PART I Exploring Writing and Reading 1
CHAPTER 1
Critical Thinking and the Art of Questioning 2
- Why Is Questioning Important? 2
- What Do I Really Think? 4
- What Does That Word Mean? 5
- Is That Statement Accurate? 6
- Is That Statement True? 6
- What Do You Gain from Thinking Critically? 7
- R E A D I N G
- Apparently Facts No Longer Mean What They Once Did by Leonard Pitts 9
CHAPTER 2
Reading Critically and the Art of Questioning 12
- What Is Critical Reading? 12
- How Does Critical Reading Work? 13
- What Questions Guide Critical Reading? 13
- THE ASSIGNMENT 30
- What Could I Write About? 30
- What Is My Rhetorical Situation? 30
- R E A D I N G
- Notes of an Alien Son: Immigration Paradoxes by Andrei Codrescu 17
CHAPTER 3
Writing and the Art of Questioning 32
- What Is Good Writing? 32
- What Is the Rhetorical Situation? 32
- Why Ask about the Rhetorical Situation? 32
- What Is Voice? 34
- Why Does Voice Matter? 35
- What Is an Angle? 36
- THE ASSIGNMENT 39
- What Could I Write About? 39
- What Is My Rhetorical Situation? 39
- What Is Paleontology? by University of California Museum of Paleontology 34
- Planet of Weeds by David Quammen 35
PART II Practicing Writing 43
CHAPTER 4
Claiming Voice 44
- What Is Voice? 44
- Why Care about Voice? 46
- THE ASSIGNMENT 47
- How Do I Claim My Voice? Engaging the Writing Process 49
- How Do I Use Spontaneous Style? 49
- How Do I Use Conscious Style? 50
- How Do I Extend My Voice? 53
CHAPTER 5
Interpreting Experiences 61
- What Is Interpreting Experience? 61
- Why Write to Interpret Experience? 62
- How Do Writers Interpret Experiences? 62
- THE ASSIGNMENT 71
- What Can I Write About? 71
- How Do I Interpret Experience? Questioning the Rhetorical Situation 72
- How Do I Interpret Experience? Engaging the Writing Process 73
- R E A D I N G S
- A Dark, Skinny Stranger in Cleveland Park by Stephen L. Carter 64
- Driving Away by Katherine Krueger-Land 66
CHAPTER 6
Creating Profiles 84
- What Is a Profile? 84
- Why Write Profiles? 84
- How Do Writers Compose Profiles? 86
- THE ASSIGNMENT 95
- What Can I Write About? 95
- How Do I Write a Profile? Questioning the Rhetorical Situation 95
- How Do I Write a Profile? Engaging the Writing Process 98
- R E A D I N G S
- Writing with the Master by Joel Achenbach 87
- We’re Losing the Raw Human Part of Being with Each Other by Catherine de Lange 92
CHAPTER 7
Presenting Information 112
- What Is Presenting Information? 112
- Why Present Information? 113
- How Do Writers Present Information? 114
- THE ASSIGNMENT 124
- What Can I Write About? 124
- How Do I Present Information? Questioning the Rhetorical Situation 125
- How Do I Present Information? Engaging the Writing Process 126
- R E A D I N G S
- Tomorrow, I Love Ya! by Eric Hoover 115
- Major Survey Challenges Western Perceptions of Islam by Agence France-Press (AFP) 122
CHAPTER 8
Exploring a Concept 142
- What Is Concept Exploration? 143
- Why Explore Concepts? 144
- How Do Writers Explore a Concept? 144
- THE ASSIGNMENT 152
- What Can I Write About? 152
- How Do I Explore Concepts? Questioning the Rhetorical Situation 154
- How Do I Explore Concepts? Engaging the Writing Process 155
- R E A D I N G S
- The Supreme Chutzpah by Jack Achiezer Guggenheim 145
- What Is Civility? by P. M. Forni 148
CHAPTER 9
Comparing Perspectives 168
- What Is Comparing Perspectives? 168
- Why Write to Compare Perspectives? 169
