The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, A Concise History, Volume I: To 1740

by Hunt; Martin; Rosenwein

• ISBN13: 9780312439453
• ISBN10: 0312439458
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-07-28
• Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's

Summary

Praised for its highly readable narrative and unmatched integration of political, social and cultural history,The Making of the West: A Concise Historycaptures the spirit of each age as it situates Europe within a global context. The rich narrative pays sustained attention to important topics and developments over time and reveals the cross-cultural interactions that have shaped today's world, presenting the history of the West as an ongoing process. The text's hallmark global perspective, broad geographic coverage, new student study aids, and handy format are combined with the best full-color art and map programs of any brief text.

Author Biography

LYNN HUNT, Eugen Weber Professor of Modern European History at University of California at Los Angeles, received her B.A. from Carleton College and her M.A. and Ph.D. from Stanford University. She is the author of Revolution and Urban Politics in Provincial France (1978), Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution (1984), and The Family Romance of the French Revolution (1992); she is also the co-author of Telling the Truth About History (1994), co-author of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution (2001, with CD-ROM), editor of The New Cultural History (1989), editor and translator of The French Revolution and Human Rights (1996), and co-editor of Histories: French Constructions of the Past (1995), Beyond the Cultural Turn (1999), and Human Rights and Revolutions (2000). She has been awarded fellowships by the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She served as president of the American Historical Association in 2002.

THOMAS R. MARTIN, Jeremiah O'Connor Professor in Classics at the College of the Holy Cross, earned his B.A. at Princeton University and his M.A. and Ph.D. at Harvard University. He is the author of Sovereignty and Coinage in Classical Greece (1985) and Ancient Greece (1996, 2000) and one of the originators of Perseus 1.0: Interactive Sources and Studies on Ancient Greece (1992, 1996, and www.perseus.tufts.edu). He serves on the editorial board of STOA (www.stoa.org) and as co-director of its DEMOS project (on-line resources on ancient Athenian democracy). A recipient of fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the American Council of Learned Societies, he is currently conducting research on the comparative historiography of ancient Greece and ancient China.

BARBARA H. ROSENWEIN, professor of history at Loyola University of Chicago, earned her B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. at the University of Chicago. She is the author of Rhinoceros Bound: Cluny in the Tenth Century (1982), To Be the Neighbor of Saint Peter: The Social Meaning of Cluny's Property, 909-1049 (1989), Negotiating Space: Power, Restraint, and Privileges of Immunity in Early Medieval Europe (1999), and A Short History of the Middle Ages (2001). She is the editor of Anger's Past: The Social Uses of an Emotion in the Middle Ages (1998) and co-editor ofDebating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings (1998) and Monks and Nuns, Saints and Outcasts: Religion in Medieval Society (2000). A recipient of Guggenheim and National Endowment for the Humanities fellowships, she is currently working on a history of emotions in the Early Middle Ages.

R. Po-CHIA HSIA, Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of History at Pennsylvania State University, received his B.A. from Swarthmore College and his M.A. and Ph.D. from Yale University. He is the author of Society and Religion in Munster, 1535-1618 (1984), The Myth of Ritual Murder: Jews and Magic in Reformation Germany (1988), Social Discipline in the Reformation: Central Europe 1550-1750 (1989), Trent 1475: Stories of a Ritual Murder Trial (1992), and The World of the Catholic Renewal (1997). He has edited The German People and the Reformation (1998), In and Out of the Ghetto: Jewish-Gentile Relations in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany(1995), Calvinism and Religious Toleration in the Dutch Golden Age (2002), and A Companion to the Reformation World (2004). He has been awarded fellowships by the Woodrow Wilson International Society of Scholars, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Guggenheim Foundation, the Davis Center of Princeton University, the Mellon Foundation, the American Council of Learned Societies, and the American Academy in Berlin. Currently he is working on the cultural contacts between Europe and Asia between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries.

