Listening to Music

by Zorn, Jay D.

• ISBN13: 9780131733398
• ISBN10: 0131733397
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-10-26
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Written in a lively and appealing style,Listening to Musicprovides the foundation for acquiring a lifelong knowledge and appreciation of music. It concentrates on the effective listening skills needed to identify composers and to recognize their styles and some of their representative works. Readers are encouraged to become informed consumers of music and active supporters of the arts. This comprehensive book covers the musical process, the materials of music, the common style periods of concert music (from the Baroque period to the present), and adjunct music, including North American popular music, broadway musical theater, and music in the movies.A useful reference work for those in the music industry.

Author Biography

Dr. Jay Zorn is the Chairman of the Music Education Department at the University of Southern California, Thornton School of Music, and a past president of the California Music Educators Association. For 30 years, Dr. Zorn has focused on training music educators, teaching music appreciation to thousands of students, and developing new, courses .designed to appeal to the expanding cultural diversity of student populations.

June August is a playwright whose works have been produced in New England, California, Florida, and off-Broadway. She has been the Editorial Director of the Education Division of Walt Disney Productions and Director of Public Information for the University of Southern California, Thornton School of Music. In addition, June is a writing consultant and trainer for Fortune 500 companies throughout North America.

Table of Contents

Author's Note	xii
About the Authors	xiii
Preface	xiv
Prelude: Music Belongs to Everyone	2	(4)
Part One: The Musical Process
From the Creator to the Listener	6	(4)
What to Listen for in Music	10	(4)
The Sensory Approach	11	(1)
The Emotional Approach	11	(1)
The Contextual Approach	11	(1)
The Script Approach	12	(1)
The Musically Aware Approach	12	(1)
Music Listening Checklist	12	(1)
Music Listening Boxes	13	(1)
Individual Listening Guides	13	(1)
Additional Listening Help	13	(1)
Becoming a Musically Aware Concertgoer	14	(18)
What Are the Different Types of Concerts?	14	(5)
Listening Activity: Martin Bookspan, Host	15	(4)
How Can I Find Out about Concerts and Ticket Sales?	19	(2)
How Can I Prepare for a Concert?	21	(1)
How Can I Prepare for Opera?	21	(1)
What Do I Need to Know Before the Concert Begins?	22	(1)
What Is in the Printed Program?	23	(3)
What Concert Traditions Do I Need to Know About?	26	(1)
When Should I Applaud?	27	(1)
What Is the Conductor's Role?	28	(4)
Part Two: The Materials of Music
How the Basic Musical Elements Interact	32	(10)
Multimedia Presentation	32	(10)
Listening Guide: Elements of Music: Martin Bookspan, Host	34	(8)
Performing Media: Instruments, Voices, and Ensembles	42	(28)
Acoustics of Vocal and Instrumental Sound	43	(1)
Instrumental Performing Media	44	(1)
How Instruments Produce Sound	44	(1)
Performing Media and Performances: Solo Instruments and Ensembles	45	(1)
The Orchestra and its Instruments	46	(4)
How Do I Become Familiar with the Instruments?	50	(1)
Listening Activity and Guide: Britten, The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra	51	(1)
How the Orchestra Developed	51	(11)