- How Do Writers Compare Perspectives? 170
- THE ASSIGNMENT 183
- How Do I Compare Perspectives? Questioning the Rhetorical Situation 184
- How Do I Compare Perspectives? Engaging the Writing Process 185
- R E A D I N G S
- Which Character Should Sports Develop? by Andy Rudd 170
- The Human Cost of Animal Suffering by Mark Bittman 173
- Eating Well vs. Being Good by David Katz 175
- The Ethics of Eating Meat by Paul Schwennesen 179
- Reciprocity: A Foundation for Balance by Clara Sue Kidwell, Homer Noley, and George E. “Tink” Tinker 181
CHAPTER 10
Critiquing an Argument 201
- What Is a Critique? 201
- Why Write to Critique an Argument? 202
- How Do Writers Critique Arguments? 202
- THE ASSIGNMENT 207
- What Can I Write About? 207
- How Do I Write a Critique? Questioning the Rhetorical Situation 207
- How Do I Write a Critique? Engaging the Writing Process 209
- SAMPLE READINGS FOR CRITIQUE 224
- R E A D I N G S
- Why Sherry Turkle Is So Wrong by Tom Stafford 203
- Open Your Ears to Biased Professors by David Fryman 210
- The Bogus Case against Birthright Citizenship by Shikha Dalmia 224
CHAPTER 11
Making a Case 227
- What Is a Case? 227
- Why Make a Case? 228
- How Do Writers Make a Case? 229
- THE ASSIGNMENT 239
- What Can I Write About? 240
- How Do I Make a Case? Questioning the Rhetorical Situation 240
- How Do I Make a Case? Engaging the Writing Process 242
- R E A D I N G S
- Building a Better Life through Greenways and Trails by Trails and Greenways Clearinghouse 229
- The Case against Grades by Alfie Kohn 233
CHAPTER 12
Appealing for Action 257
- What Is Persuasion? 257
- Why Write to Persuade? 258
- How Do Writers Persuade? 258
- THE ASSIGNMENT 265
- What Can I Write About? 265
- How Do I Appeal for Action? Questioning the Rhetorical Situation 266
- How Do I Write Persuasively? Engaging the Writing Process 267
- R E A D I N G S
- Where Sweatshops Are a Dream by Nicholas D. Kristof 259
- The Factories of Lost Children by Katharine Weber 262
CHAPTER 13
Writing an Evaluation 283
- What Can I Write About? 292
- How Do I Write an Evaluation? Questioning the Rhetorical Situation 293
- How Do I Write an Evaluation? Engaging the Writing Process 295
- 2011 Motor Trend Car of the Year: Chevrolet Volt, A Car of the Future You Can Drive Today by Angus MacKenzie 285
- ‘Precious’ Mettle by Ann Hornaday 289
CHAPTER 14
Editing Fundamentals 305
- What Is Editing? 305
- Why Edit? 306
- How Do Writers Edit? 306
- What Is the Spiraling Down Method? 307
- What Matters Most in Editing? Three Key Points 318
PART III Researching Writing 319
CHAPTER 15
Planning a Research Project 320
- When Is Research Necessary? 320
- What Kinds of Sources Do College Researchers Use? 321
- How Do I Plan a Research Project? 325
- How Do I Choose and Narrow a Topic? 328
- How Do I Turn a Topic into a Research Question? 329
- How Do I Manage the Sources I Find? 330
CHAPTER 16
Finding Sources 336
- How Do I Conduct a Keyword Search? 336
- What Resources Can I Find through My College Library? 338
- How Do I Find Reference Works through My College Library? 339
- How Do I Use a Library Catalog to Find Books and Other Resources? 341
- How Do I Use Library Databases to Find Periodicals? 343
- How Do I Use the Web to Find Reliable Websites and Online Journals? 344
- How Do I Find Interactive Online Sources? 347
- How Do I Generate My Own Information? 347
CHAPTER 17
Evaluating Sources 350
