Twentieth-century Marine Science: A History of Notable Research And Discovery

by William, Cannon J.

• ISBN13: 9780816055340
• ISBN10: 0816055343
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-03-30
• Publisher: Facts on File

Summary

Twentieth-Century Science is a seven-volume set that explores, decade by decade, how science developed throughout the 20th century and examines the paths science may take during the 21st century. Designed to complement science curricula, the books are a fascinating narrative of the recent advances in science and technology and their far-reaching influence.

Author Biography

Christina Reed is a freelance science journalist whose clients include Scientific American, New Scientist, and the Discovery Science Channel. She holds dual master's degrees from Columbia University in Earth science and journalism and a bachelor's degree in oceanography from the University of Washington in Seattle. Reed worked as the science coordinator for the 3D IMAX movie Aliens of the Deep, venturing more than 3,000 feet below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean in a Russian Mir submersible. She is also the author of Earth Science, another volume in this set.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xv
Introduction	p. xvii
1901-1910: Surveying the Seas	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Milestones	p. 2
Exploring the Polar Oceans	p. 4
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea	p. 14
Setting Standards	p. 18
Coriolis and the Oceans	p. 22
Scripps Institution of Oceanography	p. 24
Scientist of the Decade	p. 28
Further Reading	p. 30
1911-1920: Ocean Challenges	p. 33
Introduction	p. 33
Milestones	p. 34
The Sinking of the Titanic and the Rise of Sonar	p. 35
Panama Canal	p. 41
Scientist of the Decade	p. 45
Further Reading	p. 49
1921-1930: Food Webs	p. 51
Introduction	p. 51
Milestones	p. 52
Defining Oceanography and the Birth of WHOI	p. 54
An Unsolved Mystery: Where Do Baby Eels Come From?	p. 56
Meteor Expedition	p. 58
Scientist of the Decade	p. 62
Further Reading	p. 66
1931-1940: Unexpected Surprises	p. 69
Introduction	p. 69
Milestones	p. 70
Voyage of the Nautilus	p. 72
Scuba and Deep-Sea Diving	p. 75
Coelacanth Swims out of Extinction	p. 82
Scientist of the Decade	p. 85
Further Reading	p. 90
1941-1950: Oceanographers Go to War	p. 95
Introduction	p. 95
Milestones	p. 96
Early Investigations into El Niño	p. 97
Women at Sea	p. 104
Maria Klenova (1898-1976): The Mother of Marine Geology	p. 104
Scientist of the Decade	p. 108
Further Reading	p. 112
1951-1960: Mapping the Deep	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
The Deepest Dive	p. 117
Milestones	p. 118
A Rift Valley through the Seafloor's Mountain Range	p. 133
The Keeling Curve	p. 142
The Wet Suit: A Novel Concept for Staying Warm in Cold Water	p. 144
Scientist of the Decade	p. 145
Further Reading	p. 148
1961-1970: The Golden Years of Oceanography	p. 153
Introduction	p. 153
Exploration Vessels	p. 153
Milestones	p. 154
Project Mohole	p. 159
The Origin of Oceanic Crust	p. 163
Shark Lady: Eugenie Clark	p. 168
Scientist of the Decade	p. 170
Further Reading	p. 174
1971-1980: International Decade of Ocean Exploration	p. 177
Introduction	p. 177
The Practical Salinity Scale of 1978	p. 178
Milestones	p. 178
The Global Oceanographic Expedition of the Warship Vitiaz	p. 185
Red Sea Anomalies	p. 186
An Oasis of Life in the Deep-Sea Desert	p. 189
Scientist of the Decade	p. 201
Further Reading	p. 204
1981-1990: Oil in the Seas	p. 211
Introduction	p. 211
Oil Spills and the Lingering Effects of the Exxon Valdez	p. 212
Milestones	p. 212
Iron Fertilization	p. 223
Scientist of the Decade: Wallace "Wally"	p. 227
Further Reading	p. 230
1991-2000: Ocean and Climate	p. 233
Introduction	p. 233
Milestones	p. 234
Antarctica's Melting Ice	p. 235
Law of the Sea	p. 240
Scientist of the Decade	p. 243
Further Reading	p. 246
Conclusion: Into the Twenty-first Century	p. 249
Awards of Merit in Marine Science	p. 253
Glossary	p. 269
Further Resources	p. 275
Index	p. 279
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Excerpts

The field of marine science began when the first human species walked out of the African savannah and came across a huge body of water. These humans primarily dominated the landmasses, and the question of water travel emerged as they evolved and started looking for alternate means of exploration. For eons, the deep, dark ocean remained a mystery, but during the 20th century, scientists began exploring the marine environment as never before.Marine Science: Decade by Decadedocuments the history of this science throughout the 20th century. From Swedish hydrographer Otto Pettersson and the establishment of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea to Wallace Broecker’s breakthrough understanding of the oceanic conveyor belt, this volume highlights the progression of this fascinating science. This useful resource is enhanced with more than 90 black-and-white photographs and line illustrations, an index, chronologies, sidebars, a glossary, and further reading.

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Excerpted from Marine Science by William Cannon
All rights reserved by the original copyright owners. Excerpts are provided for display purposes only and may not be reproduced, reprinted or distributed without the written permission of the publisher.