Liberty, Equality, Power A History of the American People, Volume II: Since 1863, Concise Edition (with InfoTrac and American Journey Online)

by Murrin, John M.; Johnson, Paul E.; McPherson, James M.; Gerstle, Gary; Rosenberg, Emily S.

• ISBN13: 9780534264642
• ISBN10: 0534264646
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-07-25
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

17. Reconstruction, 1863-1877. 18. Frontiers of Change, Politics of Stalemate, 1865-1890. 19. Economic Change and the Crisis of the 1890s. 20. An Industrial Society, 1890-1920. 21. Progressivism. 22. Becoming a World Power, 1898-1917. 23. War and Society, 1914-1920. 24. The 1920s. 25. The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1939. 26. America during the Second World War. 27. The Age of Containment, 1946-1954. 28. Affluence and Its Discontents, 1954-1963. 29. America during Its Longest War, 1963-1974. 30. Economic and Social Change in the Late 20th Century. 31. Power and Politics Since 1974.

Table of Contents

List of Maps and Film Features	xvii
To the Student	xix
Preface	xxi
17. Reconstruction, 1863-1877	449	(23)
Wartime Reconstruction	449	(2)
Radical Republicans and Reconstruction	451	(1)
Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction	451	(5)
Johnson's Policy	452	(1)
Southern Defiance	452	(1)
The Black Codes	453	(1)
Land and Labor in the Postwar South	453	(1)
The Freedmen's Bureau	454	(1)
Land for the Landless	454	(1)
Education	455	(1)
The Advent of Congressional Reconstruction	456	(2)
Schism Between President and Congress	456	(1)
The Fourteenth Amendment	457	(1)
The 1866 Elections	457	(1)
The Reconstruction Acts of 1867	458	(1)
The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson	458	(2)
The Completion of Formal Reconstruction	459	(1)
The Fifteenth Amendment	459	(1)
The Election of 1868	459	(1)
The Grant Administration	460	(5)
Civil Service Reform	461	(1)
Foreign Policy Issues	461	(1)
Reconstruction in the South	462	(1)
Blacks in Office	462	(1)
"Carpetbaggers"	463	(1)
"Scalawags"	463	(1)
The Ku Klux Klan	463	(1)
The Elections of 1872	464	(1)
The Panic of 1873	465	(1)
The Retreat from Reconstruction	465	(5)
The Mississippi Election of 1875	465	(2)
The Supreme Court and Reconstruction	467	(1)
The Election of 1876	467	(1)
Disputed Results	468	(1)
The Compromise of 1877	468	(2)
HISTORY THROUGH FILM: THE BIRTH OF A NATION	469	(1)
The End of Reconstruction	470	(1)
Conclusion	470	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	471	(1)
AMERICAN JOURNEY ONLINE AND INFOTRAC COLLEGE EDITION SEARCH TERMS	471	(1)
18 Frontiers of Change, Politics of Stalemate, 1865-1890	472	(17)
Agencies of Westward Expansion	472	(4)
The Mining Frontier	474	(1)
The Ranching Frontier	475	(1)
The Last Indian Frontier	476	(5)
Conflict with the Sioux	477	(1)
Suppression of Other Plains Indians	478	(1)
The "Peace Policy"	479	(1)
Mexican Americans	480	(1)
The New South	481	(2)
Southern Industry	481	(1)
Southern Agriculture	482	(1)
Race Relations in the New South	482	(1)
The Politics of Stalemate	483	(4)
Knife-Edge Electoral Balance	484	(1)
Civil Service Reform	484	(1)
The Tariff Issue	485	(4)
HISTORY THROUGH FILM: FORT APACHE	486	(1)
Conclusion	487	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	488	(1)
AMERICAN JOURNEY ONLINE AND INFOTRAC COLLEGE EDITION SEARCH TERMS	488	(1)