- How Do I Decide If a Source Is Useful? 350
- How Do I Decide If a Source Is Reliable? 351
- How Do I Evaluate a Website? 353
CHAPTER 18
Incorporating Source Materials 357
- What Does It Mean to Enter the Conversation? 357
- How Does Informal Writing Engage Me in the Conversation? 358
- How Do I Draw Connections between Sources? 361
- What Roles Can Sources Play in My Writing? 363
- What Are My Options for Bringing in Source Material? 364
- How Do I Acknowledge, Integrate, and Cite My Source Materials? 369
- What Are the Options for Acknowledging Sources? 371
- How Can I Integrate Source Material into My Writing? 372
- How Do I Document My Sources? 376
- How Do I Incorporate Sources without Losing My Own Voice? 377
- R E A D I N G
- New Hampshire Professor Pushes for Return to Slow Reading by Holly Ramer 359
CHAPTER 19
Using Sources Responsibly 379
- What Is Plagiarism? 379
- When Do I Need to Cite My Sources? 380
- How Can I Avoid Plagiarizing? 383
CHAPTER 20
Documenting Your Sources: MLA 385
- How Do I Make In-Text Citations Using MLA Style? 385
- How Do I Make Entries in the Works Cited List Using MLA Style? 390
CHAPTER 21
Documenting Your Sources: APA 411
- How Do I Make In-Text Citations Using APA Style? 411
- How Do I Make Entries in a Reference List Using APA Style? 416
CHAPTER 22
Choosing Strategies of Development 435
- What Are the Strategies? 435
- How Do Writers Choose Strategies? 439
- What Do the Strategies Look Like in Detail? 440
- How Can I Develop a Repertoire of Strategies? 460
- R E A D I N G
- Is Climate Disaster Inevitable? by Adam Frank 436
CHAPTER 23
Designing Documents and Using Graphics 461
- What Are Document Design and Graphics? 461
- Why Consider Document Design and Graphics? 462
- How Does Document Design Work? 462
- How Do Graphics Work? 467
- What Are the Common Model Documents? 472
- What Matters Most in Document Design and Using Graphics? 486
CHAPTER 24
Writing Portfolios 488
- What Is a Writing Portfolio? 488
- Why Create a Writing Portfolio? 490
- How Do Writers Prepare Portfolios? 491
- THE ASSIGNMENT 492
- How Do I Reflect? Questioning the Rhetorical Situation 492
CHAPTER 25
Mastering Essay Exams 498
- What Are Essay Exams? 498
- Why Do Instructors Assign Essay Exams? 498
- How Do Writers Approach Essay Exam Questions? 499
- How Should I Prepare for an Essay Exam? 501
- What Are Some Good Strategies for Taking an Essay Exam? 503
- What Is the Value of Essay Exams? 508
CHAPTER 26
Giving Oral Presentations 509
- What Are Oral Presentations? 509
- How Do I Prepare an Oral Presentation? 514
- How Do I Rehearse an Oral Presentation? 515
- How Do I Revise an Oral Presentation? 516
- How Do I Deliver an Oral Presentation? 516
- What Are Some Key Points to Remember? 517
CHAPTER 27
How Do I Write a Rhetorical Analysis? 518
- What Is a Rhetorical Analysis? 518
- Why Write a Rhetorical Analysis? 518
- What Can I Write About? 521
- How Do I Prepare to Write a Rhetorical Analysis? 521
- What Are the Steps in Writing a Rhetorical Analysis? 522
- E X A M P L E
- Rhetorical Analysis of the Section on the Church in “Letter from Birmingham Jail” by Ginny Norton 519
CHAPTER 28
How Do I Write a Blog? 524
- What Is a Blog? 524
- Why Write a Blog? 525
- What Can I Write About? 527
- How Do I Prepare to Write a Blog Post? 528
- What Are the Steps in Writing a Blog Post? 529
- What Are Some Special Considerations for Writing a Blog? 530
