Machine Design : An Integrated Approach

by Norton, Robert L.

• ISBN13: 9780131481909
• ISBN10: 0131481908
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Machine Designpresents the subject matter in an up-to-date and thorough manner with a strong design emphasis. This textbook emphasizes both failure theory and analysis as well as emphasizing the synthesis and design aspects of machine elements. The book points out the commonality of the analytical approaches needed to design a wide variety of elements and emphasizes the use of computer-aided engineering as an approach to the design and analysis of these classes of problems. About 100 new problems will be added throughout the book, and certain topics are updated and enhanced.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Part I Fundamentals	1	(474)
Introduction to Design	3	(26)
Design	3	(2)
Machine Design	3	(1)
Machine	4	(1)
Iteration	5	(1)
A Design Process	5	(3)
Problem Formulation and Calculation	8	(1)
Definition Stage	8	(1)
Preliminary Design Stage	8	(1)
Detailed Design Stage	9	(1)
Documentation Stage	9	(1)
The Engineering Model	9	(2)
Estimation and First-Order Analysis	10	(1)
The Engineering Sketch	10	(1)
Computer-Aided Design and Engineering	11	(5)
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)	11	(3)
Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)	14	(2)
Computational Accuracy	16	(1)
The Engineering Report	16	(1)
Factors of Safety and Design Codes	16	(4)
Factor of Safety	17	(1)
Choosing a Safety Factor	18	(1)
Design and Safety Codes	19	(1)
Statistical Considerations	20	(1)
Units	21	(4)
Example 1-1	23	(2)
Summary	25	(1)
Important Equations Used in This Chapter	26	(1)
References	26	(1)
Web References	27	(1)
Bibliography	27	(1)
Problems	28	(1)
Materials and Processes	29	(44)
Introduction	29	(1)
Material-Property Definitions	29	(12)
The Tensile Test	31	(2)
Ductility and Brittleness	33	(2)
The Compression Test	35	(1)
The Bending Test	35	(1)
The Torsion Test	35	(2)
Fatigue Strength and Endurance Limit	37	(1)
Impact Resistance	38	(2)
Fracture Toughness	40	(1)
Creep and Temperature Effects	40	(1)
The Statistical Nature of Material Properties	41	(1)
Homogeneity and Isotropy	42	(1)
Hardness	42	(6)
Heat Treatment	44	(1)
Surface (Case) Hardening	45	(1)
Heat Treating Nonferrous Materials	46	(1)
Mechanical Forming and Hardening	46	(2)
Coatings and Surface Treatments	48	(4)
Galvanic Action	49	(1)
Electroplating	50	(1)
Electroless Plating	50	(1)
Anodizing	51	(1)
Plasma-Sprayed Coatings	51	(1)
Chemical Coatings	51	(1)
General Properties of Metals	52	(8)
Cast Iron	52	(1)
Cast Steels	53	(1)
Wrought Steels	53	(1)
Steel Numbering Systems	54	(2)
Aluminum	56	(2)
Titanium	58	(1)
Magnesium	59	(1)
Copper Alloys	59	(1)
General Properties of Nonmetals	60	(3)
Polymers	60	(2)
Ceramics	62	(1)
Composites	62	(1)
Selecting Materials	63	(1)
Summary	64	(4)
Important Equations Used in This Chapter	67	(1)
References	68	(1)
Web References	68	(1)
Bibliography	68	(1)
Problems	69	(4)
Load Determination	73	(64)
Introduction	73	(1)
Loading Classes	73	(2)
Free-Body Diagrams	75	(1)
Load Analysis	76	(2)
Three-Dimensional Analysis	76	(1)
Two-Dimensional Analysis	77	(1)
Static Load Analysis	78	(1)
