A Legal Guide for Student Affairs Professionals: Adapted from The Law of Higher Education, 3rd Edition

by William A. Kaplin; Barbara A. Lee

• ISBN13: 9780787908621
• ISBN10: 0787908622
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-05-01
• Publisher: Jossey-Bass

Summary

The legal reference for student affairs professionals written by the experts in higher education law. The Law of Higher Education-currently in its third edition-is the bestselling reference, research source, and practical guide for college administrators, legal counsel, and researchers.Drawing directly from and building on their acclaimed work, the authors of The Law of Higher Education have now created a comprehensive resource for student affairs professionals. Legal Guide for Student Affairs Professionals provides access to the laws that undergrid and regulate student programs, services, and activities. It offers a fully indexed and cross-referenced guide to the state and federal laws that bear on student conduct, students' relationships with institutions, institutional obligations toward students, and student and institutional liability relating to on- and off-campus events activities. The book's content reflects the vast scope of student services-all campus activity that takes place outside the classroom and curriculum-and includes up-to-date information about laws that regulate the status of students, financial aid, student housing, student organizations, disciplinary and grievance systems, student voting in the community and much more.

Author Biography

WILLIAM A. KAPLIN is professor in the Columbus School of Law at the Catholic University of America where he is also special counsel to the university general counsel. BARBARA A. LEE is professor of human resource management at the School of Management and Labor Relations, Rutgers University.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xix	(6)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	xxv	(2)
THE AUTHORS	xxvii
CHAPTER ONE OVERVIEW OF POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION LAW	1	(66)
1.1 How Far Does the Law Reach and How Loud Does It Speak?	1	(4)
1.2 Evolution of the Law Relating to Postsecondary Education	5	(8)
1.3 Sources of Postsecondary Education Law	13	(9)
1.3.1 External Sources of Law	14	(3)
1.3.1.1 Federal and state constitutions	14	(1)
1.3.1.2 Statutes	14	(1)
1.3.1.3 Administrative rules and regulations	15	(1)
1.3.1.4 State common law	16	(1)
1.3.1.5 Foreign and international law	17	(1)
1.3.2 Internal Sources of Law	17	(3)
1.3.2.1 Institutional rules and regulations	17	(1)
1.3.2.2 Institutional contracts	17	(1)
1.3.2.3 Academic custom and usage	18	(2)
1.3.3 The Role of Case Law	20	(2)
1.4 Litigation in the Courts	22	(15)
1.4.1 The Challenge of Litigation	22	(2)
1.4.2 Access to Court	24	(2)
1.4.3 Pretrial and Trial Issues	26	(7)
1.4.3.1 Pretrial discovery	26	(1)
1.4.3.2 Issues regarding evidence	27	(3)
1.4.3.3 Standards of judicial review and burdens of proof	30	(3)
1.4.4 Judicial Remedies	33	(3)
1.4.4.1 Money damages	34	(1)
1.4.4.2 Injunctions	34	(2)
1.4.5 Managing Litigation and the Threat of Litigation	36	(1)
1.5 The Public-Private Dichotomy	37	(12)
1.5.1 Background	37	(2)
1.5.2 The State Action Doctrine	39	(8)
