Law of the Web: A Field Guide to Internet Publishing : 2003 Edition

by Hart, Jonathan D.

• ISBN13: 9781883726195
• ISBN10: 1883726190
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-06-01
• Publisher: Bradford Pub Co

Summary

Over the last two decades, the Internet has grown from a novel means of communication among research scientists into a tool of mass communication. With the author's helpful analysis and insightful commentary, this book tracks the important legal developments--court cases and legislation--that are now impacting Internet publishing.

Table of Contents

Dedication	i
Acknowledgements	ii
Table of Contents	iii
Introduction	1	(2)
Freedom of Speech	3	(26)
First Amendment Basics	3	(1)
Content-based or Content Neutral	3	(1)
Overbreadth	4	(1)
Vagueness	4	(1)
Print Media Versus Broadcast Media	4	(1)
Speech on the Internet Is Entitled to Full First Amendment Protection	5	(5)
The CDA	5	(2)
COPA	7	(1)
CPPA	8	(1)
CIPA	9	(1)
Child Obscenity and Pornography Prevention Act of 2002	9	(1)
State Laws Restricting Online Content	10	(6)
Obscenity and ``Community Standards'' Online	16	(1)
Use of Zoning Law to Restrict Access to Internet Content	17	(2)
Dot-Kids Implementation and Efficiency Act of 2002	19	(1)
Liability of Public Libraries for Providing Unrestricted Internet Access	19	(1)
Discovery of the Identities of Anonymous Internet Users	20	(5)
Penalties for Posting Personal Information of Others	25	(1)
Anti-Teacher Speech in Cyberspace	25	(3)
U.S. First Amendment Protections in the International Context of the Internet	28	(1)
Trademark Issues	29	(60)
Trademark Basics	29	(3)
Definition of a Trademark	29	(1)
Policy Reasons for Trademark Protection	29	(1)
Indication of Origin	30	(1)
Obtaining Trademark Rights	30	(1)
Trademark Ownership Actions and Remedies	30	(1)
Infringement and Unfair Competition	30	(1)
Dilution	31	(1)
Difference between Dilution and Infringement	31	(1)
Statutory Remedies	32	(1)
Domain-Name Disputes	32	(42)
General	32	(1)
Is a Domain Name a Trademark?	32	(1)
Restricted Scope of Trademark Licenses	32	(1)
Extra-Statutory Relief in Domain Name Cases	33	(1)
Domain-Name Registration	33	(1)
Background	33	(1)
New Top-Level Domain Names	34	(2)
New ``.us'' Domain	36	(1)
Country Code Top-Level Domain Names	36	(1)
Top-Level Domain Names and the First Amendment	37	(1)
Unauthorized Top-Level Domain Names	37	(1)
Domain-Name Legislation	37	(1)
Cases Where Domain Name is Used in Competition with Trademark Owner	38	(2)
Cases in Which Two Trademark Owners Have Competing Claims to a Domain Name	40	(5)
Cases in Which Domain Name is Used for a Harmful Purpose	45	(1)
Cases In Which Domain Name is Identical to Another's Trademark	46	(1)
Cases In Which Domain Name is Similar, But Not Identical, to Another's Trademark	46	(1)
Case in Which Domain Name was Unlawfully Appropriated	47	(1)
Cybersquatting and Typosquatting	48	(1)
Development of the Law	48	(1)
The Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act	49	(3)
Cybersquatting Cases under the ACPA	52	(4)
Typosquatting Cases Under the ACPA	56	(3)
Foreign Nationals Under the ACPA	59	(1)
Domain-Name Dispute Resolution	60	(1)
Former Policy: The NSI Policy	60	(1)
The Current Domain-Name Dispute Policy: Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP)	61	(1)
UDRP Decisions	62	(12)
First Amendment Issues in Trademark Disputes	74	(4)