CHAPTER 29
How Do I Write a Reflection? 532
- What Is a Reflection? 532
- Why Write a Reflection? 532
- What Can I Write About? 535
- How Do I Prepare to Write a Reflection? 536
- What Are the Steps in Writing a Reflection? 537
- E X A M P L E
- The Wonder of Ordinary Places by Julian Hoffman 533
CHAPTER 30
How Do I Write a Visual Analysis? 539
- What Is a Visual Analysis? 539
- Why Write a Visual Analysis? 540
- What Can I Write About? 543
- How Do I Prepare to Write a Visual Analysis? 543
- What Are the Steps in Writing a Visual Analysis? 545
- E X A M P L E
- Three Girls in a Kentucky Kitchen by Ashley Jarol 540
CHAPTER 31
How Do I Write a Review? 546
- What Is a Review? 546
- Why Write a Review? 547
- What Can I Write About? 550
- How Do I Prepare to Write a Review? 550
- What Are the Steps in Writing a Review? 551
- E X A M P L E
- Review of Water for Elephants (by Sara Gruen) by Danielle Poiesz 547
CHAPTER 32
How Do I Write an Editorial or Opinion Column? 553
- What Is an Editorial? 553
- Why Write an Editorial? 554
- What Can I Write About? 556
- How Do I Prepare to Write an Editorial? 556
- What Are the Steps in Writing an Editorial? 557
- E X A M P L E
- Where History Lessons Come Alive by Matt Watson 554
CHAPTER 33
How Do I Write a Proposal? 559
- What Is a Proposal? 559
- Why Write a Proposal? 560
- What Can I Write About? 566
- How Do I Prepare to Write a Proposal? 567
- What Are the Steps in Writing a Proposal? 568
- E X A M P L E
- Proposal to Enact a “Smoke- Free Campus” Policy for Santa Clara University 560
CHAPTER 34
How Do I Write a Research Proposal? 570
- What Is a Research Proposal? 570
- Why Write a Research Proposal? 571
- What Can I Write About? 571
- How Do I Prepare to Write a Research Proposal? 573
- What Are the Steps in Writing a Research Proposal? 574
- E X A M P L E
- Research Proposal for a Paper, “Civility in the Workplace” by Amie Hazama 571
CHAPTER 35
How Do I Write an Annotated Bibliography? 575
- What Is an Annotated Bibliography? 575
- Why Do Writers Create Annotated Bibliographies? 575
- What Should an Annotation Include? 576
- What Do Annotated Bibliography Entries Look Like? 576
- How Can I Support Academic Honesty When Writing Annotations? 578
CHAPTER 36
How Do I Write a Prospectus? 579
- What Is a Prospectus? 579
- Why Write a Prospectus? 580
- How Does a Prospectus Function in Other Situations? 581
- How Do I Prepare to Write a Prospectus? 582
- What Are the Steps in Writing a Prospectus? 582
- E X A M P L E
- Prospectus for “Multitasking: A Poor Study Habit” by Noelle Alberto 580
CHAPTER 37
How Do I Write a Lab Report? 584
- What Is a Lab Report? 584
- Why Write a Lab Report? 585
- How Do I Prepare to Write a Lab Report? 588
- What Are the Steps in Writing a Lab Report? 589
- E X A M P L E
- Transpiration by Deborah A. Smith 585
CHAPTER 38
How Do I Write Instructions? 592
- What Are Instructions? 592
- Why Write Instructions? 593
- What Can I Write About? 595
- How Do I Prepare to Write Instructions? 595
- What Are the Steps in Writing Instructions? 596
- E X A M P L E
- How to Do the Heimlich Maneuver by Deaconess Heimlich Institute 593
CHAPTER 39
How Do I Write an Abstract? 598
- What Is an Abstract? 598
- Why Write an Abstract? 598
- How Do I Prepare to Write an Abstract? 600
- What Are the Steps in Writing an Abstract? 600
- E X A M P L E
- Abstract of “Popularity’s Downside” by Audra Ames 599