisfactory Performance	284	(1)
Substantial Performance	285	(1)
Material Breach	285	(1)
Anticipatory Breach	286	(1)
Special Performance Problems	286	(1)
The Time for Performance	287	(1)
Excuses for Nonperformance	287	(2)
Prevention	287	(1)
Impossibility	288	(1)
Discharge	289	(1)
The Nature of Discharge	289	(1)
Discharge by Agreement	289	(1)
Discharge by Waiver	289	(1)
Discharge by Alteration	289	(1)
Discharge by Statute of Limitations	289	(1)
Remedies	290	(9)
The Theory of Remedies	290	(1)
Damages in Contract Cases	290	(3)
The Duty to Mitigate Damages	293	(1)
Equitable Remedies	293	(6)
PART THREE SALES	299	(76)
Formation and Terms of Sales Contracts	301	(18)
Introduction	301	(4)
Sale of Goods	302	(1)
Leases	303	(1)
Higher Standards for Merchants	303	(1)
Code Requirements	304	(1)
Terms of Sales Contracts	305	(1)
Gap Fillers	305	(1)
Price Terms	305	(1)
Quantity Terms	305	(1)
Delivery Terms	306	(1)
Time Terms	306	(1)
Title and the Code	306	(2)
Code Changes	306	(1)
General Title Rules	306	(1)
Buyer's Rejection	307	(1)
Title and Third Parties	308	(2)
Transfers of Voidable Title	308	(1)
Buyers in the Ordinary Course of Business	309	(1)
Entrusting Goods	309	(1)
Risk of Loss	310	(4)
Overview	310	(1)
The Terms of the Agreement	311	(1)
Shipment Contracts	311	(1)
Destination Contracts	311	(1)
Goods in the Possession of Third Parties	311	(1)
Risk Generally	312	(1)
Breach of Contract and Risk of Loss	313	(1)
Insurable Interest	313	(1)
Sales on Trial	314	(5)
Sale or Return	314	(1)
Sale on Approval	314	(1)
Sale on Consignment	314	(5)
Warranties and Product Liability	319	(24)
Introduction: Historical Development of the Law	319	(1)
Warranties	320	(6)
Express Warranties	320	(2)
Implied Warranties	322	(4)
Exclusions and Modifications of Warranties	326	(2)
General Rules	326	(1)
Limitation of Express Warranties	326	(2)
Exclusion of Implied Warranties	328	(1)
Unconscionable Disclaimers	328	(1)
Limitation of Warranties	328	(1)
Who Benefits from a Warranty?	328	(3)
Purchaser	328	(1)
Privity of Contract	329	(1)
Nonpurchasers	329	(2)
Federal Trade Commission Warranty Rules	331	(2)
Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act	331	(1)
Purpose of the Act	331	(1)
Requirements of the Act	332	(1)
Full Warranties	332	(1)
Limited Warranties	332	(1)
Availability of Warranties	333	(1)
Enforcement	333	(1)
Negligence	333	(2)
Product Liability in General	333	(1)
Negligence	333	(1)
Duties	334	(1)
Privity and Disclaimers Do Not Apply	334	(1)
Strict Liability	335	(8)
Reasons for Development of Strict Liability	335	(1)
Elements of Strict Liability	335	(1)
State of the Art	336	(1)
Defenses	337	(1)
Industrywide Liability	337	(1)
Possible Limitations on Strict Liability	338	(1)
Statutes of Repose	339	(4)
Performance of Sales Contracts	343	(16)
Introduction	343	(1)
General Rules	344	(2)
Good Faith	344	(1)
Course of Dealing	344	(1)
Usage of Trade	345	(1)
Waiver	346	(1)
Assignment	346	(1)
Delivery	346	(1)
Basic Obligations	346	(1)
Place of Delivery	346	(1)
Seller's Duty of Delivery	346	(1)
Inspection and Payment	347	(1)
Buyer's Right of Inspection	347	(1)
Payment	347	(1)
Acceptance, Revocation, and Rejection	348	(4)
Acceptance	348	(1)
Effect of Acceptance	349	(1)
Revocation of Acceptance	349	(1)
Buyer's Rights on Improper Delivery	350	(1)
Rejection	351	(1)
Right to Cure	351	(1)
Wrongful Rejection	351	(1)
Buyer's Duties after Rejection	351	(1)
Assurance, Repudiation, and Excuse	352	(7)
Assurance	352	(2)
Anticipatory Repudiation	354	(1)
Excuse	354	(1)
Commercial Impracticability	354	(5)
Remedies for Breach of Sales Contracts	359	(16)
Introduction	359	(3)
Remedies in General	359	(1)
Agreements as to Remedies	360	(1)
Statute of Limitations	361	(1)
Seller's Remedies	362	(5)
Remedies Available to an Injured Seller	362	(1)
Cancellation and Withholding of Delivery	362	(1)
Resale of Goods	363	(1)