BONNIE G. SMITH, Board of Governors Professor of History at Rutgers University, earned her B.A. at Smith College and her Ph.D. at the University of Rochester. She is the author of Ladies of the Leisure Class (1981), Confessions of a Concierge: Madame Lucie's History of Twentieth-Century France (1985), Changing Lives: Women in European History Since 1700 (1989), The Gender of History: Men, Women and Historical Practice (1998), and Imperialism (2000); she is also the co-author and translator of What Is Property? (1994), editor of Global Feminisms Since 1945 (2000), and Women's History in Global Perspective(3 vols. 2004-2005), co-editor of History and the Texture of Modern Life: Selected Writings of Lucy Maynard Salmon (2001), Gendering Disability (2004), and Sources of the Medieval and Early Modern World (2005); and general editor of the forthcoming Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. She has received fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Humanities Center, the Davis Center of Princeton University, and the American Council of Learned Societies. Currently she is studying the globalization of European culture since the seventeenth century.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Brief Contents	xiv
Maps and Figures	xxx
Authors' Note: The B.C.E/C.E. Dating System	xxxiv
About the Authors	xxxvii
Foundations of Western Civilization, to 500 B.C.E.	3	(48)
Making Civilization, to 1000 B.C.E.	5	(10)
Paleolithic and Neolithic Life, c. 400,000-4000 B.C.E.	5	(3)
The Birth of Cities and Empire in Mesopotamia, c. 4000-1000 B.C.E.	8	(5)
Mesopotamian Legacies: Commerce, Law, and Learning, c. 2200-1000 B.C.E.	13	(2)
Early Civilizations in Egypt, the Levant, and Anatolia, c. 3100-1000 B.C.E.	15	(10)
Religion and Rule in Egypt, c. 3100-2190 B.C.E.	16	(5)
Life in the Egyptian and Hittite Kingdoms, 2190-1000 B.C.E.	21	(4)
Shifting Empires in the Ancient Near East, to 500 B.C.E.	25	(8)
From Neo-Assyrian to Babylonian to Persian Empire, c. 900-500 B.C.E.	26	(4)
Creating Hebrew Monotheism, c. 1000-539 B.C.E.	30	(3)
Greek Civilization, to 750 B.C.E.	33	(5)
Minoan and Mycenaean Civilization, c. 2200-1000 B.C.E.	33	(3)
The Greek Dark Age, c. 1000-750 B.C.E.	36	(2)
Remaking Greek Civilization, c. 750-500 B.C.E.	38	(10)
Citizenship and Freedom in the City-State	39	(6)
New Ways of Thought and Expression	45	(3)
Conclusion	48	(3)
The Greek Golden Age, c. 500-400 B.C.E.	51	(40)
The Persian Wars, 499-479 B.C.E.	52	(4)
The Ionian Revolt and the Battle of Marathon, 499-490 B.C.E.	52	(2)
Xerxes' Invasion of 480-479 B.C.E.	54	(2)
Athenian Confidence in the Golden Age, 479-431 B.C.E.	56	(9)
The Establishment of the Athenian Empire, 479—c. 460 B.C.E.	56	(3)
Radical Democracy and Pericles' Leadership, 461-445 B.C.E.	59	(2)
The Urban Landscape of Golden Age Athens	61	(4)
Tradition and Innovation in Athens's Golden Age	65	(18)
Religious Tradition in a Period of Change	66	(2)
Women, Slaves, and Metics in Traditional Society	68	(5)
Education and Intellectual Innovation	73	(6)
The Development of Tragedy and Comedy	79	(4)
The End of the Golden Age, 431-403 B.C.E	83	(5)
The Peloponnesian War, 431-403 B.C.E.	84	(2)
The Rule of the Thirty Tyrants, 404-403 B.C.E.	86	(2)
Conclusion	88	(3)
From the Classical to the Hellenistic World, c. 400-30 B.C.E.	91	(38)
Disunity in Classical Greece, c. 400-350 B.C.E.	93	(6)
The Aftermath of War and the Trial of Socrates	93	(2)