Use of Trademarks as Communicative Speech	74	(1)
Parody and Criticism	75	(1)
Gripe Sites	75	(1)
Parody Sites	76	(1)
Treatment of Cybergripe and Parody Web Sites in UDRP Proceedings	77	(1)
First Amendment Claims Brought Against NSI	78	(1)
Linking and Framing	78	(3)
Linking	78	(1)
Linking Cases	79	(1)
Hyperlink Patent Dispute	80	(1)
Better Business Bureau Controversy	80	(1)
Framing	81	(1)
Metatags and Hidden Code	81	(3)
Spam	84	(1)
Liability of Domain-Name Registrars and Internet Service Providers	85	(3)
Liability for Third-Party Trademark Infringement	85	(1)
Liability of Domain-Name Registrars for ``Coming Soon Pages''	86	(1)
Search Engine Liability	87	(1)
Domain-Name Slamming	88	(1)
Copyright Issues	89	(42)
Copyright Basics	89	(2)
Protected Works	89	(1)
Scope of Protection	89	(1)
Registration	90	(1)
Available Remedies	90	(1)
Limits on Protection	90	(1)
Obtaining and Protecting Rights to Web Site Content	91	(4)
Methods of Obtaining Rights	91	(1)
Possession of Print Media Rights Does Not Necessarily Imply Online Rights	91	(2)
Using Content from Other Web Sites and the Doctrine of ``Fair Use''	93	(2)
Linking and Framing	95	(4)
Linking	95	(3)
Framing	98	(1)
Protecting Electronic Databases of Factual Material	99	(1)
Liability of Electronic Publishers for Infringing Content Posted by Others	100	(2)
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998	102	(6)
Safe-Harbor Provisions	102	(1)
ISP Lawsuits Under the DMCA	103	(1)
ISP Liability	103	(2)
Liability for Circumventing Technological Copyright Protection Measures	105	(3)
Video and Music on the Web	108	(23)
Webcasting	108	(1)
Royalty Fees for Internet Radio Broadcasts---History	109	(1)
Non-Broadcasting Webcasters	110	(1)
Retransmission of Television Broadcast Signals	111	(1)
Video Streaming	112	(1)
Internet Music Technology	113	(1)
Distribution of Digital Audio ``MP3'' Files	113	(7)
Industry Initiatives to Secure Digital Audio Files	120	(1)
Government Involvement in the Digital Audio Debate	121	(1)
Internet Music Licensing	121	(2)
The E-Books Debate	123	(1)
Licensing/Royalty Systems	124	(1)
Digital Video Recording	125	(1)
Limiting the Scope of the DMCA	126	(5)
Defamation	131	(32)
Libel Basics	131	(1)
Public Officials	131	(1)
Public Figures	132	(1)
Private Individuals	132	(1)
Online Service Provider Liability	132	(10)
General Background	132	(1)
Publishers, Distributors, and Common Carriers	132	(1)
Development of the Law	133	(1)
Liability of Interactive Service Providers Prior to the Enactment of the Communications Decency Act of 1996	133	(2)
Communications Decency Act of 1996	135	(1)
Liability of Interactive Service Providers and Users After the Enactment of the Communications Decency Act of 1996	136	(6)
Requests to Stay Discovery Under § 230 Pending Ruling on Dispositive Motion	142	(1)
Other Defamation Issues Peculiar to the Internet	142	(4)
Discovery of the Identities of Anonymous Defendants	142	(1)
Libel Suits by Anonymous Plaintiffs	143	(1)
Sovereign Immunity as Applied to a Government Web Site	143	(1)
Motion to Dismiss on the Pleadings and ISP Immunity	143	(3)
International Forum Shopping	146	(3)
The Global Nature of Cyberspace	146	(1)
The Appeal of International Forum Shopping	146	(2)
Potential Limitations on International Forum Shopping	148	(1)
Choice of Law	149	(3)
The Importance of Choice of Law in Libel Cases	149	(1)