Recovery of the Purchase Price	364	(1)
Damages for Rejection or Repudiation	364	(2)
Liquidated Damages	366	(1)
Seller's Remedies Where Buyer Is Insolvent	366	(1)
Buyer's Remedies	367	(8)
Buyer's Remedies in General	367	(1)
Buyer's Right to Damages	367	(1)
Buyer's Right to Cover	367	(1)
Incidental Damages	368	(1)
Consequential Damages	368	(1)
Damages for Nondelivery	369	(1)
Damages for Defective Goods	369	(2)
Buyer's Right to Specific Performance	371	(1)
Buyer and Seller Agreements as to Buyer's Remedies	371	(4)
PART FOUR AGENCY AND EMPLOYMENT	375	(72)
The Agency Relationship---Creation, Duties, and Termination	377	(24)
Introduction	378	(1)
Creation of an Agency	378	(2)
Nature of Agency	378	(2)
Capacity to Be a Principal	380	(1)
Capacity to Be an Agent	380	(1)
Types of Agents	380	(3)
Commercial Agents	380	(1)
Employees	381	(1)
Independent Contractors	381	(2)
Duties of Agents to Principals	383	(7)
Duty of Loyalty	383	(4)
Duty to Obey Instructions	387	(1)
Duty to Exercise Care and Skill	388	(1)
Duty to Communicate Information	389	(1)
Duty to Account for Funds and Property	389	(1)
Duties of Principals to Agents	390	(3)
Duty to Compensate	391	(2)
Duty to Reimburse and Indemnify	393	(1)
Duty to Keep Accounts	393	(1)
Enforcement of Liabilities between Principals and Agents	393	(1)
Breach of Duty by Agent	393	(1)
Breach of Duty by Principal	393	(1)
Termination of Agent's Powers	394	(3)
Termination by Will of Parties	394	(1)
Agency at Will	394	(1)
Termination by Operation of Law	395	(1)
Notice to Third Persons	395	(2)
International Agency Agreements	397	(4)
Liability of Principals and Agents to Third Parties	401	(24)
Introduction	401	(1)
The Agent's Authority to Bind the Principal on Contracts	402	(6)
Actual Authority	403	(1)
Apparent Authority	404	(1)
Ratification	405	(3)
Related Contractual Liability Issues	408	(2)
Principal's Liability for the Agent's Representations	408	(1)
Principal's Liability for Notice and Payments to the Agent	409	(1)
Principal's Liability for Acts of Subagents	410	(1)
Agent's Authority to Appoint Subagents	410	(1)
Agents May Have Employees	410	(1)
Contract Liability of the Agent	411	(5)
Introduction	411	(1)
Unauthorized Actions	411	(1)
Nonexistent or Incompetent Principal	411	(1)
Agreements by the Agent to Assume Liability	412	(1)
Disclosed Principal	413	(1)
Undisclosed Principal	414	(1)
Partially Disclosed Principal	415	(1)
Liability for Torts and Crimes	416	(9)
Respondeat Superior	416	(1)
Direct Liability	417	(1)
Criminal Liability	418	(1)
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act	419	(6)
Employment Laws	425	(22)
Introduction	425	(1)
Historical Background	425	(1)
Health and Safety Legislation	426	(2)
Workers' Compensation	426	(1)
OSHA	427	(1)
Family and Medical Leave Act	427	(1)
Health Insurance	428	(1)
Wages and Pensions	428	(3)
Fair Labor Standards Act	428	(2)
State Wage Statutes	430	(1)
Employment Retirement Income Security Act	430	(1)
Collective Bargaining and Union Activities	431	(3)
The National Labor Relations Act	432	(1)
The Labor--Management Relations Act	432	(2)
The Labor--Management Reporting and Disclosure Act	434	(1)
Discrimination in Employment	434	(6)
The Equal Pay Act of 1963	434	(1)
Title VII, the Civil Rights Act of 1964	435	(3)
The Civil Rights Act of 1991	438	(1)
Age Discrimination in Employment Act	438	(1)
Americans with Disabilities Act	439	(1)
Employment at Will	440	(2)
Employee Privacy	442	(5)
Lie Detector Tests	442	(1)
Drug Testing	442	(1)
Other Privacy Concerns	443	(4)
PART FIVE BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS	447	(166)
Which Form of Business Organization?	449	(22)
Introduction	449	(2)
Sole Proprietorship	450	(1)
Partnerships	450	(1)
Corporations	450	(1)
Factors to Consider in Choosing Forms of Business Organization	451	(7)
Limited Liability	452	(2)