The Philosophy of Plato and Aristotle	95	(3)
The Fracturing of Greece	98	(1)
The Rise of Macedonia, 359-323 B.C.E.	99	(7)
Philip II and the Background of Macedonian Power	99	(3)
Exploits of Alexander the Great, 336-323 B.C.E.	102	(4)
The Hellenistic Kingdoms, 323-30 B.C.E.	106	(6)
The Structure of Hellenistic Kingdoms	106	(4)
Hierarchy in Hellenistic Society	110	(2)
Hellenistic Culture	112	(13)
The Arts under Royal Support	112	(3)
Philosophy for a New Age	115	(3)
Innovation in the Sciences	118	(2)
A New East-West Culture	120	(5)
Conclusion	125	(4)
The Rise of Rome, c. 753-44 B.C.E.	129	(42)
Social and Religious Traditions	131	(8)
Roman Values	131	(1)
The Patron-Client System	132	(2)
The Roman Family	134	(2)
Education for Public Life	136	(1)
Religion for Public and Private Interests	137	(2)
From Monarchy to Republic, c. 753-287 B.C.E.	139	(7)
Rule by Kings, c. 753-509 B.C.E.	140	(2)
The Early Roman Republic, 509-287 B.C.E.	142	(4)
Consequences of Roman Imperialism, Fifth to Second Centuries B.C.E.	146	(12)
Roman Expansion in Italy	147	(1)
Wars with Carthage	148	(4)
Greece's Influence on Rome's Literature, Philosophy, and Art	152	(4)
Imperialism's Effects on Republican Society	156	(2)
The Destruction of the Republic, c. 133-44 B.C.E.	158	(10)
The Gracchus Brothers and Political Rupture	159	(1)
Gaius Marius and the First Client Armies	160	(1)
Sulla and Civil War	161	(2)
Pompey, Caesar, and the End of the Republic	163	(5)
Conclusion	168	(3)
The Roman Empire, c. 44 B.c.E.-284 C.E.	171	(42)
Creating "Roman Peace"	173	(11)
From Republic to Principate, 44-27 B.C.E.	173	(1)
Augustus's "Restoration," 27 B.C.E.-14 C.E.	174	(3)
Life in Augustan Rome	177	(5)
Art and Literature to Please the Emperor	182	(2)
Maintaining "Roman Peace"	184	(11)
Making Monarchy Permanent, 14-180 C.E.	185	(4)
Life under the Five Good Emperors, 96-180 C.E.	189	(6)
The Emergence of Christianity	195	(10)
The Teachings of Jesus	196	(3)
Growth of a New Religion	199	(3)
Competing Beliefs	202	(3)
The Crisis of the Third Century	205	(5)
Defending the Frontiers	205	(1)
The Severan Emperors and Catastrophe	206	(4)
Conclusion	210	(3)
The Transformation of the Roman Empire, c. 284—c. 600 C.E.	213	(46)
Reorganizing the Empire	214	(8)
Imperial Reform and Fragmentation	215	(4)
Financial Reform and Social Consequences	219	(1)
Religious Reform: From Persecution to Conversion	220	(2)
Christianizing the Empire	222	(13)
The Spread of Christianity	222	(5)
Competing Visions of Religious Truth	227	(5)
The Beginning of Christian Monasticism	232	(3)
Non-Roman Kingdoms in the West	235	(10)
Migrations into the Empire	235	(8)
Mixing Traditions	243	(2)
The Byzantine Empire in the East	245	(10)
Byzantine Society	245	(4)
The Reign of Justinian, 527-565	249	(3)
Preserving Classical Literature	252	(3)
Conclusion	255	(4)
The Heirs of the Roman Empire, 600-750	259	(36)
Byzantium: A Christian Empire under Siege	260	(8)
Wars on the Frontiers, c. 570-750	261	(2)
From an Urban to a Rural Way of Life	263	(3)
Religion, Politics, and Iconoclasm	266	(2)
Islam: A New Religion and a New Empire	268	(7)
The Rise and Development of Islam, c. 610-632	268	(5)
Muhammad's Successors, 632-750	273	(1)
Peace and Prosperity in Islamic Lands	274	(1)
The Western Kingdoms	275	(17)
Frankish Kingdoms with Roman Roots	276	(4)
Economic Activity in a Peasant Society	280	(2)
The Powerful in Merovingian Society	282	(4)
Christianity and Classical Culture in the British Isles	286	(2)
