Low Impact Development and Sustainable Stormwater Management

by Cahill, Thomas H.

• ISBN13: 9780470096758
• ISBN10: 0470096756
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-07-17
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Sustainable Stormwater Management introduces engineers and designers to ideas and methods for managing stormwater in a more ecologically sustainable fashion. It provides detailed information on the design process, engineering details and calculations, and construction concerns. Concepts are illustrated with real-world examples, complete with photographs. This guide integrates the perspectives of landscape architects, planners, and scientists for a multi-disciplinary approach. This is an enlightening reference for professionals working in stormwater management, from engineers and designers to developers to regulators, and a great text for college courses.

Author Biography

Thomas H. Cahill is the Principal Environment Engineer and President of Cahill Associates. He has over forty two years of professional experience in water resources engineering, hydrology, hydraulics, natural resource planning, and environment engineering, including over thirty years in private practice. Mr. Cahill is the author of over 100 technical papers and publications on land use, stormwater management, and water quality, and is a frequent lecturer at environmental and engineering conferences.

Table of Contents

Prologue: Habitat, Sustainability, and Stormwater Management	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
Rainwater as the Resource	p. 1
The Water Balance as a Guide for Sustainable Design	p. 1
The Water Balance by Region	p. 7
Arid Environments: The Southern California Model	p. 11
The Energy Demand for Water in Southern California	p. 13
The Altered Water Balance and Hydrologic Impacts	p. 16
Imperviousness	p. 16
Increased Volume of Runoff	p. 20
The Impacts of Development on the Hydrologic Cycle	p. 24
Reduced Groundwater Recharge	p. 24
Reduced Stream Base Flow	p. 25
Altered Stream Channel Morphology	p. 26
Water Supply Impacts	p. 26
The Historic Approach: Detention System Design	p. 27
Stormwater Volume Methodologies	p. 30
Stormwater Hydrology and Quality	p. 33
Overland Flow: The Beginning of Runoff	p. 33
Regional Hydrology	p. 35
Wetlands	p. 36
First-Order Streams	p. 38
Stormwater Volume	p. 39
The Water Quality Impacts of Land Development	p. 40
Increased Pollutants in Urban Runoff	p. 43
The Chemistry of Urban Runoff Pollution	p. 44
Understanding Pollutant Transport in Stormwater	p. 47
Stormwater Quantity and Quality	p. 47
Particulates	p. 48
Solutes	p. 49
Land as the Resource	p. 51
Historic Patterns of Land Development	p. 51
Sustainable Site Design	p. 58
Watershed Setting and Physical Context	p. 58
Smart Growth Issues	p. 59
Changes Related to Development	p. 59
Conflict Between Desired Land Use and Sustainability	p. 61
Physical Determinants of Land Development	p. 62
Geology	p. 62
Physiography	p. 65
Topography	p. 66
Soil and Subsurface Conditions	p. 67
Urban Communities with Combined Sewer Overflows	p. 68
End of the Sewer	p. 71
Other Urban Infrastructure	p. 73
The Living Building and Zero Net Water Use	p. 74
The Planning Process for LID	p. 79
Sustainable Site Planning Process with Stormwater Management	p. 79
Understand the Site	p. 79
Apply LID Conservation Design	p. 80
Manage Rainfall Where It Originates	p. 81
Design with Operation and Maintenance in Mind	p. 83
Calculate Runoff Volume Increase and Water Quality Impacts	p. 85
Overview of the Site Design Process for LID	p. 86
The Legal Basis for LID: Regulatory Standards and LID Design Criteria	p. 95
The Land-Water Legal Process	p. 95