Taxation	454	(2)
Formalities	456	(1)
Financing	456	(1)
Management	456	(2)
Life of the Business	458	(1)
Liquidity of Investment	458	(1)
Making the Choice	458	(1)
Limited Liability Companies	459	(3)
Creation	459	(1)
Legal Status	459	(2)
Operation	461	(1)
Transferability	461	(1)
Dissolution	461	(1)
Limited Liability Partnerships	462	(1)
Creating an LLP	462	(1)
Managing the LLP	462	(1)
LLP Taxation	462	(1)
Franchising	463	(4)
The Nature of Franchising	463	(1)
Advantages of Franchising	463	(1)
Franchisee Complaints	463	(2)
Franchisor Problems	465	(1)
Government Regulation	465	(2)
Franchising in Foreign Countries	467	(4)
Partnerships	471	(26)
Introduction	471	(1)
Creation of a Partnership	472	(3)
An Association of Two or More Persons	472	(1)
Carrying on a Business for Profit	472	(1)
Co-ownership	472	(1)
Disputes on the Existence of a Partnership	472	(1)
Purported Partnerships	473	(1)
Articles of Partnership	473	(1)
Joint Ventures	473	(2)
Management and Authority of Partners	475	(2)
Voice in Management	475	(1)
Authority	475	(2)
Ratification	477	(1)
Property of Partnerships	477	(1)
What Is Partnership Property?	477	(1)
Ownership and Possession	477	(1)
Creditors of Partners	478	(1)
Partners' Rights and Duties	478	(1)
Right to Compensation	478	(1)
Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith	479	(2)
Duty of Care in Partnership Business	481	(1)
Duty to Inform	481	(1)
Duty to Account	481	(1)
Enforcement of Partnership Rights and Liabilities	481	(1)
Liability on Contracts	481	(1)
Liability for Torts	481	(1)
Liability for Crimes	482	(1)
Death of the Partnership	482	(2)
Dissociation	482	(1)
Nonwrongful Dissociation	483	(1)
Wrongful Dissociation	484	(1)
Dissolution and Winding Up	484	(2)
Powers during Winding Up	484	(1)
Duties of Partners during Winding Up	484	(1)
Compensation for Winding Up	485	(1)
Continuation	486	(1)
Continuation without Winding Up	486	(1)
Liability for Prior Obligations	486	(1)
Liability for New Obligations	486	(1)
Distribution of Assets	487	(2)
Order of Distribution	487	(2)
Termination	489	(1)
Limited Partnerships	489	(3)
Characteristics	489	(2)
Formalities	491	(1)
Rights and Liabilities	491	(1)
Liabilities When Formalities Are Absent	491	(1)
Control by Limited Partners	492	(1)
Dissolution of a Limited Partnership	492	(1)
Limited Liability Limited Partnership	492	(5)
Formation and Termination of Corporations	497	(24)
Introduction	497	(1)
Nature of a Corporation	498	(1)
The Principal Characteristics of the Corporation	498	(1)
Types of Corporations	498	(1)
Regulation of Corporations	499	(1)
The Preincorporation Process	499	(3)
Promoters	499	(1)
Legal Liability of Promoters	500	(1)
Liability of the Corporation	500	(2)
Incorporation	502	(4)
The Right to Incorporate	502	(1)
Deciding Where to Incorporate	502	(1)
Steps in Incorporation	503	(1)
Contents of the Articles of Incorporation	504	(1)
Who May Be Incorporators?	505	(1)
The Certificate of Incorporation	505	(1)
Organization Meeting	505	(1)
Corporate Seal	505	(1)
Bylaws	505	(1)
The Ultra Vires Doctrine	506	(1)
Defective Incorporation	506	(3)
Modern Approaches	507	(1)
Historical Approaches	507	(2)
Piercing the Corporate Veil	509	(2)
Effect	509	(1)
Common Situations	509	(1)
Requirements	509	(2)
Close Corporations	511	(3)
Unsuitability of Traditional Corporation Law	511	(1)
Modern Regulation of Close Corporations	512	(1)
Transferability of Shares	512	(2)
Governance Issues	514	(2)
Judicial Protection of Minority Shareholders	514	(1)
Corporations in a Global Environment	515	(1)
Termination of the Corporation	516	(5)
Dissolution by Agreement	516	(1)
Involuntary Dissolution	516	(5)
Management of the Corporate Business	521	(26)
Introduction	521	(1)
The Board of Directors	522	(6)
Powers and Duties	522	(1)
Online Communications	522	(1)
Powers and Rights of a Director as an Individual	523	(1)