19 Economic Change and the Crisis of the 1890's	489	(18)
Economic Growth	489	(4)
Railroads	489	(2)
Technology	491	(1)
Wealth and Inequality	492	(1)
The Antitrust Movement	492	(1)
Labor Strife	493	(5)
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877	493	(1)
The Knights of Labor	494	(1)
Haymarket	495	(1)
Henry George	495	(1)
Edward Bellamy	496	(1)
The Homestead Strike	496	(1)
The Depression of 1893-1897	497	(1)
The Pullman Strike	497	(1)
Farmers' Movements	498	(3)
Credit and Money	499	(1)
The Greenback and Silver Movements	499	(1)
The Farmers' Alliance	500	(1)
The Rise and Fall of the People's Party	501	(4)
The Silver Issue	503	(1)
The Election of 1896	503	(5)
HISTORY THROUGH FILM: THE MOLLY MAGUIRES	504	(1)
Conclusion	505	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	506	(1)
AMERICAN JOURNEY ONLINE AND INFOTRAC COLLEGE EDITION SEARCH TERMS	506	(1)
20 An Industrial Society, 1890-1920	507	(27)
Sources of Economic Growth	508	(7)
Technology	508	(2)
Corporate Growth	510	(1)
Mass Production and Distribution	511	(1)
Corporate Consolidation	511	(1)
Revolution in Management	512	(1)
Scientific Management on the Factory Floor	512	(3)
"Robber Barons" No More	515	(1)
Obsession with Physical and Racial Fitness	516	(1)
Social Darwinism	516	(1)
Immigration	517	(5)
Causes of Immigration	519	(1)
Patterns of Immigration	519	(1)
Immigrant Labor	520	(1)
Living Conditions	521	(1)
Building Ethnic Communities	522	(2)
A Network of Institutions	522	(1)
The Emergence of an Ethnic Middle Class	522	(1)
Political Machines and Organized Crime	523	(1)
African American Labor and Community	524	(2)
Workers and Unions	526	(2)
Samuel F. Gompers and the AFL	526	(1)
"Big Bill" Haywood and the IWW	527	(1)
The Joys of the City	528	(1)
The New Sexuality and the New Woman	529	(3)
The Rise of Feminism	530	(6)
HISTORY THROUGH FILM: THE GREAT WHITE HOPE	531	(1)
Conclusion	532	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	533	(1)
AMERICAN JOURNEY ONLINE AND INFOTRAC COLLEGE EDITION SEARCH TERMS	533	(1)
21 Progressivism	534	(30)
Progressivism and the Protestant Spirit	536	(1)
Muckrakers, Magazines, and the Turn Toward "Realism"	536	(1)
Increased Newspaper and Magazine Circulation	536	(1)
The Turn Toward "Realism"	537	(1)
Settlement Houses and Women's Activism	537	(3)
Hull House	537	(2)
The Cultural Conservatism of Progressive Reformers	539	(1)
A Nation of Clubwomen	540	(1)
Socialism and Progressivism	540	(2)
The Several Faces of Socialism	540	(1)
Socialists and Progressives	541	(1)
Municipal Reform	542	(1)
The City Commission Plan	542	(1)
The City Manager Plan	543	(1)
The Costs of Reform	543	(1)
Political Reform in the States	543	(5)
Restoring Sovereignty to "The People"	543	(1)
Creating a Virtuous Electorate	544	(1)
The Australian Ballot	544	(1)
Personal Registration Laws	545	(1)
Disenfranchisement	545	(1)
Disillusionment with the Electorate	546	(1)
Woman Suffrage	547	(1)
Economic and Social Reform in the States	548	(1)
Robert La Follette and Wisconsin Progressivism	548	(1)
Progressive Reform in New York	549	(1)
A Renewed Campaign for Civil Rights	549	(2)
The Failure of Accommodationism	549	(1)
From the Niagara Movement to the NAACP	550	(1)
National Reform	551	(4)
The Roosevelt Presidency	551	(1)
Regulating the Trusts	552	(1)
Toward a "Square Deal"	553	(1)
Expanding Government Power: The Economy	553	(1)
Expanding Government Power: The Environment	553	(1)
