Mastering Cobol

by Baroudi, Carol

• ISBN13: 9780782123210
• ISBN10: 078212321X
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc

Summary

Here is a book that teaches the undocumented art of modifying legacy code and the unique skills required to modify it. The CD-ROM contains a complete Cobol development environment from Fujitsu, compilers for Windows, HP-UX and Sun and sample code and programs from the book.

Table of Contents

Introduction	xxxiii
PART I The COBOL Language	3	(368)
1 Introducing COBOL	3	(12)
What COBOL Is and Why You Might Care	4	(1)
Standards, Implementations, and Portability	4	(2)
A Brief History of COBOL	6	(6)
Early COBOL	6	(2)
COBOL Standard Development	8	(3)
COBOL and the Structured Programming Movement	11	(1)
COBOL in Context	12	(3)
2 Overview of a COBOL Program	15	(20)
A Simple COBOL Program	16	(5)
COBOL Program Divisions	18	(3)
COBOL Program Requirements	21	(1)
COBOL Syntax	21	(3)
COBOL Elements	24	(5)
COBOL Words	25	(1)
Literals	26	(3)
Source Program Format	29	(2)
The Indicator Area	29	(1)
Areas A and B	30	(1)
Copy and Replace Operations for Program Text	31	(1)
COPY Statements	31	(1)
REPLACE Statements	32	(1)
A Summary of COBOL Program Structure	32	(3)
3 COBOL Program Divisions	35	(36)
The Identification Division	36	(2)
The Environment Division	38	(4)
The Configuration Section	39	(3)
The Input-Output Section	42	(1)
The Data Division	42	(9)
The Data Division Sections	43	(1)
COBOL Data	44	(1)
Data Division Hierarchical Structure	45	(2)
Qualifying Data	47	(1)
The FILLER Keyword	48	(1)
Level 88 Condition Names	49	(1)
Level 66 RENAMES Entries	50	(1)
The Procedure Division	51	(5)
Procedure Division Formats	51	(2)
Procedure Division Components	53	(3)
The DAYS-BETWEEN Program	56	(15)
Stylistic Conventions	60	(1)
Sample Program Identification and Environment Divisions	61	(1)
Sample Program Data Division	61	(3)
Sample Program Procedure Division	64	(7)
4 COBOL Clauses and Statements	71	(84)
Data Division Clauses	72	(20)
The REDEFINES Clause	74	(1)
The PICTURE Clause	75	(10)
The USAGE Clause	85	(1)
The SIGN Clause	86	(1)
The OCCURS Clause	87	(3)
The SYNCHRONIZED Clause	90	(1)
The JUSTIFIED Clause	90	(1)
The BLANK WHEN ZERO Clause	91	(1)
The VALUE Clause	91	(1)
Arithmetic Statements	92	(18)
Operands	93	(1)
Arithmetic Expressions	94	(2)
SIZE ERROR Conditions	96	(1)
The ROUNDED Phrase	97	(1)
The CORRESPONDING Phrase	97	(1)
The ADD Statement	98	(3)
The SUBTRACT Statement	101	(3)
The MULTIPLY Statement	104	(2)
The DIVIDE Statement	106	(3)
The COMPUTE Statement	109	(1)
Data Statements	110	(19)
The MOVE Statement	111	(3)
The ACCEPT Statement	114	(2)
The DISPLAY Statement	116	(1)
The INITIALIZE Statement	117	(1)
The INSPECT Statement	118	(6)
The STRING Statement	124	(3)
The UNSTRING Statement	127	(2)
Logic and Control Statements	129	(26)
Conditional Expressions	129	(5)
Logical Operators	134	(3)
The PERFORM Statement	137	(7)
The IF Statement	144	(1)
The EVALUATE Statement	145	(4)
The CONTINUE Statement	149	(1)
The GO TO Statement	150	(1)
The EXIT Statement	150	(1)
The STOP Statement	151	(1)
The ALTER Statement	151	(1)
The ENTER Statement	152	(3)
5 Table Handling	155	(22)
Table Definition	156	(4)
Fixed-Length Tables	157	(1)
Variable-Length Tables	157	(1)
Group Tables	158	(1)
Multidimensional Tables	159	(1)
Indexes	160	(2)
Index Names	160	(1)
Index Data Items	161	(1)
Key Definition	162	(1)
Table Initialization	163	(2)
Table Manipulation	165	(12)
Subscripts	165	(1)
Index Comparison	166	(1)
The SET Statement	167	(1)
The PERFORM Statement	168	(2)
The SEARCH Statement	170	(7)
6 Subprograms in COBOL	177	(20)
Internal Subprograms	178	(1)
External Subprograms	179	(1)
Subprograms and Scope	180	(5)
User-Defined Words	181	(1)
Program Names	181	(1)
Global Data and Files	182	(1)
External Files and Data	183	(2)
Subprogram Execution	185	(4)
Parameter Passing to Subprograms	186	(2)
Initial State of Subprograms	188	(1)