Election of Directors	523	(2)
Removal of Directors	525	(1)
Directors' Meetings	525	(1)
Compensation of Directors	526	(2)
Officers of the Corporation	528	(1)
Powers	528	(1)
President or Chairman	528	(1)
Vice President	528	(1)
Corporate Secretary	528	(1)
Treasurer	528	(1)
Duties of Directors and Officers	528	(10)
Duty to Act within Authority	529	(1)
Duty of Due Care and Diligence	529	(5)
Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith	534	(3)
Directors' Right to Dissent	537	(1)
Liability for Torts and Crimes	538	(9)
Corporate Liability	538	(1)
Liability of Officers and Directors	539	(3)
Indemnification	542	(5)
Financing the Corporation and the Role of the Shareholders	547	(24)
Financing the Corporation	547	(5)
Sources of Corporate Financing	547	(1)
Equity Securities	548	(1)
Consideration for Shares	548	(1)
Value of Shares	549	(1)
Options, Warrants, and Rights	549	(1)
Treasury Stock	550	(1)
Debt Securities	550	(2)
Becoming a Shareholder	552	(1)
Functions of Shareholders	552	(1)
Means of Acquiring Stock	553	(1)
Shareholders' Meetings	553	(5)
Annual Meeting	553	(1)
Special Meetings	553	(1)
Notice of Meetings	553	(1)
Remote Participation	554	(1)
Shareholders Entitled to Vote	554	(1)
Proxy Voting	555	(1)
Shareholder Proposals and Right to Speak	556	(1)
Cumulative Voting	557	(1)
Rights of Inspection and Preemptive Right	558	(1)
The Shareholder's Right to Inspect	558	(1)
Preemptive Rights	559	(1)
Dividends	559	(3)
Directors' Discretion to Pay Dividends	559	(1)
Types of Dividends	559	(1)
Legal Limits on Dividends	560	(1)
Stock Splits	560	(1)
Dividends on Preferred Stock	561	(1)
Effect of Dividend Declaration	562	(1)
Shareholder Rights in Extraordinary Corporate Transactions	562	(2)
Amendment of Articles	562	(1)
Other Extraordinary Transactions	562	(1)
Appraisal Rights	562	(2)
Lawsuits by Shareholders	564	(2)
Individual Actions	564	(1)
Class Actions	564	(1)
Derivative Actions	564	(2)
Shareholder Liability	566	(1)
Liability on Shares	566	(1)
Liability for Illegal Dividends	566	(1)
Transfer and Redemption of Shares	567	(4)
Restrictions	567	(1)
Transfer Procedure	567	(1)
Duty to Record	567	(4)
Securities Regulation	571	(22)
Introduction	571	(2)
Overview of the Federal Legislation	571	(2)
The Securities Act of 1933	573	(6)
Registration Requirements of the 1933 Act	574	(3)
Antifraud Provisions of the 1933 Act	577	(2)
Securities Exchange Act of 1934	579	(2)
Registration of Securities under the 1934 Act	579	(1)
Periodic Reports	579	(2)
Short-Swing Trading by Insiders	581	(1)
Regulation of Proxy Solicitations	581	(1)
Liability Provisions of the 1934 Act	581	(8)
Manipulation of a Security's Price	581	(1)
Liability for False Statements in Filed Documents	581	(1)
Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5	582	(4)
Conduct Covered by Rule 10b-5	586	(2)
Safe Harbor Legislation	588	(1)
International Cooperation	588	(1)
Tender Offer Regulation	589	(1)
History	589	(1)
The Williams Act	589	(1)
State Regulation of Tender Offers	589	(1)
State Securities Legislation	590	(3)
Purpose and History	590	(1)
Broker--Dealer Registration	590	(1)
Uniform Securities Act	590	(3)
Legal Liability of Accountants	593	(20)
Introduction	593	(1)
Bases for Liability	593	(1)
GAAP and GAAS	594	(1)
Common Law Liability to Clients	594	(3)
Contractual Liability	594	(1)
Tort Liability	595	(2)
Common Law Liability to Third Persons	597	(5)
Contract	597	(1)
Negligence	597	(1)
Current Approaches to Third-Party Negligence Actions	597	(2)
Fraud	599	(3)
Duty to Disclose New Information	602	(1)
Statutory Liability of Accountants	602	(4)
Federal Securities Acts	602	(4)
State Securities Acts	606	(1)
Liability for Tax Work	606	(1)
Administrative Proceedings	606	(1)
Professional Conduct	606	(1)
Qualified Opinions and Disclaimers	606	(1)
Qualified Opinion	606	(1)