Basic Choice of Law Principles Applied in Traditional Libel Cases	149	(1)
Application of Choice of Law Principles in International Libel Cases	149	(1)
Application of Traditional Choice of Law Principles in the Context of Internet Libel	150	(2)
Public Figure Doctrine	152	(3)
General Background	152	(1)
Public Officials	152	(1)
Public Figures	152	(1)
Applying the Public Figure Doctrine in Cyberspace	153	(1)
Inviting Attention and Comment	153	(1)
Greater Access to Channels of Effective Communication	154	(1)
Retraction Statutes	155	(2)
General Background	155	(1)
Application of Retraction Statutes in the Context of Electronic Defamation	155	(1)
Case Law Dealing with Retraction Statutes	156	(1)
Responding to Retraction Demands	157	(6)
Demands for Retraction of Third-Party Content	157	(1)
Publishing Retractions Online	158	(1)
Traditional Publication Requirements	158	(1)
Online Publication of Corrections and Retractions	158	(1)
Correction Demands on Print Publications with Online Counterparts	158	(1)
Archived Materials	159	(1)
Problems Raised by Continued Archival Publication After Learning of Falsity	159	(1)
Demands to ``Correct'' Defamatory Matter in Archival Versions	159	(1)
Archived Copies as Part of the Initial ``Single Publication''	159	(2)
Labeling	161	(2)
Data Collection and Privacy	163	(32)
General	163	(1)
Types of Data Collected	163	(2)
Registration Information	163	(1)
Customer Information	163	(1)
Cookies	164	(1)
Clickstream Data	164	(1)
Clear Gifs or Web Bugs	164	(1)
Federal Regulations	165	(7)
General	165	(1)
The FTC's Five Core Principles of Privacy Protection	166	(1)
The Survey	166	(1)
Relationship Between Online Privacy Statement and Offline Data Collection Practices	167	(1)
FTC Enforcement	168	(1)
GeoCities	168	(1)
DoubleClick	168	(1)
Toysmart	169	(1)
Microsoft	169	(1)
The FTC's Position Regarding the Enactment of New Privacy Laws	170	(1)
Proposed Federal Legislation	170	(1)
Consumer Privacy Protection Act of 2002	171	(1)
Online Personal Privacy Act	171	(1)
Who Is E-mailing Our Kids Act	171	(1)
Consumer Online Privacy and Disclosure Act	171	(1)
Online Privacy Protection Act of 2001	172	(1)
Consumer Internet Privacy Enhancement Act	172	(1)
Federal Agency Protection of Privacy Act	172	(1)
Constitutionality of Privacy Laws	172	(1)
Protection of Children's Personal Information	173	(4)
Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998	173	(2)
Nonprofits and COPPA	175	(1)
COPPA Safe Harbor	175	(1)
Five-Year Review	175	(1)
The Cost of Compliance	175	(1)
Prosecution Under COPPA	176	(1)
Prosecution Beyond COPPA	177	(1)
Privacy of Medical Information	177	(1)
Privacy in the Financial Services Industry	178	(2)
The Electronic Communications Privacy Act and Computer Fraud and Abuse Act	180	(4)
Suits under the ECPA and CFAA	181	(3)
State Laws and Proposals	184	(2)
Industry Self-Regulation	186	(2)
The FTC's Support for Self-Regulation	186	(1)
Other Self-Regulation Efforts	187	(1)
Self-Protection	188	(1)
USA Patriot Act	189	(2)
International Response to Privacy Concerns---The EU Directive	191	(4)
Safe Harbor	191	(2)
Sanctions	193	(2)
Electronic Contracts	195	(12)
Electronic Contract Basics	195	(1)
Web Site Disclaimers and User Agreements	196	(1)
Types of Disclaimers	196	(1)
Responsibility Statements	196	(1)
Liability Statements	196	(1)
Terms Relating to User-Supplied Content	196	(1)
Visitor Agreements	196	(1)
Reservation of Rights	196	(1)