Common Law	p. 95
Federal Water Quality Law	p. 96
Federal Land Use Law	p. 97
The Evolution of Land Development Regulation	p. 98
The Regulatory Framework	p. 100
Pennsylvania Land Use Law	p. 101
Pennsylvania Water Law	p. 102
California Land Use Law	p. 103
California Water Law	p. 104
Stormwater Management Regulations	p. 105
Volume Control	p. 105
Volume Control Criteria	p. 106
Volume Control Guideline	p. 108
Peak-Rate Control Guideline	p. 108
Water Quality Protection Guideline	p. 109
Stormwater Standards for Special Areas	p. 110
Legal Implications of Green Infrastructure	p. 110
LID Design Calculations and Methodology	p. 113
Introduction to Stormwater Methodologies	p. 113
Existing Methodologies for Runoff Volume Calculations	p. 114
Runoff Curve Number Method	p. 114
Small Storm Hydrology Method	p. 117
Infiltration Models for Runoff Calculations	p. 119
Urban Runoff Quality Management	p. 119
Existing Methodologies for Peak-Rate/Hydrograph Estimates	p. 120
The Rational Method	p. 120
The NRCS (SCS) Unit Hydrograph Method	p. 120
Computer Models	p. 121
The HEC Hydrologic Modeling System	p. 121
The SCS/NRCS Models: WinTR-20 and WinTR-55	p. 121
The Stormwater Management Model	p. 122
The Source Loading and Management Model	p. 122
Continuous Modeling	p. 123
Precipitation Data for Stormwater Calculations	p. 123
Accounting for the Benefits of LID: Linking Volume and Peak Rate	p. 124
Recommended LED Stormwater Calculation Methodology	p. 124
Methods Involving No Routing	p. 125
Methods Involving Routing	p. 126
Nonstructural BMP Credits	p. 127
Design of LID Systems	p. 131
Nonstructural Measures	p. 131
Impervious Surface Reduction	p. 131
Limitation of Site Disturbance	p. 132
Site Design with Less Space	p. 132
Structural Measures	p. 133
Pervious Pavement with an Infiltration or Storage Bed	p. 134
Types of Porous Pavement	p. 134
Description and Function	p. 136
Pervious Bituminous Asphalt	p. 141
Pervious Portland Cement Concrete	p. 141
Pervious Paver Blocks	p. 141
Reinforced Turf	p. 143
Other Porous Surfaces	p. 144
Potential Applications	p. 144
Pervious Pavement Walkways (Concrete and Asphalt)	p. 144
Rooftop and Impervious Area Connections	p. 144
Water Quality Mitigation	p. 145
Bioremediation	p. 145
Rain Garden: Design and Function	p. 146
Primary Components of a Rain Garden System	p. 147
Vegetated Roof Systems	p. 152
Design and Function	p. 154
Design Elements of a Vegetated Roof System	p. 155
Types of Vegetated Roof Systems	p. 155
Dual Media with a Synthetic Retention Layer	p. 158
Potential Applications	p. 158
Capture-Reuse	p. 158
Rain Barrels and Cisterns	p. 161
Vertical Storage	p. 164
Structural Measures: Construction, Operation, and Maintenance	p. 169
Porous Pavement Systems	p. 169
Construction	p. 169
Storage/Infiltration Bed Dimensions	p. 174
Construction Staging	p. 174
Operation and Maintenance	p. 176
Vacuuming	p. 177
Restoration of Porous Pavements	p. 178
Cost of Porous Pavement	p. 178
Bioremediation Systems	p. 179
Rain Gardens	p. 179
Construction of a Rain Garden	p. 183
Maintenance of Rain Gardens	p. 183
Cost of Rain Gardens	p. 184
Vegetated Roof Systems	p. 184
Construction of a Vegetated Roof	p. 187
Maintenance of Vegetated Roofs	p. 188
Cost of Vegetated Roofs	p. 188
Capture-Reuse Systems	p. 188
Construction	p. 188
Volume Reduction	p. 191
Peak-Rate Mitigation	p. 191
Water Quality Mitigation	p. 191
The Stormwater Calculation Process	p. 193
Case Studies	p. 213
The Transition from Research to Practice	p. 213
Manuals	p. 215
LID Manual for Michigan (2008)	p. 219
Models and Watershed Studies	p. 237
Design and Construction Projects	p. 251
Index	p. 283
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