Disclaimer	607	(1)
Protection of Accountants' Papers	607	(6)
Working Papers	607	(1)
Accountant--Client Privilege	607	(6)
PART SIX PROPERTY	613	(120)
Personal Property and Bailments	615	(22)
Nature and Classification	616	(1)
Property	616	(1)
Real and Personal Property	616	(1)
Tangible and Intangible Property	617	(1)
Public and Private Property	617	(1)
Acquiring Ownership of Personal Property	617	(7)
Production or Purchase	617	(1)
Possession of Unowned Property	617	(1)
Rights of Finders of Lost, Mislaid, and Abandoned Property	617	(3)
Gifts	620	(1)
Conditional Gifts	621	(1)
Uniform Gifts to Minors Act	622	(1)
Will or Inheritance	623	(1)
Confusion	623	(1)
Accession	623	(1)
Nature of Bailments	624	(3)
Elements of a Bailment	624	(1)
Creation of a Bailment	624	(2)
Custody	626	(1)
Types of Bailments	626	(1)
Rights and Duties	627	(1)
Duties of the Bailee	627	(1)
Bailee's Duty of Care	627	(1)
Bailee's Duty to Return the Property	627	(1)
Limitations on Liability	628	(4)
Right to Compensation	630	(1)
Bailor's Liability for Defects in the Bailed Property	630	(2)
Special Bailment Situations	632	(5)
Common Carriers	632	(1)
Hotelkeepers	633	(1)
Safe-Deposit Boxes	633	(1)
Involuntary Bailments	633	(4)
Real Property	637	(30)
Scope of Real Property	637	(4)
Fixtures	638	(3)
Rights and Interests in Real Property	641	(4)
Fee Simple	641	(1)
Life Estate	641	(1)
Leasehold	641	(1)
Easement	641	(2)
License	643	(1)
Private Restrictions	643	(2)
Co-ownership of Real Property	645	(3)
Tenancy in Common	645	(1)
Joint Tenancy	645	(1)
Tenancy by the Entirety	646	(1)
Community Property	647	(1)
Tenancy in Partnership	647	(1)
Condominimum Ownership	647	(1)
Cooperative Ownership	648	(1)
Acquisition of Real Property	648	(2)
Acquisition by Purchase	648	(1)
Acquisition by Gift	648	(1)
Acquisition by Will or Inheritance	648	(1)
Acquisition by Tax Sale	649	(1)
Acquisition by Adverse Possession	649	(1)
Transfer by Sale	650	(7)
Steps in a Sale	650	(1)
Real Estate Brokers	651	(1)
Contract for Sale	651	(1)
Financing the Purchase	651	(1)
Federal Disclosure Laws	652	(1)
Fair Housing Act	652	(1)
Transfer by Deed	653	(1)
Recording Deeds	654	(1)
Methods of Assuring Title	655	(1)
Warranties in the Sale of a House	655	(2)
Public Controls on the Use of Land	657	(10)
Societal Restraints	657	(1)
Nuisance Law	657	(2)
Other Property Condition--Related Obligations of Real Property Owners and Possessors	659	(2)
Zoning Ordinances	661	(1)
Eminent Domain	662	(5)
Landlord and Tenant	667	(20)
Leases and Tenancies	667	(3)
Landlord--Tenant Relationship	667	(1)
Nature of Leases	668	(1)
Types of Tenancies	668	(2)
Execution of a Lease	670	(1)
Rights, Duties, and Liabilities of the Landlord	671	(8)
Landlord's Rights	671	(1)
Landlord's Duties	671	(1)
Landlord's Responsibility for Condition of Leased Property	672	(3)
Landlord's Tort Liability	675	(4)
Rights, Duties, and Liabilities of the Tenant	679	(2)
Rights of the Tenant	679	(1)
Duty to Pay Rent	679	(1)
Duty Not to Commit Waste	680	(1)
Assignment and Subleasing	680	(1)
Tenant's Liability for Injuries to Third Persons	680	(1)
Termination of the Leasehold	681	(6)
Eviction	681	(1)
Agreement to Surrender	682	(1)
Abandonment	682	(5)
Estates and Trusts	687	(24)
Introduction	687	(1)
Estate Planning	688	(1)
Wills	688	(7)
Right of Disposition by Will	688	(1)
Nature of a Will	688	(1)
Common Will Terminology	688	(1)
Testamentary Capacity	689	(1)
Execution of a Will	689	(1)
Joint and Mutual Wills	690	(1)
Informal Wills	690	(3)
Limitations on Disposition by Will	693	(1)
Revocation of Wills	694	(1)
Codicils	694	(1)
Advance Directives: Planning for Disability	695	(5)
Living Wills	695	(2)
Durable Power of Attorney	697	(1)
Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care	697	(1)
Federal Law and Advance Directives	697	(1)
Intestacy	698	(1)
Characteristics of Intestacy Statutes	698	(1)