Intellectual Property Statements	197	(1)
Enforceability of Electronic Contracts	197	(6)
``Effective Notice'': Was User Aware of Contract?	197	(1)
General Enforceability of Contract Upheld	198	(2)
General Enforceability of Contract Denied	200	(1)
Enforceability of Particular Provisions: Forum Selection and Arbitration Clauses	201	(2)
Electronic and Digital Signatures	203	(4)
General	203	(1)
Definitions	203	(1)
Legislative Efforts	204	(1)
State Legislation	204	(1)
Federal Legislation	204	(1)
International Efforts	205	(1)
Case Law Developments: E-Sign and E-Signatures	205	(2)
Unsolicited Commercial E-Mail or Spam	207	(16)
General	207	(1)
Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991	207	(1)
State Law	208	(2)
Constitutionality and Application of State Spam Laws	210	(2)
Chart of State Statutes	212	(4)
Pending Federal Legislation	216	(1)
CAN SPAM Act of 2001	216	(1)
Anti-Spamming Act of 2001	216	(1)
Wireless Telephone Spam Protection Act	216	(1)
Unsolicited Commercial Electronic Mail Act of 2001	216	(1)
Unsolicited Commercial Electronic Mail Act of 2001	217	(1)
FTC Enforcement Efforts	217	(1)
Self-Regulation	218	(1)
Litigation	219	(3)
International Spam Laws	222	(1)
Personal Jurisdiction	223	(48)
Personal Jurisdiction Basics	223	(1)
Specific Jurisdiction	223	(1)
General Jurisdiction	224	(1)
Personal Jurisdiction and the Internet	224	(38)
Totality of the Contacts	225	(1)
Cases in Which the Totality of the Contacts Was Such That Exercise of Jurisdiction Was Found to Be Proper	225	(2)
Cases in Which the Totality of the Contacts Was Such That Exercise of Jurisdiction Was Found Not to Be Proper	227	(4)
Nature of the Web Site (the Zippo Test)	231	(2)
Cases in Which the Nature of the Web Site Was Such That Exercise of Jurisdiction Was Found to Be Proper	233	(4)
Cases in Which the Nature of the Web Site Was Such That Exercise of Jurisdiction Was Found Not to Be Proper	237	(8)
Effects Test	245	(1)
Cases in Which the ``Effects Test'' Was Applied and Assertion of Jurisdiction Was Found to Be Proper	246	(6)
Cases in Which the ``Effects Test'' Was Applied and Assertion of Jurisdiction Was Found Not to Be Proper	252	(8)
Keeton Test	260	(2)
Lawsuits Brought in Foreign Jurisdictions	262	(2)
Limiting Recourse to Foreign Courts	264	(7)
Jurisdiction and Service of Process	264	(1)
United Kingdom	264	(1)
Canada	265	(1)
Forum Non Conveniens	265	(1)
The United Kingdom	266	(1)
Canada	267	(1)
International Choice of Law	267	(1)
Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments	268	(3)
Miscellaneous	271	(14)
Unauthorized Access to Web Sites	271	(3)
Application of Wiretapping Law	271	(1)
Application of Trespass Law	271	(3)
UCITA---A Commercial Code for Computer Information Transactions	274	(2)
General	274	(1)
Application of UCITA: Examples	274	(1)
Recent Developments	275	(1)
Status of UCITA in State Legislatures	276	(1)
Internet Taxation	276	(4)
Internet Tax Moratorium	277	(1)
State Laws Enacted During Tax Moratorium to Protect Sales Tax Interest	277	(2)
Nexus for State Tax Purposes	279	(1)
Proposed Federal Legislation	279	(1)
State Internet Taxation Decisions	279	(1)
International Taxation Efforts	280	(1)
The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA)	280	(5)
Places of Public Accommodation	280	(1)
Web Sites as Places of Public Accommodation	281	(2)
Self-Regulation Initiatives	283	(2)
Index	285