Leadership in Leisure Services : Making a Difference

by Jordan, Debra J.

Edition:

2nd

ISBN13:

9781892132215

ISBN10:

1892132214

Format:

Hardcover

Pub. Date:

5/1/2001

Publisher(s):

Venture Pub

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Summary

Leadership is a personal journey upon which one consciously embarks, and it is the crux of successful parks, recreation, and leisure services agencies, organizations, and programs. This edition of Leadership in Leisure Services: Making a Difference continues to guide and encourage students and professionals to further develop the vital leadership skills needed in today's leisure services settings.

This text is divided into three sections. Section I, The Foundation: Developing the Underlying Construct, provides information which serves as a framework for understanding leadership, and offers background material -- the bedrock upon which other elements of leadership are built.

Section II, Working with People: The Essential Skills of Leadership, provides the developing leader with information about the interpersonal side of leadership. It is here where the reader will begin to consider issues surrounding communication, motivation, behavior management, and group dynamics -- all of which impact successful leadership.

Section III, Synergy: Pulling It All Togethe

Preface

xiii

Section I The Foundation: Developing the Underlying Construct

(70)

Understanding Leadership

(22)

Definitions

(4)

Leisure and Recreation

Defining Leadership

Followership

Leader Competencies/Skills

(2)

Conceptual Skills

Interpersonal Skills

Technical Skills

Impact of Gender, Ethnicity, and Age

(1)

Leader Traits and Qualities

(2)

Self-Awareness and Identity

Integrity

Creativity

Positive Mental Attitude

High Expectations

Responsibility

Courage

Focus and Commitment

Other Leader Qualities

Values

(2)

An ``Other'' Orientation

A Desire to Create Trustful Relationships

Self-Actualization

Self-Esteem

An Achievement Orientation

Layers of Leadership

(1)

Administrative Leadership

Supervisory Leadership

Direct Leadership

How Are Leaders Identified?

(2)

Appointment

Election

Emergence

Charisma

The Halo Effect

Power

(2)

Coercive

Connections/Networking

Empowerment

Expert Power

Helplessness

Informational

Legitimate

Referent (Charisma)

Reward

Social Status

Summary

(1)

Beginning the Journey

(1)

References

(4)

Leadership Theories and Styles

(22)

Early Theories

(3)

Great Man

Trait Theories

Attribution Theory

Behavioral Theories

The Influence of Stereotypes

Leadership Styles

(2)

Autocratic

Democratic

Laissez-faire

Tannenbaum and Schmidt Continuum of Leader Behavior

Later Theories

(4)

Situational Theories

Contingency Theory

Leadership Factors

Managerial Grid

Likert System of Management

Comprehensive View of Leadership

Contemporary Views of Leadership

(5)

Transactional Leadership

Transformational Leadership

Servant Leadership

Leadership and Culture

(1)

Collectivist Cultural Perspective

Individualist Cultural Perspective

Choosing the Appropriate Leadership Style

(1)

Summary

(1)

Beginning the Journey

(1)

References

(3)

Leadership and Human Development

(24)

Theories of Human Development

(3)

Child Development According to Piaget

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Morality Based on an Ethic of Care

Gender and Development

(1)

Life Stages and Age Groups

(16)

Childhood

Middle Childhood (5 to 7 years)

Older Childhood (8 to 11 years)

Adolescence

Early Adolescence (12 to 14 years)

Adolescence (15 to 17 years)

Adulthood

Young Adulthood (18 to 25 years)

Middle Adulthood (26 to 40 years)

Older Adulthood (41 to 60 years)

Seniors (61-74 years)

Elderly (75+ years)

Summary

(1)

Beginning the Journey

(1)

References

(1)

Section II Working with People: Essential Skills of Leadership

(122)

Group Dynamics: The Essence of Leadership

(28)

Definitions

(2)

Groups: The Good and the Bad

(1)

Why Do People Join Groups?

