Managing Urban America

by England

• ISBN13: 9781608716722
• ISBN10: 1608716724
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-03-17
• Publisher: CQ Press

Summary

Cities-and urban managers-are resilient in the face of their many challenges. Managing Urban America, now in its seventh edition, guides students through the politics of urban management-doing less with more while managing conflict, delivering goods and services, responding to federal and state mandates, adapting to changing demographics, and coping with economic and budgetary woes. Fully revised, this new edition highlights the economic difficulties cities currently face, expands upon the concept of e-government, and thoroughly updates all data and scholarship. The authors also integrate the Modern Public Management model and new case studies with a global perspective as they examine the management of international cities.

Author Biography

Robert E. England is professor of political science at Oklahoma State University. He is the author or coauthor of several books and book chapters. His research has appeared in a number of journals, including the American Political Science Review, American Journal of Political Science, Social Science Quarterly, Journal of Politics, and Public Administration Review. John P. Pelissero is professor of political science and the Chief Academic Officer at Loyola University Chicago. He is the editor of Cities, Politics, and Policy: A Comparative Analysis (CQ Press, 2003) and the author of numerous articles on cities. His recent research has appeared in Public Administration Review and Urban Affairs Review. David R. Morgan is professor emeritus at the University of Oklahoma, where he was the Henry Bellmon Chair of Public Service and professor of political science. He spent five years in local government including service as the first city manager of Yukon, Oklahoma.