Special Rules	698	(2)
Simultaneous Death	700	(1)
Administration of Estates	700	(2)
The Probate Estate	700	(1)
Determining the Existence of a Will	700	(1)
Selecting a Personal Representative	700	(1)
Responsibilities of the Personal Representative	701	(1)
Trusts	702	(9)
Introduction	702	(1)
Trust Terminology	702	(1)
Why People Create Trusts	703	(1)
Creation of Express Trusts	703	(1)
Charitable Trusts	704	(1)
Totten Trusts	704	(1)
Powers and Duties of the Trustee	704	(1)
Liability of Trustee	705	(1)
Spendthrift Trusts	705	(1)
Termination and Modification of a Trust	706	(1)
Implied and Constructive Trusts	706	(5)
Insurance	711	(22)
Introduction	711	(1)
Terminology	711	(1)
Life Insurance Contracts	712	(1)
Whole Life Insurance	712	(1)
Term Life Insurance	712	(1)
Property Insurance Contracts	712	(5)
Types of Losses Covered	712	(1)
Personal Property Insurance	713	(2)
Types of Policies	715	(1)
Special Terms	715	(2)
Liability Insurance Contracts	717	(1)
Liability Coverage	717	(1)
Insurer's Obligations	718	(1)
Health Insurance Contracts	719	(2)
Coverage	719	(1)
Group Policies	719	(1)
Payment Obligations	720	(1)
Insurance Policies as Contracts	721	(6)
Offer and Acceptance	721	(2)
Misrepresentation	723	(1)
Warranties	724	(1)
Capacity	725	(1)
Form and Content	725	(1)
Interpreting Insurance Contracts	725	(2)
Third Parties and Insurance Contracts	727	(1)
Insurable Interest	727	(1)
Insurable Interest in Life Insurance	727	(1)
Insurable Interest in Property Insurance	728	(1)
Notice and Proof of Loss	728	(1)
Time Limits	729	(1)
Right of Subrogation	729	(1)
Cancellation and Lapse	729	(4)
Cancellation	730	(1)
Lapse	730	(3)
PART SEVEN COMMERCIAL PAPER	733	(84)
Negotiable Instruments	735	(18)
Introduction	735	(1)
Nature of Negotiable Instruments	736	(1)
Uniform Commercial Code	736	(1)
Negotiable Instruments	736	(1)
Negotiability	736	(1)
Kinds of Negotiable Instruments	737	(3)
Promissory Notes	737	(1)
Certificates of Deposit	737	(2)
Drafts	739	(1)
Checks	739	(1)
Benefits of Negotiable Instruments	740	(1)
Rights of an Assignee of a Contract	740	(1)
Rights of a Holder of a Negotiable Instrument	741	(1)
Formal Requirements for Negotiability	741	(1)
Basic Requirements	741	(1)
Importance of Form	742	(1)
In Writing	742	(1)
Signed	742	(2)
Unconditional Promise or Order	744	(1)
Requirement of a Promise or Order	744	(1)
Promise or Order Must Be Unconditional	744	(1)
Fixed Amount of Money	745	(1)
Fixed Amount	745	(1)
Payable in Money	745	(1)
Payable on Demand or at a Definite Time	745	(1)
Payable on Demand	745	(1)
Payable at a Definite Time	746	(1)
Payable to Order or Bearer	746	(3)
Special Terms	749	(4)
Additional Terms	749	(1)
Ambiguous Terms	749	(4)
Negotiation and Holder in Due Course	753	(24)
Introduction	753	(1)
Negotiation	754	(2)
Nature of Negotiation	754	(1)
Formal Requirements for Negotiation	754	(1)
Nature of Indorsement	754	(1)
Wrong or Misspelled Name	755	(1)
Checks Deposited without Indorsement	755	(1)
Transfer of Order Instrument	755	(1)
Indorsements	756	(3)
Effects of an Indorsement	756	(1)
Kinds of Indorsements	756	(3)
Rescission of Indorsement	759	(1)
Holder in Due Course	759	(8)
General Requirements	760	(1)
Holder	760	(1)
Value	761	(1)
Good Faith	762	(1)
Overdue or Dishonored	762	(1)
Notice of Unauthorized Signature or Alteration	763	(1)
Notice of Claims	763	(1)
Notice of Defenses and Claims in Recoupment	764	(1)
Irregular and Incomplete Instruments	764	(2)
Shelter Rule	766	(1)
Rights of a Holder in Due Course	767	(5)
Claims and Defenses Generally	767	(1)
Importance of Being a Holder in Due Course	767	(1)
Real Defenses	768	(1)
Personal Defenses	769	(2)
Claims to the Instrument	771	(1)
Claims in Recoupment	771	(1)
Changes in the Holder in Due Course Rule	772	(5)
Consumer Disadvantages	772	(1)
State Legislation	772	(1)
Federal Trade Commission Rules	772	(5)