(1)

Elements of Groups or Group Structure

(6)

Shared Goals

Membership

Cohesion---Social and Task

Participation

Influence

Norms

Atmosphere

Leadership

Task Functions

Maintenance Functions

Decision Making

Judgment

Conflict

Behavior Styles

(3)

Director

Socializer

Relater

Thinker

Labeling Without Labels

(1)

Group Development

(3)

Getting to Know One Another

Relationship Building

Opposition and Conflict

Unity

Productivity

Dissolution

Strong and Effective Groups

(2)

Barriers to Effective Groups

Group Roles

(2)

Positive Group Roles

Negative Group Roles

Team Building

(3)

Take Care of Yourself

Take Care of Each Other

Take Care of Facilities, Equipment, and Supplies

Have Balance in Your Life

Give the Other Person the Benefit of the Doubt

Bring Your Best to Each Situation

Put the Other Person First

Think ``We'' and Support Other Team Members

Meld Your Goals with the Team Goals

Appreciate the Strengths, Diversity, and Limitations of Each Person Brings to the Team

Summary

(1)

Beginning the Journey

(2)

References

(3)

Communication Skills for Leaders

101

(22)

Models and Definitions

102

(2)

Sender

Message

Channel

Receiver

Feedback

Noise

Functions of Communication

104

(1)

Persuasion/Influence

Information Sharing

Social/Expressive

Command/Instruct

Conflict Resolution

Effective Communication

105

(1)

Increasing Communication Effectiveness

106

(3)

Speak and Write at the Audience Level

Communicate to Share Ideas

Consider Both Fact and Feeling Aspects of Communication

Intent vs. Interpretation

Miscommunication

Barriers to Communication

Verbal Language

109

(3)

Listening

Attending Skills

Following Skills

Reflecting Skills

Factors Influencing the Ability to Listen Effectively

Intercultural Communication

112

(4)

Ethnic Variations in Verbal Communication

Racism in Verbal Communication

Gender Variations in Verbal Communication

Sexism in Communication

Facilitation and Processing

116

(3)

Summary

119

(1)

Beginning the Journey

119

(2)

References

121

(2)

Nonverbal Communication

123

(20)

Functions of Nonverbal Communication

124

(3)

Impression Management

Sign of Membership

Regulate Communication

Providing Feedback

Repeat or Emphasize Verbal Message

Substitute for Words

To Express Social Relationships

Body Language

127

(6)

Proximity

Touch

Eye Contact

Facial Expressions

Gestures

Posture

Physical Appearance

Chronemics

Paraverbal Language

133

(2)

Pitch

Rate

Volume

Inflection

Accents

Silences and Pauses

Miscellaneous Sounds

Symbolic Language

135

(1)

Written Language

135

(3)

Electronic Communication (e-mail and Listservs)

Summary

138

(1)

Beginning the Journey

138

(2)

References

140

(3)

Managing Difficulties

143

(20)

What are Conflict Resolution and Difficulty Management?

144

(1)

The Struggle Spectrum

144

(2)

Escalation

De-escalation

Reasons and Sources of Conflict

146

(1)

Distribution of Resources

Individual Psychological Needs

Value Differences

Factors that Influence Conflict Intensity

147

(1)

Approaches to Conflict

147

(3)

Avoidance

Accommodation

Competition

Compromise

Collaboration

Intercultural Conflicts

Effective Conflict Management for Leisure Services Leaders

150

(4)

Guidelines for Constructive Management of Difficulties

Seven-Phase Model of Managing Difficulties

Assertiveness in Managing Difficulties

154

(1)

Aggressiveness

Passive Behaviors

Manipulative Behaviors

Assertive Behavior

Emotions and Managing Difficulties

155

(1)

Mediation and Leadership Responsibilities

156

(1)

The Mediation Process

157

(2)

Step 1---Set the Tone

Step 2---Define and Discuss the Conflict

Step 3---Summarize Progress

Step 4---Explore Alternative Solutions

Step 5---Set a Time for Follow-up

Summary

159

(1)

Beginning the Journey

159

(2)

References

161

(2)

Managing and Motivating Participant Behaviors

163

(30)

Definitions

164

(1)

Behavior Management

Discipline

Behavior Modification

Power and Behavior Management

165

(1)

Approaches to Behavior Management

165

(3)

Preventative Management

Moral Education

Affective and Communication Models

Behavior Modification

Assertive Discipline

Reality Therapy

Social Skills Training

Behavioral and Family Therapy

Purposes of Behavior Management

168

(1)

Why Behavior Management Is Needed

Factors Affecting Behavior Management

169

(2)

Developmental Ability

Age

Health

Gender

Cultural Background

Why People Act Out

171

(1)