Two-Dimensional, Static Loading Case Studies	78	(15)
Case Study 1A - Bicycle Brake Lever Loading Analysis	79	(5)
Case Study 2A - Hand-Operated Crimping-Tool Loading Analysis	84	(4)
Case Study 3A - Automobile Scissors-Jack Loading Analysis	88	(5)
Three-Dimensional, Static Loading Case Study	93	(5)
Case Study 4A - Bicycle Brake Arm Loading Analysis	94	(4)
Dynamic Loading Case Study	98	(3)
Case Study 5A - Fourbar Linkage Loading Analysis	98	(3)
Vibration Loading	101	(5)
Natural Frequency	102	(2)
Dynamic Forces	104	(1)
Case Study 5B - Fourbar Linkage Dynamic Loading Measurement	105	(1)
Impact Loading	106	(5)
Energy Method	107	(3)
Example 3-1	110	(1)
Beam Loading	111	(12)
Shear and Moment	111	(1)
Singularity Functions	112	(3)
Example 3-2A	115	(2)
Example 3-2B	117	(2)
Example 3-3A	119	(1)
Example 3-3B	120	(1)
Example 3-4	121	(1)
Superposition	122	(1)
Summary	123	(2)
Important Equations Used in This Chapter	124	(1)
References	125	(1)
Web References	126	(1)
Bibliography	126	(1)
Problems	126	(11)
Stress, Strain, and Deflection	137	(102)
Introduction	137	(1)
Stress	137	(4)
Strain	141	(1)
Principal Stresses	141	(3)
Plane Stress and Plane Strain	144	(1)
Plane Stress	144	(1)
Plane Strain	144	(1)
Mohr's Circles	144	(5)
Example 4-1	145	(2)
Example 4-2	147	(1)
Example 4-3	148	(1)
Applied Versus Principal Stresses	149	(1)
Axial Tension	150	(1)
Direct Shear Stress, Bearing Stress, and Tearout	151	(1)
Direct Shear	151	(1)
Direct Bearing	152	(1)
Tearout Failure	152	(1)
Beams and Bending Stresses	152	(8)
Beams in Pure Bending	153	(3)
Shear Due to Transverse Loading	156	(4)
Deflection in Beams	160	(11)
Deflection by Singularity Functions	162	(1)
Example 4-4	162	(3)
Example 4-5	165	(2)
Example 4-6	167	(2)
Statically Indeterminate Beams	169	(1)
Example 4-7	169	(2)
Castigliano's Method	171	(2)
Deflection by Castigliano's Method	173	(1)
Finding Redundant Reactions with Castigliano's Method	173	(1)
Torsion	173	(6)
Example 4-8	175	(4)
Combined Stresses	179	(3)
Example 4-9	180	(2)
Spring Rates	182	(1)
Stress Concentration	183	(6)
Stress Concentration Under Static Loading	184	(1)
Stress Concentration Under Dynamic Loading	185	(1)
Determining Geometric Stress-Concentration Factors	185	(3)
Designing to Avoid Stress Concentrations	188	(1)
Axial Compression - Columns	189	(11)
Slenderness Ratio	190	(1)
Short Columns	190	(1)
Long Columns	190	(2)
End Conditions	192	(2)
Intermediate Columns	194	(1)
Example 4-10	195	(2)
Eccentric Columns	197	(3)
Stresses in Cylinders	200	(2)
Thick-Walled Cylinders	201	(1)
Thin-Walled Cylinders	202	(1)
Case Studies in Static Stress and Deflection Analysis	202	(16)
Case Study 1B - Bicycle Brake Lever Stress and Deflection Analysis	203	(3)
Case Study 2B - Crimping-Tool Stress and Deflection Analysis	206	(5)
Case Study 3B - Automobile Scissors-Jack Stress and Deflection Analysis	211	(3)
Case Study 4B - Bicycle Brake Arm Stress Analysis	214	(4)
Summary	218	(6)
Important Equations Used in This Chapter	221	(3)
References	224	(1)
Bibliography	225	(1)
Problems	225	(14)
Static Failure Theories	239	(60)
Introduction	239	(2)
Failure of Ductile Materials Under Static Loading	241	(13)
The von Mises-Hencky or Distortion-Energy Theory	242	(6)
