Leisure Enhancement, Third Edition

by Leitner, Michael J.

• ISBN13: 9780789015341
• ISBN10: 078901534X
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-01-14
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

Leisure Enhancement, Third Edition provides a basic understanding of leisure theory, concepts, and philosophy, and illustrates how they can be applied to effectively enhance social development, improve fitness and health, and reduce stress. This thoroughly updated text provides new information and the latest statistics on the interrelationship between fitness and leisure, and on leisure and recreation in the United States and in other countries around the world. The accompanying instructor's guide provides exams, discussion questions, and activity ideas.

Author Biography

Sara F. Leitner is an instructor in special education and adapted physical education at Butte College in Oroville, California. Michael J. Leitner is a professor in the Department of Recreation and Parks Management at California State University in Chico, California.

Table of Contents

About the Authors	xiii
Contributors	xv
Preface	xvii
Acknowledgments	xix
PART I: INTRODUCTION TO RECREATION AND LEISURE
Concepts of Leisure	3	(18)
Introduction	3	(1)
Leisure As a Category of Time	3	(3)
Neulinger's Paradigm of Leisure	6	(4)
Contrasting Views of Leisure	10	(6)
Recreation	16	(3)
Summary	19	(2)
Leisure Education: Vital to the Well-Being of Society	21	(24)
Introduction	21	(1)
What Is Leisure Education?	21	(4)
Prominence of Leisure in Society	25	(2)
Leisure: Continued Growth, Decline, or Stabilization?	27	(8)
The Relationship Between Leisure and Mental Health	35	(2)
Leisure-Related Problems	37	(3)
Leisure Counseling	40	(1)
Summary	41	(4)
Historical Influences on Leisure Today	45	(14)
Introduction	45	(1)
Purposes and Benefits of Studying Leisure History	46	(1)
Primitive and Early Civilizations	47	(3)
The Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Protestant Reformation	50	(2)
The Industrial Revolution	52	(1)
The Recreation Movement in Twentieth-Century America	52	(3)
The Recreation Movement in the Twenty-First Century	55	(3)
Summary	58	(1)
Leisure and Recreation in the United States Today	59	(24)
Introduction	59	(1)
Free Time in the United States	60	(4)
Recreational Participation Patterns	64	(5)
Recreation Participation patterns of Racial and Ethnic Minorities	69	(3)
Leisure Participation Patterns of Women	72	(2)
Leisure in the U.S. Economy	74	(1)
The Leisure Services Field	75	(4)
Summary	79	(4)
Why People Recreate: Theoretical Explanations	83	(34)
Introduction	83	(1)
Early Play Theories	84	(8)
Other Theories of Play and Recreation	92	(7)
Categorization/Models of Leisure Needs/Benefits/Satisfactions	99	(12)
Summary	111	(6)
PART II: APPLICATION OF THEORY TO ENHANCE LEISURE WELL-BEING
Leisure Planning and Time Management	117	(46)
Introduction	117	(1)
Benefits of Leisure Planning and Goal Setting	118	(5)
Time-Management Principles	123	(34)
Sleep Reduction	157	(4)
Summary	161	(2)
Fitness and Leisure	163	(48)
Amy Hornick
Michael Leitner
Introduction	163	(1)
The Fitness-Leisure Connection	164	(2)
Definition of Fitness	166	(1)
The Fitness Illusion	166	(2)
Physiological Benefits of Exercise	168	(1)
Psychological Benefits of Exercise	169	(2)
Beginning and Maintaining a Recreational Exercise Program	171	(9)
The Components of Health-Related Physical Fitness	180	(1)
The Total Workout for Aerobic Fitness	181	(3)