Liability of Parties	777	(22)
Introduction	777	(1)
Liability in General	778	(1)
Contractual Liability	778	(1)
Primary and Secondary Liability	778	(1)
Obligation of a Maker	778	(5)
Obligation of a Drawee or an Acceptor	779	(1)
Obligation of a Drawer	780	(1)
Obligation of an Indorser	780	(1)
Obligation of an Accommodation Party	781	(1)
Signing an Instrument	781	(1)
Signature of an Authorized Agent	781	(2)
Unauthorized Signature	783	(1)
Contractual Liability in Operation	783	(2)
Presentment of a Note	783	(1)
Presentment of a Check or a Draft	784	(1)
Time of Presentment	785	(1)
Warranty Liability	785	(4)
Transfer Warranties	785	(1)
Presentment Warranties	786	(1)
Payment or Acceptance by Mistake	787	(1)
Operation of Warranties	788	(1)
Other Liability Rules	789	(3)
Negligence	789	(1)
Impostor Rule	790	(1)
Fictitious Payee Rule	791	(1)
Comparative Negligence Rule re Impostors and Fictitious Payees	792	(2)
Fraudulent Indorsements by Employees	792	(1)
Conversion	793	(1)
Discharge of Negotiable Instruments	794	(5)
Discharge of Liability	794	(1)
Discharge by Payment	794	(1)
Discharge by Cancellation	795	(1)
Altered Instruments; Discharge by Alteration	795	(1)
Discharge of Indorsers and Accommodation Parties	796	(3)
Checks and Electronic Fund Transfers	799	(18)
The Drawer--Drawee Relationship	799	(7)
Bank's Duty to Pay	800	(1)
Bank's Right to Charge to Customer's Account	800	(2)
Stop-Payment Order	802	(1)
Bank's Liability for Payment after Stop-Payment Order	803	(2)
Certified Check	805	(1)
Cashier's Check	806	(1)
Death or Incompetence of Customer	806	(1)
Forged and Altered Checks	806	(5)
Bank's Right to Charge Account	806	(1)
Customer's Duty to Report Forgeries and Alterations	807	(4)
Electronic Banking	811	(6)
Electronic Funds Transfer Act	811	(6)
PART EIGHT CREDIT TRANSACTIONS	817	(66)
Introduction to Security	819	(14)
Credit	819	(2)
Nature of Credit	819	(1)
Unsecured Credit	820	(1)
Secured Credit	820	(1)
Suretyship	821	(2)
Sureties and Guarantors	821	(1)
Creation of Principal and Surety Relationship	821	(1)
Defenses of a Surety	821	(1)
Creditor's Duties to Surety	822	(1)
Subrogation and Contribution	823	(1)
Liens on Personal Property	823	(2)
Security Interests in Personal Property and Fixtures under the Uniform Commercial Code	823	(1)
Common Law Liens	823	(1)
Statutory Liens	824	(1)
Characteristics of Liens	824	(1)
Foreclosure of Lien	824	(1)
Security Interests in Real Property	825	(8)
Real Estate Mortgage	826	(1)
Deed of Trust	827	(1)
Land Contracts	827	(1)
Mechanic's and Materialman's Liens	828	(5)
Security Interests in Personal Property	833	(26)
Introduction	833	(2)
Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code	833	(1)
Security Interests	834	(1)
Types of Collateral	834	(1)
Obtaining a Security Interest	835	(1)
Attachment of the Security Interest	835	(5)
Attachment	835	(1)
The Security Agreement	836	(1)
Future Advances	836	(3)
After-Acquired Property	839	(1)
Proceeds	839	(1)
Perfecting the Security Interest	840	(5)
Perfection	840	(1)
Perfection by Public Filing	840	(1)
Possession or Control by Secured Party as Public Notice	841	(2)
Control	843	(1)
Perfecting by Attachment: Automatic Perfection	843	(1)
Motor Vehicles	844	(1)
Fixtures	845	(1)
Priorities	845	(6)
Importance of Determining Priority	845	(1)
General Priority Rules	846	(1)
Purchase Money Security Interests in Inventory	846	(1)
Purchase Money Security Interests in Noninventory Collateral	847	(1)
Rationale for Protecting Purchase Money Security Interests	848	(1)
Buyers in the Ordinary Course of Business	848	(1)
Artisan's and Mechanic's Liens	849	(1)
Liens on Consumer Goods Perfected by Attachment	849	(1)
Fixtures	849	(2)
Default and Foreclosure	851	(3)
Default	851	(1)
Right to Possession	851	(3)
Sale of the Collateral	854	(5)
Distribution of Proceeds	855	(1)