The Maximum Shear-Stress Theory	248	(2)
Maximum Normal-Stress Theory	250	(1)
Comparison of Experimental Data with Failure Theories	250	(2)
Example 5-1	252	(2)
Failure of Brittle Materials Under Static Loading	254	(7)
Even and Uneven Materials	254	(1)
The Coulomb-Mohr Theory	255	(1)
The Modified-Mohr Theory	256	(2)
Example 5-2	258	(3)
Fracture Mechanics	261	(8)
Fracture-Mechanics Theory	262	(3)
Fracture Toughness Kc	265	(3)
Example 5-3	268	(1)
Using the Static Loading Failure Theories	269	(1)
Case Studies in Static Failure Analysis	270	(11)
Case Study 1C - Bicycle Brake Lever Failure Analysis	270	(3)
Case Study 2C - Crimping Tool Failure Analysis	273	(3)
Case Study 3C - Automobile Scissors-Jack Failure Analysis	276	(2)
Case Study 4C - Bicycle Brake Arm Factors of Safety	278	(3)
Summary	281	(3)
Important Equations Used in This Chapter	282	(2)
References	284	(1)
Bibliography	285	(1)
Problems	286	(13)
Fatigue Failure Theories	299	(116)
Introduction	299	(3)
History of Fatigue Failure	299	(3)
Mechanism of Fatigue Failure	302	(3)
Crack Initiation Stage	303	(1)
Crack Propagation Stage	303	(1)
Fracture	304	(1)
Fatigue-Failure Models	305	(3)
Fatigue Regimes	305	(2)
The Stress-Life Approach	307	(1)
The Strain-Life Approach	307	(1)
The LEFM Approach	307	(1)
Machine-Design Considerations	308	(1)
Fatigue Loads	309	(2)
Rotating Machinery Loading	309	(1)
Service Equipment Loading	310	(1)
Measuring Fatigue Failure Criteria	311	(12)
Fully Reversed Stresses	312	(6)
Combined Mean and Alternating Stress	318	(1)
Fracture-Mechanics Criteria	319	(3)
Testing Actual Assemblies	322	(1)
Estimating Fatigue Failure Criteria	323	(15)
Estimating the Theoretical Fatigue Strength or Endurance Limit	324	(2)
Correction Factors to the Theoretical Fatigue Strength	326	(7)
Calculating the Corrected Fatigue Strength	333	(1)
Creating Estimated S-N Diagrams	333	(1)
Example 6-1	334	(2)
Example 6-2	336	(2)
Notches and Stress Concentrations	338	(5)
Notch Sensitivity	338	(4)
Example 6-3	342	(1)
Residual Stresses	343	(4)
Designing for High-Cycle Fatigue	347	(1)
Designing for Fully Reversed Uniaxial Stresses	348	(8)
Design Steps for Fully Reversed Stresses with Uniaxial Loading	348	(2)
Example 6-4	350	(6)
Designing for Fluctuating Uniaxial Stresses	356	(16)
Creating the Modified-Goodman Diagram	357	(2)
Applying Stress-Concentration Effects with Fluctuating Stresses	359	(1)
Determining the Safety Factor with Fluctuating Stresses	360	(4)
Design Steps for Fluctuating Stresses	364	(2)
Example 6-5	366	(6)
Designing for Multiaxial Stresses in Fatigue	372	(5)
Frequency and Phase Relationships	372	(1)
Fully Reversed Simple Multiaxial Stresses	373	(1)
Fluctuating Simple Multiaxial Stresses	374	(1)
Complex Multiaxial Stresses	375	(2)
A General Approach to High-Cycle Fatigue Design	377	(5)
Example 6-6	378	(4)
A Case Study in Fatigue Design	382	(12)
Case Study 6 - Redesign of a Failed Laybar for a Water-Jet Power Loom	382	(12)
Summary	394	(5)
Important Equations Used in This Chapter	395	(4)
References	399	(2)
Bibliography	401	(1)
Problems	402	(13)
Surface Failure	415	(60)
Introduction	415	(2)
Surface Geometry	417	(2)
Mating Surfaces	419	(1)
Friction	420	(2)
Effect of Roughness on Friction	421	(1)