Progressivism: A Movement for the People?	554	(1)
The Republicans: A Divided Party	555	(1)
The Taft Presidency	555	(1)
Taft's Battles with Congress	556	(1)
The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy	556	(1)
Roosevelt's Return	556	(1)
The Bull Moose Campaign	557	(1)
The Rise of Woodrow Wilson	557	(1)
The Election of 1912	558	(1)
The Wilson Presidency	559	(3)
Tariff Reform and a Progressive Income Tax	559	(1)
The Federal Reserve Act	559	(1)
From the New Freedom to the New Nationalism	560	(4)
HISTORY THROUGH FILM: WILSON	561	(1)
Conclusion	562	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	563	(1)
AMERICAN JOURNEY ONLINE AND INEOTRAC COLLEGE EDITION SEARCH TERMS	563	(1)
22 Becoming a World Power, 1898-1917	564	(25)
The United States Looks Abroad	564	(4)
Protestant Missionaries	565	(1)
Businessmen	565	(2)
Imperialists	567	(1)
The Spanish-American War	568	(4)
"A Splendid Little War"	569	(3)
The United States Becomes a World Power	572	(5)
The Debate over the Treaty of Paris	574	(1)
The American-Filipino War	574	(1)
Controlling Cuba and Puerto Rico	575	(1)
China and the "Open Door"	576	(1)
Theodore Roosevelt, Geopolitician	577	(6)
The Roosevelt Corollary	578	(1)
The Panama Canal	579	(2)
Keeping the Peace in East Asia	581	(2)
William Howard Taft, Dollar Diplomat	583	(2)
Woodrow Wilson, Struggling Idealist	585	(2)
HISTORY THROUGH FILM: TARTAN, THE APE MAN	586	(1)
Conclusion	587	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	588	(1)
AMERICAN JOURNEY ONLINE AND INFOTRAC COLLEGE EDITION SEARCH TERMS	588	(1)
23. War and Society, 1914-1920	589	(27)
Europe's Descent into War	589	(3)
American Neutrality	592	(3)
Submarine Warfare	592	(2)
The Peace Movement	594	(1)
Wilson's Vision: "Peace Without Victory"	594	(1)
German Escalation	594	(1)
American Intervention	595	(1)
Mobilizing for "Total War"	596	(8)
Organizing Industry	597	(1)
Organizing Civilian Labor	597	(3)
Organizing Military Labor	600	(1)
Paying the Bills	600	(1)
Arousing Patriotic Ardor	601	(1)
Wartime Repression	602	(2)
The Failure of International Peace	604	(5)
The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles	604	(2)
The League of Nations	606	(1)
Wilson versus Lodge: The Fight over Ratification	607	(1)
The Treaty's Final Defeat	608	(1)
The Postwar Period: A Society in Convulsion	609	(5)
Labor-Capital Conflict	609	(1)
Radicals and the Red Scare	610	(1)
Racial Conflict and the Rise of Black Nationalism	611	(6)
HISTORY THROUGH FILM: REDS	613	(1)
Conclusion	614	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	614	(1)
AMERICAN JOURNEY ONLINE AND COLLEGE EDITION SEARCH TERMS	615	(1)
24 The 1920's	616	(28)
Prosperity	617	(6)
A Consumer Society	618	(1)
A People's Capitalism	618	(1)
The Rise of Advertising and Mass Marketing	619	(1)
Changing Attitudes Toward Marriage and Sexuality	620	(1)
An Age of Celebrity	620	(1)
Celebrating a Business Civilization	621	(1)
Industrial Workers	622	(1)
Women and Work	623	(1)
The Politics of Business	623	(5)
Harding and the Politics of Personal Gain	624	(1)
Coolidge and the Politics of Laissez Faire	624	(1)
Hoover and the Politics of "Associationalism"	625	(1)
The Politics of Business Abroad	626	(2)
Farmers, Small-Town Protestants, and Moral Traditionalists	628	(6)
Agricultural Depression	628	(1)
Cultural Dislocation	628	(2)
Prohibition	630	(1)
The Ku Klux Klan	630	(1)
Immigrant Restriction	631	(2)