Unity in Spain, Division in Italy	288	(4)
Conclusion	292	(3)
Unity and Diversity in Three Societies, 750-1050	295	(44)
Byzantium: Renewed Strength and Influence	296	(7)
Imperial Might	297	(2)
The Macedonian Renaissance, c. 870–c. 1025	299	(2)
New States under the Influence of Byzantium	301	(2)
From Unity to Fragmentation in the Islamic World	303	(6)
The Abbasid Caliphate, 750–c. 950	304	(1)
Regional Diversity	305	(2)
The Islamic Renaissance, c. 790–c. 1050	307	(2)
The Creation and Division of a New Western Empire	309	(14)
The Rise of the Carolingians	310	(1)
Charlemagne and His Kingdom, 768-814	311	(3)
The Carolingian Renaissance	314	(1)
Charlemagne's Successors, 814-911	315	(2)
Land and Power	317	(1)
Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars Invade	318	(5)
The Emergence of Local Rule in the Post-Carolingian Age	323	(13)
Public Power and Private Relationships	323	(4)
War and Peace	327	(2)
Political Communities in Italy, England, and France	329	(3)
Emperors and Kings in Central and Eastern Europe	332	(4)
Conclusion	336	(3)
Renewal and Reform, 1050-1200	339	(46)
The Commercial Revolution	340	(6)
Centers of Commerce and Commercial Life	340	(3)
Business Arrangements	343	(2)
Self-Government for the Towns	345	(1)
Church Reform and Its Aftermath	346	(12)
Beginnings of the Reform Movement	346	(3)
Gregorian Reform and the Investiture Conflict, 1073-1085	349	(2)
The Sweep of Reform	351	(1)
Early Crusades and Crusader States	352	(4)
The Jews as Strangers	356	(2)
The Revival of Monarchies	358	(11)
Byzantium in Its Prime	359	(1)
Norman and Angevin England	360	(5)
Praising the King of France	365	(1)
Remaking the Empire	366	(1)
The Courtly Culture of Europe	367	(2)
New Forms of Scholarship and Religious Experience	369	(13)
Schools, Scholars, and the New Learning	370	(3)
Benedictine Monks and Artistic Splendor	373	(2)
New Monastic Orders of Poverty	375	(2)
Religious Fervor and Dissent	377	(5)
Conclusion	382	(3)
An Age of Confidence, 1200-1340	385	(40)
War, Conquest, and Settlement	386	(12)
The Northern Crusades	386	(1)
The Capture of Constantinople	387	(3)
The Spanish Reconquista Advances	390	(1)
Putting Down the Heretics in Their Midst	391	(5)
The Mongol Takeover	396	(2)
Politics of Control	398	(11)
France: From Acorn to Oak	398	(3)
England: Crisis and Consolidation	401	(1)
Papal Monarchy	402	(4)
Power Shifts in the Italian Communes	406	(1)
New-Style Associations amid the Monarchies	406	(1)
The Birth of Representative Institutions	407	(2)
Religious and Cultural Life in an Age of Expansion	409	(13)
Lay Religious Fervor	409	(2)
Scholastics and Scholasticism	411	(2)
New Syntheses in Writing and Music	413	(2)
The Order of High Gothic	415	(7)
Conclusion	422	(3)
Crisis and Renaissance, 1340-1500	425	(48)
A Multitude of Crises	426	(22)
Economic Contraction and the Black Death	426	(4)
The Hundred Years' War, 1337-1453	430	(6)
Ottoman Conquest and New Political Configurations in Eastern Europe	436	(3)
Hard Times	439	(1)
The Crisis of the Papacy	440	(4)
Stamping Out Dissenters, Heretics, Jews, and Muslims	444	(3)
End of the Reconquista and Expulsion of the Jews from Spain, 1492	447	(1)
New Forms of Thought and Expression: The Renaissance	448	(15)
Renaissance Humanism	448	(4)
New Perspectives in Art and Music	452	(5)
Republics and Principalities in Italy	457	(2)
The Intersection of Private and Public Lives	459	(4)
On the Threshold of World History	463	(8)