Effect of Velocity on Friction	421	(1)
Rolling Friction	421	(1)
Effect of Lubricant on Friction	422	(1)
Adhesive Wear	422	(4)
The Adhesive-Wear Coefficient	425	(1)
Abrasive Wear	426	(4)
Abrasive Materials	429	(1)
Abrasion-Resistant Materials	429	(1)
Corrosion Wear	430	(2)
Corrosion Fatigue	431	(1)
Fretting Corrosion	431	(1)
Surface Fatigue	432	(2)
Spherical Contact	434	(6)
Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in Spherical Contact	434	(2)
Static Stress Distributions in Spherical Contact	436	(3)
Example 7-1	439	(1)
Cylindrical Contact	440	(4)
Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in Parallel Cylindrical Contact	440	(1)
Static Stress Distributions in Parallel Cylindrical Contact	441	(2)
Example 7-2	443	(1)
General Contact	444	(5)
Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in General Contact	444	(1)
Stress Distributions in General Contact	445	(1)
Example 7-3	446	(3)
Dynamic Contact Stresses	449	(7)
Effect of a Sliding Component on Contact Stresses	449	(5)
Example 7-4	454	(2)
Surface Fatigue Failure Models---Dynamic Contact	456	(3)
Surface Fatigue Strength	459	(6)
Example 7-5	463	(2)
Summary	465	(4)
Designing to Avoid Surface Failure	466	(1)
Important Equations Used in This Chapter	466	(3)
References	469	(2)
Problems	471	(4)
Part II Machine Design	475	(464)
Design Case Studies	477	(26)
Introduction	477	(1)
Case Study 7---A Portable Air Compressor	478	(3)
Case Study 7A - Preliminary Design of a Compressor Drive Train	480	(1)
Case Study 8---A Hay-Bale Lifter	481	(4)
Case Study 8A - Preliminary Design of a Winch Lift	482	(3)
Case Study 9---A Cam-Testing Machine	485	(6)
Case Study 9A - Preliminary Design of a Cam Dynamic Test Fixture	486	(5)
Summary	491	(1)
References	491	(1)
Design Projects	492	(11)
Shafts, Keys, and Couplings	503	(74)
Introduction	503	(1)
Shaft Loads	503	(2)
Attachments and Stress Concentrations	505	(2)
Shaft Materials	507	(1)
Shaft Power	507	(1)
Shaft Loads	508	(1)
Shaft Stresses	508	(1)
Shaft Failure in Combined Loading	509	(1)
Shaft Design	510	(10)
General Considerations	510	(1)
Design for Fully Reversed Bending and Steady Torsion	511	(2)
Design for Fluctuating Bending and Fluctuating Torsion	513	(1)
Example 9-1	514	(5)
Example 9-2	519	(1)
Shaft Deflection	520	(4)
Shafts as Beams	521	(1)
Shafts as Torsion Bars	521	(1)
Example 9-3	522	(2)
Keys and Keyways	524	(8)
Parallel Keys	524	(1)
Tapered Keys	525	(1)
Woodruff Keys	526	(1)
Stresses in Keys	526	(1)
Key Materials	527	(1)
Key Design	527	(1)
Stress Concentrations in Keyways	528	(1)
Example 9-4	528	(4)
Splines	532	(2)
Interference Fits	534	(5)
Stresses in Interference Fits	534	(1)
Stress Concentration in Interference Fits	535	(1)
Fretting Corrosion	536	(1)
Example 9-5	537	(2)
Flywheel Design	539	(8)
Energy Variation in a Rotating System	540	(1)
Example 9-6	541	(1)
Determining the Flywheel Inertia	542	(2)
Stresses in Flywheels	544	(1)
Failure Criteria	545	(1)
Example 9-7	545	(2)
Critical Speeds of Shafts	547	(11)
Lateral Vibration of Shafts and Beams---Rayleigh's Method	550	(1)
Shaft Whirl	551	(2)
Torsional Vibration	553	(1)
Two Disks on a Common Shaft	554	(1)
Multiple Disks on a Common Shaft	555	(1)