Table of Contents

Tables, Figures, and Boxes	p. xv
Preface	p. xvii
About the Authors	p. xix
The Environment of Urban Management
Managing American Cities in the Twenty-first Century	p. 1
Introduction: American Cities Continue to Change and Evolve	p. 1
How and Why American Cities Have Changed	p. 2
The State of American Cities: Fiscal Affairs	p. 3
The State of American Cities: Social and Demographic Conditions	p. 6
How Cities Have Improved Their Management Capacity	p. 9
Reinventing Government: A Pragmatic Response to Fiscal Crisis	p. 9
The New Public Management Model: An Academic Response to REGO	p. 13
Systems Analysis and Local Policymaking	p. 15
Systems Theory	p. 15
Citizen Participation in City Government	p. 19
IT's Child-E-Govemment	p. 21
Better Management Is Not Enough	p. 24
Community Values	p. 24
Institutional Inertia	p. 26
The Political Environment	p. 26
Leadership Qualities	p. 26
The Plan of the Book	p. 27
Suggested For Further Reading	p. 29
Notes	p. 29
Cities and the System of Intergovernmental Relations	p. 33
Federalism	p. 33
Intergovernmental Relations	p. 40
Fiscal Federalism	p. 40
The States and the Cities	p. 49
Federal-City and State-City Relations: The Issue of Mandates	p. 51
Interlocal Relations	p. 53
Special Districts: A ôSpecialö Type of Decentralization	p. 56
Mechanisms for Coordination: COGs and MPOs	p. 57
Summary	p. 59
Suggested For Further Reading	p. 59
Notes	p. 60
Urban Political Structure	p. 64
The Reform Movement	p. 64
The Goals and Assumptions of Municipal Government Reformers	p. 66
The Characteristics of Reform Government	p. 67
The Impact of Reform	p. 69
Forms of City Government	p. 71
Mayor-Council Government	p. 71
Council-Manager Government	p. 74
Ballot Type	p. 77
Electoral Systems	p. 80
Judicial and Legislative Intervention	p. 81
The Initiative, the Referendum, and the Recall	p. 82
Home Rule and the Legal Status of the City	p. 83
Summary	p. 84
Suggested For Further Reading	p. 85
Notes	p. 85
Managing Conflict and Delivering Goods and Services in the Modern City
Urban Policymaking	p. 89
The Nature of Urban Policy	p. 89
Policymaking as a Relatively Stable, Orderly Series of Events	p. 91
Reactive Policymaking	p. 95
Trifurcated Policymaking: Allocational, Developmental, and Redistributive Policies	p. 96
Chief Executives	p. 97
Mayors	p. 97
City Managers	p. 102
Mayor-Manager Relations	p. 106
The City Council	p. 107
Council-Manager Relations	p. 110
Bureaucrats and Policy	p. 113
Bureaucratic Decision Rules	p. 115
Bureaucratic Discretion	p. 115
Citizens' Influences on City Government	p. 116
Elections and Voting	p. 117
Political Parties and Interest Groups	p. 118
Citizen Participation (Redux) and Citizen Contacts with Local Government	p. 119
Citizen Contacts with Local Government	p. 121
Summary	p. 122
Suggested For Further Reading	p. 123
Notes	p. 123
Urban Planning and Development	p. 128
The Nature of City Planning	p. 128
Newer Approaches to Planning	p. 129
Policy Planning	p. 130
Obstacles to Planning	p. 131
Planning in a Political Environment	p. 132
Planning and Politics	p. 133
Planning Activities	p. 136
Comprehensive Planning	p. 136
Zoning	p. 139
Urban Economic Development	p. 142
Economic Development as a Process	p. 143
The Economic Development Plan	p. 144
Strategies and Tools for Economic Development	p. 146
Organizing for and Managing Economic Development	p. 150
Leading and Managing	p. 152
The Politics of Urban Development	p. 152
Consensus Building	p. 153
Who Participates and Who Benefits	p. 153
Summary	p. 155
Suggested For Further Reading	p. 156
Notes	p. 157
Decision Making and Analysis	p. 160
Approaches to Decision Making	p. 160
The Rational-Comprehensive Approach	p. 160
Incrementalism	p. 167
Mixed Scanning	p. 169
The Garbage-Can Model	p. 169
Decision-Making Tools	p. 170
Quantitative Aids	p. 170
Nonquantitative Aids	p. 173
Program Analysis and Other Systematic Approaches to Decision Making	p. 174
The Analysis Process	p. 175
Analysis and Political Feasibility	p. 181
Analysis Applications	p. 183
Geographic and Management Information Systems: Friends of Analysis	p. 185
The Contributions and Limitations of Analysis	p. 189
Summary	p. 190
Suggested For Further Reading	p. 191
Notes	p. 191
Urban Service Delivery	p. 195
Goals for Service Delivery	p. 195
Measuring Efficiency and Effectiveness of Urban Services	p. 196
Benchmarking	p. 199
Performance Measures	p. 199
Using Measurement Data	p. 200
Problems in Using Performance Measures	p. 202
Improvements in Employee Performance	p. 203
Technological Improvements	p. 205
Equity of Services: A Political Goal?	p. 206
Responsiveness in Service Delivery	p. 208
Alternative Service Delivery	p. 211
Contracting Out	p. 211
Competitive Contracting	p. 214
Intergovernmental Agreements	p. 216
Implementing and Evaluating Urban Programs	p. 217
Evaluation Designs	p. 218
Evaluating Program Evaluation	p. 220
Citizen Surveys	p. 221
Conducting the Surveys	p. 222
Survey Limitations	p. 222
Summary	p. 223
Suggested For Further Reading	p. 224
Notes	p. 225
Internal Management Processes
The Management Process: Theory and Practice	p. 229
Organizations as Open Systems	p. 229
Scientific Management	p. 230
Humanistic Management	p. 232
Leadership	p. 239
The Elements of Leadership	p. 240
Leadership Traits	p. 240
Leadership Styles	p. 241
Situational leadership and the ôMaster Managerö	p. 243
Managing for Results (MFR): Management by Objectives (MBO) and Total Quality Management (TQM)	p. 246
The New Public Service?	p. 247
Management by Objectives	p. 249
Total Quality Management	p. 252
Potential Problems with Management Techniques New to a City	p. 259
Summary	p. 260
Suggested For Further Reading	p. 261
	p. 262
	p. 263
	p. 264
Notes	p. 265
Managing Human Resources	p. 269
Organizing the Personnel Function	p. 270
Structure	p. 270
Purpose	p. 271
Human Resource Management Functions	p. 271
Staffing	p. 273
Classification	p. 277
Compensation and Performance Appraisal	p. 278
Issues in Human Resource Management	p. 283
Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action	p. 283
Affirmative Action	p. 283
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990	p. 286
The Courts, EEO, and Selection Procedures	p. 287
Comparable Worth	p. 289
Sexual Harassment	p. 291
Managing Diversity in Municipal Government	p. 291
Labor-Management Relations	p. 293
Municipal Unions	p. 293
Collective Bargaining Procedures	p. 295
Municipal Unions in Perspective	p. 299
Summary	p. 300
Suggested For Further Reading	p. 301
Notes	p. 301
Finance and Budget	p. 307
Revenue Raising	p. 308
The Municipal Finance System	p. 308
Revenue Sources	p. 308
Revenue-Raising Alternatives	p. 310
The Politics of Revenue Raising	p. 313
Expenditures	p. 316
Budgeting	p. 318
The Budget Process	p. 318
The Traditional Approach: Line-Item Budgeting	p. 320
Budgetary Reform	p. 321
Reinventing Budgeting	p. 325
Capital Improvement Planning and Budgeting	p. 326
Whither City Budgeting?	p. 327
Managing Municipal Finances	p. 329
Forming Goals and Objectives	p. 329
Planning and Budgeting	p. 329
Reporting and Monitoring	p. 331
Evaluating	p. 331
The Integrated Financial Information System	p. 331
Summary	p. 332
Suggested For Further Reading	p. 333
Notes	p. 333
The Urban Future
Managing the Urban Future	p. 336
Management and Leadership in an Age of Permanent Fiscal Crisis	p. 337
The Job of the Urban Manager	p. 338
Leadership within the Municipal Organization	p. 339
Managing Politics	p. 341
Ensuring Ethical Behavior	p. 345
Managing the Twenty-first Century At-Risk City	p. 346
A Call to Service	p. 348
Suggested For Further Reading	p. 348
Notes	p. 348
Index	p. 351
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