Listening Activity: Vivaldi, The Four Seasons, ``Spring,'' Op. 8, First Movement	56	(1)
Listening Activity: Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 2, Third Movement	57	(1)
Listening Activity: Haydn, Symphony No. 94 (Surprise), Third Movement	58	(2)
Listening Activity: Beethoven, Symphony No. 5, First Movement	60	(1)
Listening Activity: Berlioz, Symphonie Fantastique, Fifth Movement	61	(1)
Listening Activity: Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, ``Sacrificial Dance''	62	(1)
The Wind Ensemble	62	(1)
Keyboard Instruments	63	(2)
Listening Activity: Bach, Fugue in G Minor (Little)	64	(1)
Listening Activity: Mozart, Variations ``Ah, Vous Dirai-je, Maman'' K.265	64	(1)
Listening Activity: Chopin, Fantaisie Impromptu, Opus 66	65	(1)
Electronic Instruments	65	(1)
Human Voice	65	(5)
Listening Activity: Mozart, ``Madamina'' Aria from Don Giovanni	67	(1)
Listening Activity: Puccini, La Boheme (The Bohemian Life), Act 1 (excerpt)	67	(3)
Part Three: The Common Style Periods of Concert Music
An Introduction to Musical Styles	70	(4)
Why Study Musical Styles?	70	(4)
Music Before 1600	74	(14)
The Middle Ages (450--1450)	74	(3)
Music of the Middle Ages	77	(1)
Listening Activity, Gregorian Chant: Alleluia Pascha Nostrum	77	(1)
The Beginnings of Polyphony	78	(2)
Listening Activity, Organum: Leonin, Alleluia Dies Sanctificatus	79	(1)
The Renaissance (1450--1600)	80	(2)
Music in the Renaissance	82	(2)
Listening Insights: What to Listen for in Polyphonic Music	83	(1)
Palestrina's Biography and Principal Works	84	(4)
Listening Activity: Palestrina, De Beata Virgine, ``Kyrie'' from the Mass	84	(4)
The Baroque Style Period (1600--1750)	88	(4)
Protestant Reformation	88	(2)
Counter-Reformation	90	(2)
Baroque Style Music (1600--1750)	92	(26)
Changes Occur in the New Baroque Music	92	(2)
Baroque-Style Vocal Music	94	(2)
Monteverdi's Biography and Principal Works	96	(2)
Baroque Oratorio	98	(1)
Schutz's Biography and Principal Works	98	(1)
Handel's Biography and Principal Works	99	(5)
Listening Activity and Guide: Handel, Messiah, ``For Unto Us a Child Is Born''	101	(3)
Baroque Cantata	104	(1)
Listening Insights: What to Listen for in Baroque Music	105	(1)
Bach's Biography and Principal Works	105	(4)
Listening Activity and Guide: Bach, Cantata No. 140, ``Opening Chorus''	106	(3)
Baroque Instrumental Music	109	(1)
Vivaldi's Biography and Principal Works	110	(1)
Listening Activity and Guide: Vivaldi, The Four Seasons, ``Spring'' First Movement	110	(1)
Baroque Keyboard Music	111	(7)
Listening Activity and Guide: Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No.2, Third Movement	112	(3)
Listening Activity and Guide: Bach, Fugue in G Minor (Little)	115	(3)
The Classical Style Period (1750--1820)	118	(6)
Political and Social Background	118	(3)
Classical Origins	121	(3)
Music of the Classical Period	124	(22)
Mozart	124	(1)
Haydn	125	(1)
Young Beethoven	126	(1)
Mozart's Biography and Principal Works	126	(2)
Haydn's Biography and Principal Works	128	(13)
Listening Insights: What to Listen for in Classical Music	131	(1)
Listening Activity and Guide: Mozart, Variations ``Ah, Vous Dirai-Je, Maman,'' K. 265	132	(2)
Listening Activity and Guide: Mozart, Horn Concerto No. 2, Third Movement	134	(1)
Listening Activity and Guide: Beethoven, Piano Sonata No. 8 in c minor, Opus 13 ``Pathetique,'' Third Movement	135	(2)
Listening Activity and Guide: Haydn, Symphony No. 94, ``Surprise'' Third Movement	137	(2)