Controlling Torsional Vibrations	556	(1)
Example 9-8	557	(1)
Couplings	558	(4)
Rigid Couplings	559	(1)
Compliant Couplings	560	(2)
Case Study	562	(4)
Designing Driveshafts for a Portable Air Compressor	562	(1)
Case Study 7B - Preliminary Design of Shafts for a Compressor Drive Train	562	(4)
Summary	566	(2)
Important Equations Used in This Chapter	567	(1)
References	568	(1)
Problems	569	(8)
Bearings and Lubrication	577	(58)
Introduction	577	(2)
A Caveat	579	(1)
Lubricants	579	(2)
Viscosity	581	(1)
Types of Lubrication	582	(4)
Full-Film Lubrication	583	(2)
Boundary Lubrication	585	(1)
Material Combinations in Sliding Bearings	586	(1)
Hydrodynamic Lubrication Theory	587	(8)
Petroff's Equation for No-Load Torque	588	(1)
Reynolds' Equation for Eccentric Journal Bearings	589	(5)
Torque and Power Losses in Journal Bearings	594	(1)
Design of Hydrodynamic Bearings	595	(7)
Design Load Factor-The Ocvirk Number	595	(3)
Design Procedures	598	(1)
Example 10-1	598	(4)
Nonconforming Contacts	602	(6)
Example 10-2	605	(3)
Rolling-Element Bearings	608	(4)
Comparison of Rolling and Sliding Bearings	609	(1)
Types of Rolling-Element Bearings	609	(3)
Failure of Rolling-Element Bearings	612	(2)
Selection of Rolling-Element Bearings	614	(6)
Basic Dynamic Load Rating C	614	(2)
Modified Bearing Life Rating	616	(1)
Basic Static Load Rating C0	616	(1)
Example 10-3	616	(1)
Combined Radial and Thrust Loads	617	(2)
Calculation Procedures	619	(1)
Example 10-4	619	(1)
Bearing Mounting Details	620	(1)
Special Bearings	621	(1)
Case Study	622	(3)
Case Study 9B - Design of Hydrodynamic Bearings for a Cam Test Fixture	623	(2)
Summary	625	(3)
Important Equations Used in This Chapter	626	(2)
References	628	(2)
Problems	630	(5)
Spur Gears	635	(66)
Introduction	635	(2)
Gear Tooth Theory	637	(6)
The Fundamental Law of Gearing	637	(1)
The Involute Tooth Form	638	(1)
Pressure Angle	639	(1)
Gear Mesh Geometry	640	(1)
Rack and Pinion	641	(1)
Changing Center Distance	641	(2)
Backlash	643	(1)
Relative Tooth Motion	643	(1)
Gear Tooth Nomenclature	643	(3)
Interference and Undercutting	646	(2)
Unequal-Addendum Tooth Forms	647	(1)
Contact Ratio	648	(2)
Example 11-1	649	(1)
Gear Trains	650	(6)
Simple Gear Trains	650	(1)
Compound Gear Trains	651	(1)
Reverted Compound Trains	652	(1)
Example 11-2	652	(1)
Epicyclic or Planetary Gear Trains	653	(2)
Example 11-3	655	(1)
Gear Manufacturing	656	(4)
Forming Gear Teeth	656	(1)
Machining	657	(1)
Roughing Processes	657	(2)
Finishing Processes	659	(1)
Gear Quality	659	(1)
Loading on Spur Gears	660	(2)
Example 11-4	661	(1)
Stresses in Spur Gears	662	(14)
Bending Stresses	663	(7)
Example 11-5	670	(2)
Surface Stresses	672	(2)
Example 11-6	674	(2)
Gear Materials	676	(10)
Material Strengths	677	(1)
AGMA Bending-Fatigue Strengths for Gear Materials	678	(1)
AGMA Surface-Fatigue Strengths for Gear Materials	679	(5)
Example 11-7	684	(2)
Lubrication of Gearing	686	(1)
Design of Spur Gears	686	(2)
Case Study	688	(4)
Case Study 7C - Design of Spur Gears for a Compressor Drive Train	688	(4)
Summary	692	(3)
Important Equations Used in This Chapter	694	(1)
References	695	(1)
Problems	696	(5)
Helical, Bevel, and Worm Gears	701	(38)
Introduction	701	(1)
Helical Gears	701	(13)