Liability of Creditor	855	(4)
Bankruptcy	859	(24)
Introduction	859	(1)
The Bankruptcy Act	860	(1)
Bankruptcy Proceedings	860	(1)
Liquidations	860	(1)
Reorganizations	861	(1)
Consumer Debt Adjustments	861	(1)
The Bankruptcy Courts	861	(1)
Liquidation Proceedings	861	(5)
Petitions	861	(1)
Involuntary Petitions	861	(1)
Automatic Stay Provisions	862	(1)
Order of Relief	862	(1)
Meeting of Creditors and Election of Trustee	862	(2)
Duties of the Trustee	864	(1)
Exemptions	864	(2)
Avoidance of Liens	866	(8)
Preferential Payments	866	(1)
Preferential Liens	867	(1)
Fraudulent Transfers	867	(1)
Claims	868	(1)
Allowable Claims	868	(1)
Secured Claims	868	(1)
Priority Claims	869	(1)
Distribution of Debtor's Estate	869	(1)
Discharge in Bankruptcy	869	(1)
Objections to Discharge	869	(2)
Acts That Bar Discharges	871	(1)
Nondischargeable Debts	871	(1)
Reaffirmation Agreements	872	(1)
Dismissal for Substantial Abuse	873	(1)
Reorganizations	874	(2)
Relief for Businesses	874	(1)
Administration	874	(1)
Use of Chapter 11	875	(1)
Collective Bargaining Agreements	876	(1)
Consumer Debt Adjustments	876	(7)
Relief for Individuals	876	(1)
Procedure	876	(2)
Discharge	878	(1)
Advantages of Chapter 13	878	(5)
PART NINE GOVERNMENT REGULATION	883	(68)
The Antitrust Laws	885	(26)
Introduction	885	(1)
Antitrust in a Global Environment	885	(1)
Procedural Aspects of the Sherman Act	886	(2)
Penalties	886	(1)
Standing	886	(1)
Jurisdiction	886	(2)
Section 1 of the Sherman Act	888	(7)
Joint Action	888	(2)
Section 1 Analysis	890	(1)
Per Se Restraints	890	(2)
Rule of Reason Violations	892	(3)
Section 2 of the Sherman Act	895	(4)
Intent to Monopolize	895	(1)
Monopoly Power	896	(3)
The Clayton Act	899	(3)
Section 3	899	(2)
Section 7	901	(1)
The Robinson-Patman Act	902	(3)
Direct Price Discrimination	902	(1)
Defenses to Direct Price Discrimination	902	(2)
Indirect Price Discrimination	904	(1)
Limits on Antitrust	905	(6)
The Parker Doctrine	905	(1)
The Noerr Doctrine	905	(1)
International Trade Limitations	906	(5)
Consumer Protection Laws	911	(16)
Introduction	911	(1)
Federal Trade Commission Act	911	(2)
Consumer Credit Laws	913	(9)
Truth in Lending Act	913	(2)
Consumer Leasing Act	915	(1)
Fair Credit Billing Act	915	(1)
Fair Credit Reporting Act	916	(1)
Further Protection of Borrower Privacy	917	(1)
Equal Credit Opportunity Act	918	(1)
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act	918	(1)
Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act	919	(1)
FTC Holder in Due Course Rule	920	(2)
Consumer Product Safety Act	922	(1)
Background	922	(1)
Standards	922	(1)
Remedies	923	(1)
Lemon Laws	923	(4)
Environmental Regulation	927	(24)
Introduction	927	(1)
Historical Perspective	927	(1)
The Environmental Protection Agency	928	(1)
The National Environmental Policy Act	928	(7)
Air Pollution	929	(1)
Background	929	(1)
Clean Air Act	929	(1)
Ambient Air Control Standards	929	(1)
Acid Rain Controls	930	(1)
Control of Air Toxics	930	(1)
New Source Controls	931	(2)
Permits	933	(1)
Enforcement	933	(1)
Automobile Pollution	933	(1)
International Air Problems	934	(1)
Water Pollution	935	(3)
Background	935	(1)
Early Federal Legislation	935	(1)
Clean Water Act	935	(1)
Discharge Permits	935	(1)
Water Quality Standards	936	(1)
Enforcement	936	(1)
Wetlands	937	(1)
Ocean Dumping	938	(1)
Drinking Water	938	(1)
Waste Disposal	939	(2)
Background	939	(1)
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act	939	(1)
Underground Storage Tanks	939	(2)
State Responsibilities	941	(10)
Enforcement	941	(1)
Solid Waste	942	(1)
Superfund	943	(2)
Community Right to Know and Emergency Cleanup	945	(6)
Appendix A The Constitution of the United States of America	951	(16)
Appendix B Glossary of Legal Terms and Definitions	967	(20)
Appendix C Spanish-English Equivalents for Important Legal Terms	987	(4)
Subject Index	991