Measuring Intensity of Exercise	184	(4)
Examining the Aerobic Potential of Recreational Activities	188	(3)
Creating Fun, Highly Aerobic Recreational Activities	191	(5)
Nutrition and Fitness	196	(11)
Summary	207	(4)
The Role of Leisure in Stress Reduction	211	(30)
Introduction	211	(2)
Stress Theory and Concepts	213	(5)
Application of Stress Theory to Recreation	218	(6)
Type A/B Behavior and Leisure	224	(1)
How Leisure Can Help Overcome and Prevent Distress	225	(11)
Summary	236	(5)
The Use of Humor and Laughter in Coping with and Reducing Stress	241	(18)
Kelli Cliff McCrea
Introduction	241	(1)
Humor, Laughter, and Stress Defined	242	(1)
The Benefits of Humor and Laughter	243	(6)
Incorporating Humor into Everyday Life	249	(4)
Summary	253	(6)
Recreation and Social Development	259	(18)
Introduction	259	(1)
Importance of Recreational Social Interaction	260	(1)
Television, Movies, and Video Games and Their Effects on Social Development	261	(5)
Popular Music and Its Effects on Social Development	266	(2)
Facilitating Social Development Through Leisure and Enhancing Leisure Through Socialization	268	(5)
Socialization in Recreational Activities	273	(1)
Summary	274	(3)
Gambling and Recreational Drug Use: Analysis of Two Prevalent Leisure-Related Problems	277	(20)
Introduction	277	(1)
Gambling	278	(6)
Recreational Drug Use	284	(10)
Summary	294	(3)
Personal Leisure Philosophy	297	(24)
Introduction	297	(1)
The Role of Ethics in Defining Personal Leisure Philosophy	298	(3)
Overcoming Obstacles to Leisure Fulfillment	301	(4)
The Power of Positive Thinking	305	(5)
The Right Brain and Leisure	310	(3)
Self-Esteem	313	(1)
Visualizing and Reaching for the Ideal	314	(2)
Summary	316	(5)
PART III: EXPANDING LEISURE HORIZONS
Leisure Throughout the Life Cycle	321	(20)
Introduction	321	(1)
Leisure in Childhood	322	(7)
Leisure in Adolescence	329	(2)
Leisure in Adulthood	331	(2)
Leisure in Later Life	333	(3)
Significant Life Events/Milestones	336	(1)
Summary	336	(5)
Recreation for Special Populations: An Overview	341	(22)
Laura J. McLachlin
Tracy M. Claflin
Introduction	341	(1)
Special Populations Defined	342	(1)
People with Disabilities	343	(10)
The Value of Recreation for Special Populations	353	(3)
Therapeutic Recreation	356	(3)
The Americans with Disabilities Act	359	(1)
Summary	360	(3)
Recreation for Special Populations: A Wheelchair Athlete's Perspective	363	(8)
William Bowness
Outdoor Recreation and Natural Resource Lands	371	(28)
David E. Simcox
Introduction	371	(1)
Definitions	372	(3)
Leisure Implications	375	(1)
The Role of Outdoor Recreation in Daily Life	376	(7)
Management of Outdoor Recreation Landscapes	383	(9)
Protection, Stewardship, and Responsibility	392	(3)
Summary	395	(4)
Leisure in Selected Countries	399	(48)
Introduction	399	(2)
Global Comparisons	401	(1)
Western Europe Overview	402	(5)
Israel	407	(12)
Egypt	419	(3)
Saudi Arabia	422	(1)
India	423	(4)
Nepal	427	(3)
Thailand	430	(2)
Japan	432	(3)
Hong Kong	435	(3)
People's Republic of China (PRC)	438	(2)
Russia and the Former Soviet Union	440	(1)
Australia and New Zealand	441	(1)
Summary	442	(5)
Leisure in the Future	447	(12)
Introduction	447	(1)
Why Study the Future?	448	(1)
Factors Affecting Future Leisure	448	(3)
Leisure Innovations	451	(2)
Scenarios for Leisure in the Future	453	(3)
Exercise in Scenario Writing	456	(1)
Summary	456	(3)
Appendix. Categorization of Recreational Activities	459	(6)
Index	465