The Divided Mediterranean	463	(2)
Portuguese Confrontations	465	(1)
The Voyages of Columbus	466	(1)
A New Era in Slavery	467	(1)
Europeans in a New World	468	(3)
Conclusion	471	(2)
Struggles over Beliefs, 1500-1648	473	(50)
The Protestant Reformation	474	(12)
Popular Piety and Christian Humanism	474	(2)
Martin Luther and the German Nation	476	(3)
Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin	479	(2)
Reshaping Society through Religion	481	(3)
Catholic Renewal and Missionary Zeal	484	(2)
State Power and Religious Conflict, 1500-1618	486	(12)
Wars among Habsburgs, Valois, and Ottomans	487	(2)
French Wars of Religion	489	(2)
Challenges to Habsburg Power and the Rise of the Dutch Republic	491	(3)
England Goes Protestant	494	(4)
The Thirty Years' War and the Balance of Power, 1618-1648	498	(6)
Origins and Course of the War	498	(2)
The Effects of Constant Fighting	500	(1)
The Peace of Westphalia, 1648	501	(2)
Growth of State Authority	503	(1)
From Growth to Recession	504	(5)
Causes and Consequences of Economic Crisis	505	(2)
The Economic Balance of Power	507	(2)
A Clash of Worldviews	509	(11)
The Arts in an Age of Religious Conflict	509	(3)
The Natural Laws of Politics	512	(2)
Origins of the Scientific Revolution	514	(3)
Magic and Witchcraft	517	(3)
Conclusion	520	(3)
State Building and the Search for Order, 1648-1690	523	(44)
Louis XIV: Model of Absolutism	524	(8)
The Fronde, 1648-1653	525	(1)
Court Culture as an Element of Absolutism	526	(2)
Enforcing Religious Orthodoxy	528	(1)
Extending State Authority at Home and Abroad	529	(3)
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe	532	(8)
Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden: Militaristic Absolutism	533	(2)
An Uneasy Balance: Austrian Habsburgs and Ottoman Turks	535	(2)
Russia: Foundations of Bureaucratic Absolutism	537	(2)
Poland-Lithuania Overwhelmed	539	(1)
Constitutionalism in England	540	(8)
England Turned Upside Down, 1642-1660	541	(4)
The "Glorious Revolution" of 1688	545	(3)
Other Outposts of Constitutionalism	548	(4)
The Dutch Republic	548	(3)
Freedom and Slavery in the New World	551	(1)
The Search for Order in Elite and Popular Culture	552	(13)
Social Contract Theory: Hobbes and Locke	553	(1)
Newton and the Consolidation of the Scientific Revolution	554	(2)
Freedom and Order in the Arts	556	(3)
Women and Manners	559	(2)
Reforming Popular Culture	561	(4)
Conclusion	565	(2)
The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, 1690-1740	567
The Atlantic System and the World Economy	569	(9)
Slavery and the Atlantic System	569	(5)
World Trade and Settlement	574	(3)
The Birth of Consumer Society	577	(1)
New Social and Cultural Patterns	578	(8)
Agricultural Revolution	578	(3)
Social Life in the Cities	581	(1)
The Growing Public for Culture	582	(4)
Religious Revivals	586	(1)
Consolidation of the European State System	586	(14)
The Limits of French Absolutism	587	(2)
British Rise and Dutch Decline	589	(3)
Russia's Emergence as a European Power	592	(2)
The Balance of Power in the East	594	(3)
The Power of Diplomacy and the Importance of Numbers	597	(1)
Public Hygiene and Health Care	598	(2)
The Birth of the Enlightenment	600	(6)
Popularization of Science and Challenges to Religion	600	(2)
Travel Literature and the Challenge to Custom and Tradition	602	(2)
Raising the Woman Question	604	(2)
Conclusion	606
Suggested References	SR-1
Glossary of Key Terms	G-1
Index	I-1