Fundamentalism	633	(1)
The Scopes Trial	633	(1)
Ethnic and Racial Communities	634	(6)
European Americans	635	(1)
African Americans	636	(2)
The Harlem Renaissance	638	(1)
Mexican Americas	638	(2)
The "Lost Generation" and Disillusioned Intellectuals	640	(2)
HISTORY THROUGH FILM: THE JAZZ SINGER	641	(1)
Democracy on the Defensive	642	(1)
Conclusion	642	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	643	(1)
AMERICAN JOURNEY ONLINE AND INFOTRAC EOLLEGE EDITION SEARCH TERMS	643	(1)
25 The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1939	644	(33)
Causes of the Great Depression	645	(2)
Stock Market Speculation	645	(1)
Mistakes by the Federal Reserve Board	646	(1)
An III-Advised Tariff	646	(1)
A Maldistribution of Wealth	646	(1)
Hoover: The Fall of a Self-Made Man	647	(2)
Hoover's Program	647	(1)
The Bonus Army	648	(1)
The Democratic Roosevelt	649	(1)
Roosevelt Liberalism	650	(1)
The First New Deal, 1933-1935	650	(8)
Saving the Banks	651	(1)
Saving the People	652	(1)
Repairing the Economy: Agriculture	652	(2)
Repairing the Economy: Industry	654	(1)
Rebuilding the Nation	655	(1)
The TVA Alternative	655	(1)
The New Deal and Western Development	656	(2)
Political Mobilization, Political Unrest, 1934-1935	658	(2)
Populist Critics of the New Deal	658	(1)
Labor's Rebirth	659	(1)
Anger at the Polls	659	(1)
The Rise of Radical Third Parties	659	(1)
The Second New Deal, 1935-1937	660	(8)
Philosophical Underpinnings	660	(1)
Legislation of the Second New Deal	661	(1)
Victory in 1936: The New Democratic Coalition	662	(1)
Rhetoric versus Reality	663	(1)
New Deal Men, New Deal Women	664	(3)
Labor Ascendant	667	(1)
America's Minorities and the New Deal	668	(3)
Eastern and Southern European Ethnics	668	(1)
African Americans	668	(1)
Mexican Americans	669	(1)
Native Americans	670	(1)
The New Deal Abroad	671	(1)
Stalemate, 1937-1940	672	(3)
The Court-Packing Fiasco	672	(3)
HISTORY THROUGH FILM: MR. DEEDS GOES TO TOWN	674	(1)
The Recession of 1937-1938	675	(1)
Conclusion	675	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	676	(1)
AMERICAN JOURNEY ONLINE AND INFOTRAC COLLEGE EDITION SEARCH TERMS	676	(1)
26. America During the Second World War	677	(29)
The Road to War: Aggression and Response	677	(7)
The Rise of Aggressor States	677	(2)
Isolationist Sentiment and American Neutrality	679	(1)
A Growing Sense of Crisis	679	(1)
The Outbreak of War in Europe	680	(1)
America's Response to War in Europe	680	(2)
An "Arsenal of Democracy"	682	(1)
The Attack at Pearl Harbor	683	(1)
Fighting the War in Europe	684	(3)
Campaigns in North Africa and Italy	685	(1)
Operation OVERLORD	685	(2)
The Pacific Theater	687	(5)
Seizing the Initiative in the Pacific	687	(1)
Pacific Strategy	688	(2)
A New President, the Atomic Bomb, and Japanese Surrender	690	(2)
The War at Home: The Economy	692	(4)
Government's Role in the Economy	692	(1)
Business and Finance	692	(1)
The Workforce	693	(2)
Labor Unions	695	(1)
Assessing Economic Change	696	(1)
The War at Home: Social Issues	696	(4)
Wartime Propaganda	696	(1)
Gender Equality	697	(1)
Racial Equality	698	(1)
Racial Tensions	699	(1)
Shaping the Peace	700	(4)
International Organizations	700	(1)
Spheres of Interest and Postwar Political Settlements	701	(5)
HISTORY THROUGH FILM: SAVING PRIVATE RYAN	703	(1)
Conclusion	704	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	704	(1)
