The Manufacture of Medical and Health Products by Transgenic Plants

by Galun, Esra; Galun, Eithan

• ISBN13: 9781860942549
• ISBN10: 1860942547
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-11-01
• Publisher: World Scientific Pub Co Inc

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
Fundamentals of Plant Molecular Genetics	1	(36)
Background: Genes and Their Expression	2	(3)
Basic concepts concerning genes	2	(1)
Is the living world monophyletic?	3	(1)
Gene flow: past and present	4	(1)
DNA: Chemistry, Coding and Relevance to Genetic Transformation	5	(4)
DNA Replication	9	(6)
The Ribonucleic Acids (RNAs)	15	(13)
The chemistry of RNA and the RNA types	15	(2)
Transcription of DNA into RNA	17	(2)
Transcription by polymerase II	19	(2)
Processing of the mRNA	21	(7)
Translation of mRNA into Protein	28	(6)
Initiation of translation	31	(1)
Elongation of the translated polypeptide	32	(2)
Termination	34	(1)
Trafficking and Modification of Proteins	34	(3)
Genetic Transformation	37	(46)
Background	37	(1)
Main Consideration of Plant Genetic Transformation	38	(2)
The Biology of Genetic Transformation Mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens	40	(7)
An abbreviated history	40	(1)
The essence of A. tumefaciens biology	41	(2)
The process of infection	43	(4)
The Practice of Genetic Transformation Mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens	47	(8)
Examples of A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation	50	(5)
Genetic Transformation Mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes	55	(3)
Biolistic Transformation	58	(4)
Transformation of Chloroplasts	62	(3)
Other Methods of Genetic Transformation	65	(1)
Considerations Regarding Transgene Expression	66	(11)
Promoters	67	(4)
Terminators	71	(1)
Selectable marker genes	72	(1)
Reporter genes	73	(1)
Other regulatory elements	74	(3)
Guidelines for Genetic Transformation	77	(6)
Antibodies	83	(42)
Background on Immunology	83	(1)
A Bit of History	84	(1)
Innate Immunity	85	(1)
Adaptive Immunity	86	(10)
Cell types derived from the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells	86	(6)
The playgrounds of the adaptive immune system	92	(2)
Interactions in which cells of the immune system are involved	94	(2)
Production of Antibodies in Experimental Animals	96	(3)
Polyclonal antibodies	96	(1)
Monoclonal antibodies	97	(2)
An Epilogue on the Adaptive Immune System	99	(1)
Production of Antibody Fragments by Transgenic Plants	100	(12)
The concept and the biochemical approach	100	(1)
Production of Fv in bacteria	100	(1)
Production of ScFv in plants	101	(11)
Production of Full-Size antibody by Transgenic Plants	112	(13)
Studies on the functionality of antibodies produced in transgenic plants	112	(7)
Plantibodies for therapeutic purposes	119	(3)
Transient expression of antibody in transgenic plants	122	(3)
Antigens	125	(58)
Introduction	125	(3)
Antigens Resulting from Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation	128	(27)
Antigens from pathogenic viruses	128	(15)
Antigens from bacteria	143	(8)
Protection against autoimmunity	151	(4)
Antigen Expression by Plant Viruses	155	(28)
The early studies	157	(2)
The use of cowpea mosaic virus	159	(5)
Focus on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	164	(6)
Production of antigenic epitopes in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)	170	(5)
Plant virus epitopes as antigens for bacterial pathogens	175	(8)
Therapeutic Products Unrelated to the Immune System	183	(62)
Introduction	183	(1)
Transformation by Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV)	183	(2)
Transformation by Modified Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)	185	(3)
Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitor	185	(1)
Alpha-trichosanthin	186	(2)
Transformation of Cell Suspensions	188	(4)
Human interferon	188	(1)
Human erythropoietin	189	(2)
Human interleukin-2 and interleukin-4	191	(1)
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation	192	(22)
Leu-enkephalin	193	(1)
Human serum albumin	194	(2)
Cytochrome P-450	196	(1)
Human epidermal growth factor	197	(1)
Trout growth hormone	198	(2)
Ricin	200	(2)
Hirudin	202	(3)
Human milk protein β-bcasein	205	(2)
Human hemoglobin	207	(1)
Human α-lactalbumin	208	(1)
Human lactoferrin	208	(3)
Human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor	211	(1)
Human protein C	212	(1)
β-carotene	213	(1)
Biolistic Transformation	214	(7)
Avidin	214	(4)
Aprotinin	218	(1)
Stilbene synthase	219	(2)
Agrobacterium rhizogenes Transformation	221	(24)
Induction of hairy root cultures in Medicinal plants with unmanipulated A. rhizogenes	226	(13)
Induction of hairy root cultures in medicinal plants with genetically manipulated A. rhizogenes	239	(6)
General Considerations	245	(28)
Introduction	245	(2)
Main Achievements	247	(12)
Antibody fragments and full-size antibody	248	(3)
Antigens	251	(2)
Therapeutic products that are unrelated to the immune system	253	(6)
What is Still Missing and What is Desirable in the Future	259	(4)
Safety Issues	263	(5)
Laboratory work and culture room	263	(1)
Safety to the environment	264	(2)
Safety of products	266	(2)
Public Acceptance	268	(2)
Epilogue	270	(3)
References	273	(36)
Index	309