1.5.3 Other Bases for Legal Rights in Private Institutions	47	(2)
1.6 Religion and the Public-Private Dichotomy	49	(6)
1.7 Organizing the Postsecondary Institution's Legal Affairs	55	(4)
1.7.1 Organizational Arrangements	55	(1)
1.7.2 Treatment Law and Preventive Law	56	(3)
Selected Annotated Bibliography	59	(8)
CHAPTER TWO THE COLLEGE AND TRUSTEES, ADMINISTRATORS, AND STAFF	67	(70)
2.1 The Question of Authority	67	(4)
2.2 Sources and Scope of Authority	71	(17)
2.2.1 Officers and Administrators	71	(4)
2.2.2 The College's Staff	75	(6)
2.2.3 Campus Organizations	81	(1)
2.2.4 Captive and Affiliated Organizations	82	(6)
2.3 Institutional Liability for Acts of Others	88	(29)
2.3.1 Institutional Tort Liability	88	(17)
2.3.1.1 Negligence	93	(4)
2.3.1.2 Alcohol consumption and negligence	97	(4)
2.3.1.3 Defamation	101	(2)
2.3.1.4 Other sources of tort liability	103	(2)
2.3.2 Institutional Contract Liability	105	(3)
2.3.3 Institutional Liabilities for Violations of Federal Constitutional Rights	108	(9)
2.4 Personal Liability of Trustees, Administrators, and Staff	117	(11)
2.4.1 Personal Tort Liability	117	(5)
2.4.2 Personal Contract Liability	122	(1)
2.4.3 Personal Liability for Violations of Federal Constitutional Rights	123	(5)
2.5 Institutional Management of Liability Risk	128	(4)
2.5.1 Risk Avoidance and Risk Control	128	(1)
2.5.2 Risk Transfer	129	(2)
2.5.2.1 Insurance	129	(1)
2.5.2.2 Hold-harmless and indemnification agreements	130	(1)
2.5.2.3 Releases and waivers	131	(1)
2.5.3 Risk Retention	131	(1)
Selected Annotated Bibliography	132	(5)
CHAPTER THREE THE LEGAL STATUS OF STUDENTS	137	(14)
3.1 Overview	137	(2)
3.1.1 The Evolutionary Process	137	(1)
3.1.2 The Age of Majority	138	(1)
3.2 The Contractual Rights of Students	139	(5)
3.3 Student Files and Records	144	(5)
3.3.1 The Buckley Amendment	144	(3)
3.3.2 State Law	147	(1)
3.3.3 The Federal Privacy Act	148	(1)
Selected Annotated Bibliography	149	(2)
CHAPTER FOUR ADMISSIONS AND FINANCIAL AID	151	(94)
4.1 Admissions	151	(56)
4.1.1 Basic Legal Requirements	151	(1)
4.1.2 Arbitrariness	152	(3)
4.1.3 The Contract Theory	155	(2)
4.1.4 The Principle of Nondiscrimination	157	(23)
4.1.4.1 Race	158	(3)
4.1.4.2 Sex	161	(7)
4.1.4.3 Disability	168	(10)
4.1.4.4 Age	178	(2)
4.1.5 Affirmative Action Programs	180	(24)
4.1.6 Readmission	204	(3)
4.2 Financial Aid	207	(35)
4.2.1 General Principles	207	(4)
4.2.2 Federal Programs	211	(4)
4.2.3 Nondiscrimination	215	(4)
4.2.4 Minority Scholarships	219	(4)
4.2.5 Discrimination Against Nonresidents	223	(2)
4.2.6 Discrimination Against Aliens	225	(6)
4.2.7 Collection of Student Debts	231	(11)
4.2.7.1 Federal bankruptcy law	231	(4)
4.2.7.2 Withholding certified transcripts	235	(2)
4.2.7.3 Debt collection requirements in federal student loan programs	237	(5)
Selected Annotated Bibliography	242	(3)
CHAPTER FIVE THE CAMPUS COMMUNITY	245	(36)
5.1 Student Housing	245	(9)
5.1.1 Housing Regulations	245	(5)
5.1.2 Searches and Seizures	250	(4)
5.2 Campus Security	254	(12)
5.2.1 Security Officers	254	(4)
5.2.2 Protection Against Violent Crime on Campus	258	(6)
5.2.3 Federal and State Statutes on Campus Security	264	(2)
5.3 Support Services	266	(6)
5.3.1 Auxiliary Aids for Disabled Students	266	(2)
5.3.2 Child-Care Services	268	(1)
5.3.3 Birth Control Services	269	(2)