Principles of Behavior Management

172

(3)

Make It an Agency Process

Assess Self-Awareness

Be Proactive

Be Prepared

Offer Corrective Feedback

Handle Situations Immediately

Avoid Neglecting the Entire Group

Focus on the Behavior, Not the Person

Protect and Maintain the Dignity of the Participant

Help and Nurture the Target of Misbehaviors

Be Consistent and Fair

Target Underlying Causes of Undesired Behaviors

Avoid a Power Struggle

Behavior Management Techniques

175

(9)

Unobtrusive or Preventative Techniques

Discernible Techniques

Obtrusive Techniques

Ineffective Behavior Management Techniques

184

(1)

Selecting Appropriate Techniques

184

(1)

Motivation

185

(4)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

McClelland's View of Motivation

Flow

Facilitating Motivation

Summary

189

(1)

Beginning the Journey

189

(2)

References

191

(2)

Section III Synergy in Leadership: Pulling It All Together

193

(122)

Diversity and Leisure Services Leadership

195

(24)

Understanding the Basics

196

(1)

Approaches to Dealing with Diversity

197

(1)

Changes in Diversity Issues

198

(1)

Dimensions of Diversity

199

(3)

Core (Primary) Dimensions

Secondary Dimensions

Diversity and Privilege

202

(2)

Knowing About Differences

204

(1)

What Leaders Can Do

204

(9)

Considering Age

Considering Ethnicity

Considering Physical/Cognitive Abilities and Qualities

Considering Sexual Orientation

Considering Sex/Gender

Becoming a Pluralistic Leader

Summary

213

(1)

Beginning the Journey

214

(1)

References

215

(4)

Values and Ethics in Leisure Services Leadership

219

(18)

The Role of Values and Ethics in Leisure Leadership

220

(2)

Ethics as Guides

Foundational Values

222

(5)

Perceptions of Ethics

Promoting Positive Social Values

Ethical Decision Making

Decision-Making Process

Questions for Pause

Ethic of Rights and Justice, or Ethic of Care?

227

(3)

Leader Traits and Ethics

Principled Leadership

Professionalism and Leadership

230

(1)

Case Studies

231

(2)

No Form, No Trip

Wiped Out?

Just Toughening `Em Up

The Old Folks

What Are Friends For?

Summary

233

(1)

Beginning the Journey

234

(1)

References

235

(2)

Risk Management in Direct Leadership

237

(22)

Criminal Law and Tort Law

238

(3)

Negligence

Duty

Act/Standard of Care

Proximate Cause

Injury/Damage

Types of Supervision

241

(2)

General Supervision

Transitional Supervision

Specific Supervision

Leaders as Supervisors

243

(3)

Competency

Supervisor Location

Supervisor Functions

Conduct of the Activity

246

(3)

Knowledge of Participants

Knowledge of the Activity

Knowledge of the Environment

Facilities and Environment

249

(1)

The Use of Forms in Risk Management

250

(4)

Types of Forms

Summary

254

(1)

Beginning the Journey

255

(1)

References

256

(3)

Direct Leadership Techniques

259

(32)

Leadership Preparation---Phase I

260

(11)

Group Composition

Risk Management Considerations

Goals and Objectives

Setting the Tone

Priming the Group---Phase II

271

(4)

Getting a Group's Attention

Dividing Groups

Learning Names

Delivery---Phase III

275

(11)

Introducing an Activity

Giving Directions

Leading Songs

Transitions

Concluding a Leadership Session

Conducting Meetings

Virtual Meetings

Summary

286

(1)

Beginning the Journey

287

(1)

References

288

(3)

Selected Social and Professional Issues Affecting Leisure Services Leaders

291

(24)

Social Issues

292

(7)

Child Abuse

Characteristics of Maltreating Adults

Reporting Suspected Abuse

Leader Caveats

Universal Precautions and Blood-Borne Pathogens

299

(1)

Professional Issues

300

(11)

Professional Certifications

Specialty Certifications

American Red Cross Community First-Aid and Safety Education

Aquatics Certifications

Outdoor-Related Certifications

Professional Associations

Summary

311

(1)

Beginning the Journey

312

(1)

References

313

(2)

Index

315

Leadership in Leisure Services : Making a Difference

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Table of Contents