Listening Activity and Guide: Mozart, Symphony No. 40, First Movement	139	(2)
Classical-Period Opera	141	(5)
Listening Activity and Guide: Mozart, ``Madamina'' Aria from Don Giovanni	142	(4)
Beethoven: Bridge to Romanticism	146	(12)
Beethoven's Biography and Principal Works	148	(8)
Listening Activity: Beethoven, Piano Sonata No. 8 (Pathetique), Third Movement	150	(3)
Listening Activity and Guide: Beethoven, Symphony No. 5, First Movement	153	(3)
The Great Ninth Symphony (Choral)	156	(2)
The Romantic Style Period (1820--1900)	158	(6)
Romantic Subjects	160	(1)
Romanticism in Music	161	(3)
Early Romantic Music	164	(24)
Orchestral Music	164	(2)
Berlioz's Biography and Principal Works	166	(6)
Listening Activity and Guide: Berlioz, Symphonie Fantastique, Fifth Movement	168	(4)
Listening Insights: What to Listen for in Early Romantic Music	172	(1)
The Romantic Art Song	172	(1)
Schubert's Biography and Principal Works	172	(4)
Listening Activity and Guide: Schubert, Erlking	174	(2)
Robert Schumann's Biography and Principal Works	176	(1)
Romantic Piano Music	176	(1)
Clara Schumann's Biography and Principal Works	177	(3)
Listening Activity and Guide: Schumann (Clara), Scherzo, Opus 10	178	(2)
Chopin's Biography and Principal Works	180	(2)
Listening Activity and Guide: Chopin, Fantaisie-Impromptu Op. 66	181	(1)
Liszt's Biography and Principal Works	182	(1)
Felix Mendelssohn's Biography and Principal Works	183	(1)
Fanny Mendelssohn's Biography and Principal Works	184	(4)
Listening Activity and Guide: Mendelssohn, Concerto for Violin and Orchestra, First Movement	185	(3)
Romantic Opera	188	(20)
Italian Romantic Opera	191	(1)
Donizetti's Biography and Principal Works	192	(1)
Bellini's Biography and Principal Works	192	(1)
Rossini's Biography and Principal Works	193	(1)
Verdi's Biography and Principal Works	193	(4)
Listening Activity and Guide: Verdi, La Traviata, Act 1, ``E strano! E strano!'' ``Sempre libera'' ``Follie, Follie''	194	(3)
Puccini's Biography and Principal Works	197	(2)
Listening Activity: Puccini, La Boheme, Act 1, duet	198	(1)
Offenbach's Biography and Principal Works	199	(1)
French Romantic Opera	200	(1)
Bizet's Biography and Principal Works	201	(1)
German Romantic Opera	202	(1)
Weber's Biography and Principal Works	203	(1)
Wagner's Biography and Principal Works	203	(5)
Listening Activity and Guide: Wagner, Overture to Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg	204	(3)
Listening Insights: Understanding Wagnerian Opera	207	(1)
Late Romantic Music	208	(18)
The State of Music in the Late Romantic Period	208	(3)
Brahms's Biography and Principal Works	211	(5)
Listening Activity and Guide: Brahms, Academic Festival Overture	212	(4)
Listening Insights: What to Listen for in Romantic Chamber Music	216	(1)
Mahler's Biography and Principal Works	216	(7)
Listening Activity and Guide: Mahler, Songs of a Wayfarer, ``Ging Heut Morgen uber Feld''	217	(4)
Listening Activity and Guide: Mahler, Symphony No. 1, First Movement	221	(2)
Strauss's Biography and Principal Works	223	(3)
Listening Insights: What to Listen for in Programmatic and Highly Descriptive Music	224	(2)
Nationalism	226	(12)
Political Influences	226	(2)
Nationalism in Music	228	(1)
Mussorgsky's Biography and Principal Works	229	(1)
Tchaikovsky's Biography and Principal Works	230	(4)
Listening Insights: What to Listen for in Nationalistic Music	231	(1)
Listening Activity and Guide: Tchaikovsky, The 1812 Overture	232	(2)
Rimsky-Korsakov's Biography and Principal Works	234	(1)