Helical Gear Geometry	703	(1)
Helical-Gear Forces	704	(1)
Virtual Number of Teeth	705	(1)
Contact Ratios	706	(1)
Stresses in Helical Gears	706	(4)
Example 12-1	710	(4)
Bevel Gears	714	(8)
Bevel-Gear Geometry and Nomenclature	715	(1)
Bevel-Gear Mounting	716	(1)
Forces on Bevel Gears	716	(1)
Stresses in Bevel Gears	717	(1)
Example 12-2	718	(4)
Wormsets	722	(6)
Materials for Wormsets	724	(1)
Lubrication in Wormsets	724	(1)
Forces in Wormsets	724	(1)
Wormset Geometry	724	(1)
Rating Methods	725	(2)
A Design Procedure for Wormsets	727	(1)
Case Study	728	(3)
Case Study 8B - Design of a Wormset Speed Reducer for a Winch Lift	728	(3)
Summary	731	(4)
Important Equations Used in This Chapter	733	(2)
References	735	(1)
Problems	736	(3)
Spring Design	739	(72)
Introduction	739	(1)
Spring Rate	739	(3)
Spring Configurations	742	(2)
Spring Materials	744	(5)
Spring Wire	744	(3)
Flat Spring Stock	747	(2)
Helical Compression Springs	749	(12)
Spring Lengths	750	(1)
End Details	750	(1)
Active Coils	751	(1)
Spring Index	751	(1)
Spring Deflection	751	(1)
Spring Rate	751	(1)
Stresses in Helical Compression Spring Coils	752	(1)
Residual Stresses	753	(1)
Buckling of Compression Springs	754	(1)
Compression-Spring Surge	755	(1)
Allowable Strengths for Compression Springs	755	(2)
The Torsional-Shear S-N Diagram for Spring Wire	757	(1)
Example 13-1	757	(2)
The Modified-Goodman Diagram for Spring Wire	759	(1)
Example 13-2	759	(2)
Designing Helical Compression Springs for Static Loading	761	(5)
Example 13-3	762	(4)
Designing Helical Compression Springs for Fatigue Loading	766	(6)
Example 13-4	768	(4)
Helical Extension Springs	772	(12)
Active Coils in Extension Springs	773	(1)
Spring Rate of Extension Springs	774	(1)
Spring Index of Extension Springs	774	(1)
Coil Preload in Extension Springs	775	(1)
Deflection of Extension Springs	775	(1)
Coil Stresses in Extension Springs	775	(1)
End Stresses in Extension Springs	775	(1)
Surging in Extension Springs	776	(1)
Material Strengths for Extension Springs	777	(1)
Design of Helical Extension Springs	777	(1)
Example 13-5	777	(7)
Helical Torsion Springs	784	(8)
Terminology for Torsion Springs	785	(1)
Number of Coils in Torsion Springs	785	(1)
Deflection of Torsion Springs	785	(1)
Spring Rate of Torsion Springs	786	(1)
Coil Closure	786	(1)
Coil Stresses in Torsion Springs	786	(1)
Material Parameters for Torsion Springs	787	(1)
Safety Factors for Torsion Springs	787	(1)
Designing Helical Torsion Springs	788	(1)
Example 13-6	789	(3)
Belleville Spring Washers	792	(6)
Load-Deflection Function for Belleville Washers	794	(1)
Stresses in Belleville Washers	794	(1)
Static Loading of Belleville Washers	795	(1)
Dynamic Loading	796	(1)
Stacking Springs	796	(1)
Designing Belleville Springs	796	(1)
Example 13-7	796	(2)
Case Studies	798	(5)
Designing a Return Spring for a Cam-Testing Machine	798	(1)
Case Study 9C - Design of a Return Spring for a Cam-Follower Arm	799	(4)
Summary	803	(3)
Important Equations Used in This Chapter	804	(2)
References	806	(1)
Problems	807	(4)
Screws and Fasteners	811	(66)
Introduction	811	(3)
Standard Thread Forms	814	(3)
Tensile Stress Area	815	(1)
Standard Thread Dimensions	816	(1)
Power Screws	817	(9)