5.3.4 Student Legal Services	271	(1)
5.4 Auxiliary Enterprises and Activities	272	(7)
5.4.1 The Growth of Campus Auxiliary Operations	272	(1)
5.4.2 The Contract Law Basis for Auxiliary Operations	273	(2)
5.4.3 State Noncompetition Statutes	275	(3)
5.4.4 Administering Auxiliary Enterprises	278	(1)
Selected Annotated Bibliography	279	(2)
CHAPTER SIX ACADEMIC POLICIES AND CONCERNS	281	(44)
6.1 Grades, Credits, and Degrees	281	(13)
6.1.1 Awarding of Grades and Degrees	281	(10)
6.1.2 Degree Revocation	291	(3)
6.2 Sexual Harassment by Faculty	294	(7)
6.3 Students with Disabilities	301	(2)
6.4 Student Academic Freedom	303	(19)
6.4.1 General Concepts and Principles	303	(4)
6.4.2 Academic Freedom in the Classroom	307	(11)
6.4.3 Academic Freedom in Research and Publication	318	(4)
Selected Annotated Bibliography	322	(3)
CHAPTER SEVEN THE DISCIPLINARY PROCESS	325	(34)
7.1 Disciplinary and Grievance Systems	325	(8)
7.1.1 Establishment of Systems	325	(3)
7.1.2 Codes of Student Conduct	328	(2)
7.1.3 Judicial Systems	330	(3)
7.2 Disciplinary Rules and Regulations	333	(4)
7.2.1 Public Institutions	333	(3)
7.2.2 Private Institutions	336	(1)
7.2.3 Disciplining Students with Psychiatric Illnesses	336	(1)
7.3 Procedures for Suspension, Dismissal, and Other Sanctions	337	(19)
7.3.1 General Principles	337	(1)
7.3.2 Public Institutions: Disciplinary Sanctions	338	(8)
7.3.2.1 Notice	342	(1)
7.3.2.2 Hearing	342	(4)
7.3.3 Public Institutions: Academic Sanctions	346	(7)
7.3.4 Private Institutions	353	(3)
Selected Annotated Bibliography	356	(3)
CHAPTER EIGHT STUDENTS' FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION	359	(38)
8.1 Student Protest and Demonstrations	359	(10)
8.1.1 General Principles	359	(2)
8.1.2 Regulation of Student Protest	361	(6)
8.1.3 Prior Approval of Protest Activities	367	(1)
8.1.4 Court Injunctions and Criminal Prosecutions	368	(1)
8.2 Student Press	369	(14)
8.2.1 General Perspectives	369	(1)
8.2.2 Mandatory Student Fee Allocations for Student Publications	370	(3)
8.2.3 Permissible Scope of Regulation	373	(3)
8.2.4 Obscenity	376	(1)
8.2.5 Libel	377	(6)
8.2.6 Obscenity and Libel in Private Institutions	383	(1)
8.3 The Special Problem of Hate Speech	383	(9)
8.4 Free Speech on Campus Computer Networks	392	(2)
Selected Annotated Bibliography	394	(3)
CHAPTER NINE STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS	397	(31)
9.1 Student Organizations	397	(22)
9.1.1 Right to Organize	397	(5)
9.1.2 Right Not to Organize	402	(3)
9.1.3 Principle of Nondiscrimination	405	(3)
9.1.4 Religious Activities 9.1.4 Religious Activities	408	(11)
9.2 Fraternities and Sororities	419	(8)
9.2.1 Institutional Recognition and Regulation of Fraternal Organizations	420	(4)
9.2.2 Institutional Liability for the Acts of Fraternal Organizations	424	(3)
Selected Annotated Bibliography	427	(1)
CHAPTER TEN INTRAMURAL, CLUB, AND INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS	428	(41)
10.1 Applicable Law	428	(4)
10.1.1 General Principles	428	(1)
10.1.2 Due Process: Disciplining Athletes	429	(1)
10.1.3 First Amendment: Protests by Athletes	430	(1)
10.1.4 State and Federal Statutes	431	(1)
10.2 Athletic Scholarships	432	(5)
10.3 Sex Discrimination	437	(7)
10.4 Discrimination on the Basis of Disability	444	(2)
10.5 Drug Testing	446	(6)