Rachmaninov's Biography and Principal Works	235	(1)
Bartok's Biography and Principal Works	236	(2)
Impressionism	238	(10)
Impressionistic Poetry and Painting	238	(2)
Impressionism in Music	240	(1)
Debussy's Biography and Principal Works	241	(5)
Listening Insights: What to Listen For in Impressionistic Music	244	(1)
Listening Activity and Guide: Debussy, Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun	244	(2)
Ravel's Biography and Principal Works	246	(2)
Modernism and Post-Modernism	248	(8)
Influence of the World Wars	248	(2)
Art Redefined	250	(1)
Overview of the Modernist/Post-Modernist Period (1900--Today)	251	(2)
Characteristics of Modernist/Post-Modernist Music	253	(3)
Stravinsky: Into the Twentieth Century	256	(10)
Stravinsky's Pivotal Position	257	(1)
Stravinsky's Biography and Principal Works	258	(8)
Listening Activity and Guide: Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring ``Sacrificial Dance''	263	(2)
Listening Insights: What to Listen for in Modernist and Post-Modernist Music	265	(1)
Expressionism: Atonal Music	266	(6)
Atonality	267	(1)
Schoenberg's Biography and Principal Works	268	(3)
Listening Insights: What to Listen for in Tone Row/Serial Music	269	(1)
Listening Activity: Schoenberg, Suite for Piano, Op.25 ``Praeludium''	270	(1)
Berg's Biography and Principal Works	271	(1)
Neoclassicism: Mainstream Music	272	(12)
Beginnings of Neoclassicism	272	(2)
Prokofiev's Biography and Principal Works	274	(3)
Listening Activity and Guide: Prokofiev Symphony No.1 ``Classical,'' First Movement	275	(2)
Shostakovich's Biography and Principal Works	277	(1)
Moving Back to the Mainstream	277	(7)
Spotlight: Outstanding Artist-Teacher: Nadia Boulanger	279	(5)
Experimental and Technological Music	284	(8)
Musique Concrete	284	(2)
Electronic Music	286	(1)
Computer and Mixed Media Music	286	(4)
Listening Insights: What to Listen for in Chance and Aleatoric Music	289	(1)
What Lies Ahead?	290	(2)
Classical Music in North America	292	(24)
Immigration	292	(2)
American Composers	294	(1)
Amy Beach's Biography and Principal Works	295	(1)
Ives' Biography and Principal Works	295	(7)
Listening Activity and Guide: Ives, song: ``Charlie Rutlage''	296	(2)
Listening Insights: What to Listen for in the Music of Charles Ives	298	(1)
Listening Activity and Guide: Ives, First Orchestral Set: Three Places in New England, ``Putnam's Camp''	299	(3)
Gershwin's Biography and Principal Works	302	(5)
Listening Activity and Guide: Gershwin, Porgy and Bess ``Bess, You is My Woman Now''	303	(3)
Listening Insights: What to Listen for in Contemporary Eclectic Music	306	(1)
Copland's Biography and Principal Works	307	(2)
Listening Activity and Guide: Copland, Rodeo Ballet, ``Hoe Down''	307	(2)
Bernstein's Biography and Principal Works	309	(2)
Listening Activity and Guide: Bernstein, Overture to Candide	310	(1)
Other American Composers	311	(1)
Menotti's Biography and Principal Works	311	(1)
Zwilich's Biography and Principal Works	312	(4)
Listening Activity and Guide: Zwilich, Concerto Grosso, 1985, First Movement	313	(3)
Part Four: Music of Cultural Diversity
Jazz: The Great American Art Form	316	(20)
The Origins and Emergence of Jazz	316	(4)
Blues	320	(3)
Joplin's Biography and Principal Works	323	(4)
Listening Activity and Guide: Joplin, ``The Entertainer''	324	(3)
Early Jazz to 1930	327	(1)
Armstrong's Biography and Principal Works	328	(2)
Ellington's Biography and Principal Works	330	(1)