Square, Acme, and Buttress Threads	817	(1)
Power Screw Application	818	(2)
Power Screw Force and Torque Analysis	820	(1)
Friction Coefficients	821	(1)
Self-Locking and Back-Driving of Power Screws	822	(1)
Screw Efficiency	823	(1)
Ball Screws	824	(1)
Example 14-1	825	(1)
Stresses in Threads	826	(2)
Axial Stress	827	(1)
Shear Stress	827	(1)
Torsional Stress	828	(1)
Types of Screw Fasteners	828	(4)
Classification by Intended Use	829	(1)
Classification by Thread Type	829	(1)
Classification by Head Style	829	(2)
Nuts and Washers	831	(1)
Manufacturing Fasteners	832	(1)
Strengths of Standard Bolts and Machine Screws	833	(1)
Preloaded Fasteners in Tension	834	(13)
Preloaded Bolts Under Static Loading	837	(2)
Example 14-2	839	(3)
Preloaded Bolts Under Dynamic Loading	842	(1)
Example 14-3	843	(4)
Determining the Joint Stiffness Factor	847	(7)
Gasketed Joints	849	(1)
Example 14-4	850	(4)
Controlling Preload	854	(3)
The Turn-of-the-Nut Method	855	(1)
Torque-Limited Fasteners	855	(1)
Load-Indicating Washers	855	(1)
Torsional Stress Due to Torquing of Bolts	856	(1)
Example 14-5	856	(1)
Fasteners in Shear	857	(5)
Dowel Pins	858	(2)
Centroids of Fastener Groups	860	(1)
Determining Shear Loads on Fasteners	860	(1)
Example 14-6	861	(1)
Case Study	862	(6)
Designing Headbolts for an Air Compressor	862	(1)
Case Study 7D - Design of the Headbolts for an Air Compressor	863	(5)
Summary	868	(2)
Important Equations Used in This Chapter	868	(2)
References	870	(1)
Bibliography	871	(1)
Problems	871	(6)
Clutches and Brakes	877	(28)
Introduction	877	(2)
Types of Brakes and Clutches	879	(5)
Clutch/Brake Selection and Specification	884	(2)
Clutch and Brake Materials	886	(1)
Disk Clutches	886	(3)
Uniform Pressure	887	(1)
Uniform Wear	887	(2)
Example 15-1	889	(1)
Disk Brakes	889	(1)
Drum Brakes	890	(7)
Short-Shoe External Drum Brakes	891	(1)
Example 15-2	892	(1)
Long-Shoe External Drum Brakes	893	(3)
Example 15-3	896	(1)
Long-Shoe Internal Drum Brakes	897	(1)
Summary	897	(3)
Important Equations Used in This Chapter	899	(1)
References	900	(1)
Bibliography	900	(1)
Problems	901	(4)
Finite Element Analysis	905	(34)
Introduction	905	(2)
Stress and Strain Computation	906	(1)
Finite Element Method	907	(2)
Element Types	909	(2)
Element Dimension and Degree of Freedom (DOF)	909	(1)
Element Order	910	(1)
H-Elements Versus P-Elements	911	(1)
Element Aspect Ratio	911	(1)
Meshing	911	(5)
Mesh Density	912	(1)
Mesh Refinement	912	(1)
Convergence	912	(1)
Example 16-1	913	(3)
Boundary Conditions	916	(10)
Example 16-2	917	(3)
Example 16-3	920	(4)
Example 16-4	924	(2)
Applying Loads	926	(1)
Testing the Model (Verification)	927	(3)
Example 16-5	927	(3)
Dynamic Analysis	930	(2)
Example 16-6	931	(1)
Case Studies	932	(4)
Case Study 2D - FEA Analysis of a Crimping Tool	933	(1)
Case Study 10 - FEA Analysis of a Trailer Hitch	934	(2)
Summary	936	(1)
References	937	(1)
Bibliography	937	(1)
Web Resources	938	(1)
Problems	938	(1)
Appendix A Cross-Sectional Properties	939	(2)
Appendix B Mass Properties	941	(2)
Appendix C Material Properties	943	(8)
Appendix D Beam Tables	951	(4)
Appendix E Stress-Concentration Factors	955	(8)
Appendix F Answers to Selected Problems	963	(10)
Index	973