10.6 Tort Liability for Athletic Injuries	452	(3)
10.7 Athletic Associations and Conferences	455	(10)
10.7.1 Federal Constitutional Constraints	455	(4)
10.7.2 State Statutes Regulating Athletic Associations' Enforcement Activities	459	(1)
10.7.3 Antitrust Laws	460	(3)
10.7.4 Common Law Principles	463	(2)
Selected Annotated Bibliography	465	(4)
CHAPTER ELEVEN THE COLLEGE AND LOCAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS	469	(38)
11.1 General Principles	469	(1)
11.2 Zoning Off-Campus Housing	470	(3)
11.3 Student Voting: On-Campus Canvassing and Registration	473	(1)
11.4 Relations with Local Police	474	(5)
11.5 Community Access to Institutional Property	479	(22)
11.5.1 Public Versus Private Institutions	479	(1)
11.5.2 Speaker Bans	480	(3)
11.5.3 Trespass Statutes and Ordinances	483	(9)
11.5.4 Soliciting and Canvassing	492	(9)
11.5.4.1 Commercial solicitation	493	(5)
11.5.4.2 Noncommercial canvassing	498	(3)
11.6 State Open-Meetings and Open-Records Laws	501	(4)
11.6.1 Open Meetings and Public Disclosure	501	(2)
11.6.2 Open-Records Laws	503	(2)
Selected Annotated Bibliography	505	(2)
CHAPTER TWELVE THE COLLEGE AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT	507	(88)
12.1 Federal Regulation of Postsecondary Education	507	(26)
12.1.1 Overview	507	(1)
12.1.2 Fair Labor Standards Act	508	(2)
12.1.3 Employment Discrimination Laws	510	(2)
12.1.4 Immigration Laws	512	(7)
12.1.5 Copyright Laws	519	(8)
12.1.5.1 Overview	519	(1)
12.1.5.2 The fair use doctrine	520	(3)
12.1.5.3 Use of unpublished material	523	(1)
12.1.5.4 Other forms of copyright protection	524	(1)
12.1.5.5 The "work made for hire" doctrine	525	(1)
12.1.5.6 Copyright and standardized tests	526	(1)
12.1.6 Americans with Disabilities Act	527	(1)
12.1.7 Regulation of Computer Network Communications	528	(5)
12.2 Federal Taxation of Postsecondary Education	533	(2)
12.2.1 Taxation of Student Financial Assistance	533	(1)
12.2.2 Coverage of Student Employees Under Social Security	534	(1)
12.3 Federal Aid-to-Education Programs	535	(9)
12.3.1 Overview	535	(2)
12.3.2 Legal Structure of Aid Programs	537	(2)
12.3.3 "Cross-Cutting" Aid Conditions	539	(3)
12.3.3.1 Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988	539	(2)
12.3.3.2 Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act Amendments	541	(1)
12.3.3.3 Student Right-to-Know Act	542	(1)
12.3.4 Enforcing Compliance with Aid Conditions	542	(2)
12.4 Civil Rights Compliance	544	(45)
12.4.1 General Considerations	544	(1)
12.4.2 Title VI	545	(14)
12.4.3 Title IX	559	(7)
12.4.4 Section 504	566	(5)
12.4.5 Age Discrimination Act	571	(1)
12.4.6 Affirmative Action	572	(2)
12.4.7 Scope and Coverage Problems	574	(7)
12.4.7.1 Coverage of employment discrimination	575	(1)
12.4.7.2 Coverage of unintentional discriminatory acts	576	(2)
12.4.7.3 Scope of the phrase "receiving federal financial assistance"	578	(1)
12.4.7.4 Scope of the phrase "program or activity"	579	(2)
12.4.8 Administrative Enforcement	581	(4)
12.4.9 Other Enforcement Remedies	585	(4)
12.5 Dealing with the Federal Government	589	(6)
12.5.1 Handling Federal Rule Making and Regulations	589	(4)
12.5.2 Obtaining Information	593	(2)
Selected Annotated Bibliography	595	(8)
STATUTE INDEX	603	(4)
CASE INDEX	607	(16)
SUBJECT INDEX	623