Jazz After World War II	331	(5)
Popular Music	336	(38)
The Development of Modern Popular Music	338	(1)
Tin Pan Alley	338	(1)
The Impact of Media	339	(1)
The Birth of Recording	339	(1)
Popular Singing	340	(3)
Lush and Lovely: The Jazz Divas	343	(4)
Music and the Music Industry 1950s to the Present: Something for Everyone	347	(1)
The World of Rock and Roll	347	(2)
Something for Everyone	349	(1)
Folk and Folk-Rock	349	(6)
Motown	355	(1)
Rhythm & Blues (R & B) and Soul	355	(2)
Rap: Rhyme, Rhythm, and Roots	357	(1)
Some Classic Rock Bands	358	(1)
The British Invasion	358	(4)
The Great American Rock Bands (1960s and 1970s)	362	(4)
Who Else Has Been Influential?	366	(3)
Country Music	369	(2)
Country Music Association	371	(1)
Making and Marketing Popular Music in the Twenty-first Century	372	(2)
Broadway Musical Theater	374	(28)
The Broadway Musical: Its Roots	376	(1)
North American Roots of the Musical	376	(2)
Stephen Foster's Biography and Principal Works	378	(1)
From Minstrelsy to Vaudeville	379	(5)
Romberg's Biography and Principal Works	384	(1)
Herbert's Biography and Principal Works	384	(1)
Friml's Biography and Principal Works	385	(1)
Berlin's Biography and Principal Works	385	(1)
Kern's Biography and Principal Works	386	(5)
Listening Activity and Guide: Kern, Show Boat, ``Ol' Man River''	387	(4)
Listening Insights: What to Listen for in Broadway Musicals	391	(1)
Porter's Biography and Principal Works	391	(1)
Rodgers' Biography and Principal Works	392	(1)
Sondheim's Biography and Principal Works	393	(4)
Listening Activity: Sondheim, A Little Night Music, ``Send in the Clowns''	394	(1)
Listening Activity: Bernstein, Overture to Candide	395	(1)
Listening Activity: Bock, Fiddler on the Roof, ``Sunrise, Sunset''	395	(2)
Musicals Adapted from Other Sources	397	(3)
Other Notable Composers and Lyricists	400	(2)
Music in the Movies	402	(18)
How It Began: The Silent Era	403	(1)
Cataloguing of Existing Concert Music	403	(1)
Masters Transcribed for Film	404	(1)
The Role of Music in Sound Films	405	(1)
Film Music Comes of Age	405	(1)
The Hollywood Sound	406	(1)
The Contribution of Music to Film	406	(1)
Movie Music of the Golden Age	407	(1)
Listening Insights: What to Listen for in Film Music	407	(1)
Some of the Great Film Composers of the Golden Age	408	(3)
The Next Generation of Composers	411	(2)
Music and the Magic of Animation	413	(2)
Matching Music and Pictures	415	(1)
The Stature of Movie Music Today	416	(4)
Listening Insights: What to Listen for in Film Music	416	(4)
Contributions of World Cultures	420	(15)
Non-Western Influences in Western Art Music	422	(1)
Music South of the Sahara	423	(4)
Listening Activity: ``If it Comes to Fighting with Guns'' Ewe People of West Africa	425	(2)
Music of India	427	(1)
Music of Japan	428	(7)
Listening Activity: Japan (Gagaku): Netori (prelude) & ``Etenraku in Hyojo''	429	(3)
Listening Activity: Japan: Kabuki Nagauta Music from the Play Pojoji	432	(3)
Finale: Audience Power in the Twenty-first Century	435	(4)
Beyond Survival	437	(2)
Listening Activity: Finale: Host, Martin Bookspan	438	(1)
Appendix A: Basic Music Notation	439	(2)
Appendix B: Common Scales in Music	441	(5)
Appendix C: Writing Reports	446	(3)
Appendix D: Music Listening Checklist	449	(2)
Appendix E: Listening Resources: Expand Your Expertise	451	(13)
Appendix F: Challenge Your Expertise Answers	464	(5)
Appendix G: Guide to the Recordings	469	(2)
Glossary of Musical Terms	471	(7)
Photo Credits	478	(3)
Index	481