AMERICAN JOURNEY ONLINE AND INFOTRAC COLLEGE EDITION SEARCH TERMS	705	(1)
27. The Age of Containment, 1946-1954	706	(29)
Creating a National Security State, 1945-1949	706	(6)
Onset of the Cold War	706	(2)
Containment Abroad: The Truman Doctrine	708	(1)
Truman's Loyalty Program	709	(1)
The National Security Act, the Marshall Plan, and the Berlin Crisis	709	(1)
The Election of 1948	710	(2)
The Era of the Korean War, 1949-1952	712	(4)
NATO, China, and the Bomb	712	(1)
NSC-68	712	(1)
The Korean War	713	(2)
Korea and Containment	715	(1)
Containment at Home	716	(5)
Anticommunism and the Labor Movement	717	(1)
HUAC and the Loyalty Program	717	(1)
Targeting Difference	718	(1)
The "Great Fear"	719	(1)
McCarthyism	720	(1)
Truman's Fair Deal	721	(4)
The Employment Act of 1946 and the Promise of Economic Growth	721	(1)
Shaping the Fair Deal	722	(1)
Civil Rights	723	(2)
Social Change and Containment	725	(5)
Jackie Robinson and the Baseball "Color Line"	725	(1)
The Postwar Suburbs	726	(2)
The Suburban Family and Gender Issues	728	(1)
Women's Changing Roles	729	(1)
From Truman to Eisenhower	730	(3)
The Election of 1952	730	(1)
Eisenhower Takes Command	731	(4)
HISTORY THROUGH FILM: INVASION OF THE BODY SNATCHERS	732	(1)
Conclusion	733	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	733	(1)
AMERICAN JOURNEY ONLINE AND INFOTRAC COLLEGE EDITION SEARCH TERMS	734	(1)
28. Affluence and Its Discontents, 1954-1963	735	(28)
Policy, 1954-1960	735	(3)
The New Look and Summitry	735	(2)
Covert Action and Economic Leverage	737	(1)
America and the Third World	738	(2)
Latin America	738	(1)
Nasserism and the Suez Crisis of 1956	738	(1)
Vietnam	739	(1)
Affluence—A "People of Plenty"	740	(4)
Highways and Waterways	741	(1)
Labor-Management Accord	742	(1)
Political Pluralism	743	(1)
A Religious People	743	(1)
Discontents of Affluence	744	(2)
Conformity in an Affluent Society	744	(1)
Youth Culture	744	(1)
The Mass Culture Debate	745	(1)
The Limits of the Mass Culture Debate	746	(1)
The Fight Against Discrimination, 1954-1960	746	(6)
Brown v. Board	746	(2)
The Montgomery Bus Boycott and Martin Luther King, Jr.	748	(1)
The Politics of Civil Rights	749	(1)
American Indian Policy	749	(2)
The Growth of Spanish-Speaking Populations	751	(1)
Urban Issues	751	(1)
Debates over Government's Role in the Economy	752	(2)
Eisenhower and the New Conservatives	752	(1)
Advocates of a More Active Government	752	(2)
The Kennedy Years: Foreign Policy	754	(3)
The Election of 1960	754	(1)
Kennedy's Foreign Policy Goals	755	(1)
Cuba and Berlin	755	(2)
Southeast Asia and "Flexible Response"	757	(1)
The Kennedy Years: Domestic Policy	757	(4)
Policymaking under Kennedy	757	(1)
The Civil Rights Crusade, 1960-1963	757	(2)
Women's Issues	759	(2)
HISTORY THROUGH FILM: JFK	760	(1)
The Assassination of John F. Kennedy	761	(1)
Conclusion	761	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	762	(1)
AMERICAN JOURNEY ONLINE AND INFOTRAC COLLEGE EDITION SEARCH TERMS	762	(1)
29 America During Its Longest War, 1963-1974	763	(27)
The Great Society	763	(4)
Completing Kennedy's Initiatives	764	(1)
The Election of 1964	765	(1)
Lyndon Johnson's Great Society	766	(1)
Evaluating the Great Society	766	(1)
Escalation in Vietnam	767	(4)
The Tonkin Gulf Resolution	767	(2)
The War Widens	769	(2)
The Media and the War	771	(1)
The War at Home	771	(6)
A New Left	771	(2)
The Counterculture	773	(1)
From Civil Rights to Black Power	774	(1)
1968: The Violence Overseas	775	(1)
1968: The Violence at Home	776	(1)
The Election of 1968	776	(1)
The Nixon Years, 1969-1974	777	(4)
The Economy	778	(1)
Social Policy	779	(1)
Controversy over Rights	779	(2)
Foreign Policy under Nixon and Kissinger	781	(3)
Détente	781	(1)
Vietnamization	781	(2)
The Aftermath of War	783	(1)
Expanding the Nixon Doctrine	784	(1)
The Wars of Watergate	784	(4)
The Election of 1972	785	(1)
Nixon Pursued	785	(1)
Nixon's Final Days	786	(4)
HISTORY THROUGH FILM: MALCOLM X	787	(1)
Conclusion	788	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	789	(1)
AMERICAN JOURNEY ONLINE AND INFOTRAC COLLEGE EDITION SEARCH TERMS	789	(1)
30 Economic and Social Change in the Late 20th Century	790	(29)
A Changing People	790	(5)
An Aging Population	790	(1)
The Rise of the Sunbelt	791	(2)
New Immigration	793	(2)
Urbanization and Suburbanization	795	(1)
Economic Transformations	795	(4)
New Technologies	796	(1)
Big Business	796	(1)
Postindustrial Restructuring	797	(2)
The Environment	799	(2)
Environmental Activism and Government Policy	799	(2)
Energy	801	(1)
Media and Culture	801	(4)
The Video Revolution	802	(1)
The Changing Media Environment	803	(1)
The New Mass Culture Debate	804	(1)
Social Activism	805	(2)
Women's Issues	805	(1)
Sexual Politics	806	(1)
Race, Ethnicity, and Social Activism	807	(7)
African American Activism	807	(2)
American Indian Activism	809	(1)
Activism in Spanish-Speaking Communities	810	(2)
Asian American Activism	812	(1)
Dilemmas of Antidiscrimination Efforts	813	(1)
The New Right	814	(3)
New Conservative Institutions	814	(1)
The New Religious Right	814	(1)
New Conservative Social Agenda	814	(5)
HISTORY THROUGH FILM: STAR WARS	816	(1)
Conclusion	817	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	818	(1)
AMERICAN JOURNEY ONLINE AND INFOTRAC COLLEGE EDITION SEARCH TERMS	818	(1)
31 Power and Politics since 1974	819
Ford's Caretaker Presidency	819	(3)
Trying to Whip Stagflation	820	(1)
Foreign Policy	821	(1)
The Election of 1976	821	(1)
Carter's One-Term Presidency	822	(5)
Welfare and Energy Initiatives	822	(1)
A Faltering Economy	823	(1)
Negotiating Foreign Disputes	824	(1)
Campaigning for Human Rights Abroad	824	(1)
Confronting a Hostage Crisis in Iran	825	(1)
The Election of 1980	826	(1)
Reagan's "New Morning in America"	827	(6)
Pursuing Supply-Side Economics	827	(1)
Constructing a Conservative Agenda	828	(1)
Routing the Democrats, 1984	829	(1)
Reagan's Second Term	829	(1)
Renewing the Cold War	830	(1)
The Defense Buildup	830	(1)
Deploying Military Power	831	(1)
The Iran-Contra Affair	832	(1)
The Beginning of the End of the Cold War	832	(1)
The First Bush Presidency	833	(4)
The Election of 1988	833	(1)
The End of the Cold War	834	(2)
The Persian Gulf War	836	(1)
The Election of 1992	837	(1)
The Clinton Presidency: "New Democrats" Come to Washington	837	(6)
A Republican Congress: A Democratic White House	838	(1)
Victory and Impeachment	839	(1)
Post-Cold War Foreign Policy	840	(2)
Globalization	842	(1)
The Long Election and the Presidency of George W. Bush	843	(4)
A Conservative Agenda	844	(1)
Foreign Policy Changes Course	845	(2)
HISTORY THROUGH FILM: THE FIRST MOVIE STAR PRESIDENT	846	(1)
Conclusion	847	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	847	(1)
AMERICAN JOURNEY ONLINE AND INFOTRAC COLLEGE EDITION SEARCH TERMS	848