The CANCEL Statement	189	(1)
An Improved DAYS-BETWEEN Program	189	(8)
7 File I/O	197	(42)
File Concepts	198	(7)
File Organization	198	(2)
Access Mode	200	(1)
File Specification	201	(1)
Open Mode	201	(1)
File Status	202	(2)
Declaratives	204	(1)
Environment Division Entries	205	(6)
FILE-CONTROL Paragraph Entries	205	(5)
I-O-CONTROL Paragraph Entries	210	(1)
File Descriptors in the Data Division	211	(4)
File-Description Entries	211	(4)
Record-Description Entries	215	(1)
I/O Statements in the Procedure Division	215	(13)
The OPEN Statement	215	(2)
The CLOSE Statement	217	(1)
The READ Statement	218	(3)
The WRITE Statement	221	(3)
The REWRITE Statement	224	(2)
The DELETE Statement	226	(1)
The START Statement	227	(1)
A Sample I/O Program	228	(11)
The Identification and Environment Divisions	232	(1)
The Data Division	232	(2)
The Procedure Division	234	(5)
8 Sort and Merge Facilities	239	(22)
Sorting and Merging Requirements	240	(1)
Environment Division Entries	241	(1)
FILE-CONTROL Paragraph Entries	241	(1)
I-O-CONTROL Paragraph Entry	242	(1)
Data Division Entries	242	(1)
Procedure Division Statements	243	(10)
The SORT Statement	244	(6)
The MERGE Statement	250	(3)
A Sample Sort Program	253	(8)
The Environment Division	256	(1)
The Data Division	257	(1)
The Procedure Division	257	(4)
9 The Report Writer Module	261	(42)
Report Elements	262	(2)
COBOL Report Programs	264	(9)
Report Definition	264	(2)
An Employee Report Program	266	(7)
Report File-Control and File-Description Entries	273	(2)
The File-Control Entry	273	(1)
The File-Description Entry	274	(1)
Report-Description Entries	275	(3)
The CODE Clause	276	(1)
The CONTROL Clause	276	(1)
The PAGE Clause	276	(2)
Report-Group Entries	278	(8)
Report Group Format 1	278	(2)
Report Group Format 2	280	(1)
Report Group Format 3	280	(4)
Page Presentation Rules	284	(2)
Report Program Statements	286	(4)
The OPEN and CLOSE Statements	286	(1)
The INITIATE Statement	287	(1)
The GENERATE Statement	287	(1)
The USE and SUPPRESS Statements	288	(1)
The TERMINATE Statement	289	(1)
A Report Program	290	(13)
10 Intrinsic Functions	303	(24)
An Introduction to Functions	304	(2)
Function Calls	304	(1)
Function Arguments	304	(1)
Function Results	305	(1)
The Functions	306	(21)
Date Functions	309	(3)
Math Functions	312	(6)
Financial Functions	318	(1)
Character Functions	319	(3)
Minimum, Maximum, and Range Functions	322	(5)
11 The COBOL Debugger	327	(12)
Debugging Lines	328	(4)
Debugging Line Examples	329	(2)
Debugging Line Cautions	331	(1)
Debugging Procedures	332	(7)
DEBUG-ITEM Information	332	(1)
The Debugging USE Statement	333	(6)
12 COBOL Extensions	339	(32)
Common Extensions	340	(17)
Line Sequential Files	341	(1)
Floating-Point Data	341	(1)
Pointer Data	342	(1)
Non-Numeric Literals	343	(1)
File Sharing and Record Locking	343	(3)
The Screen Section Module	346	(1)
IBM-Specific Extensions	357	(7)
Special Registers	357	(1)
DISPLAY-1 Items	358	(1)
Additional Data Types	359	(1)
Recursive Subprograms	359	(1)
The GOBACK Statement	359	(1)
Y2K Features	360	(4)
Fujitsu-Specific Extensions	364	(2)
Constant Section	364	(1)
Boolean Data	365	(1)
Concatenation Operator	365	(1)
The EXIT PERFORM Statement	365	(1)
SQL Statements	366	(1)
Micro Focus-Specific Extensions	366	(5)
The CHAIN Statement	366	(1)
Windows Programming Features	366	(1)
Libraries	367	(4)
PART II COBOL Legacy Systems	371	(232)
13 Introducing Legacy Systems	371	(32)
What a Legacy System Is and Why You Might Care	372	(2)
Before They Were Legacy Systems	372	(1)
Legacy Systems Today	373	(1)
Legacy Systems and the Programmer	373	(1)
Legacy System Environments	374	(15)
Application Systems	375	(1)
Hardware Platforms	375	(5)
Operating Systems	380	(3)
Data Storage and Handling Systems	383	(6)
Languages	389	(1)
COBOL Legacy Code	389	(14)
Program Architecture	390	(8)
Statements to Watch for in Legacy Code	398	(5)
14 CICS and SQL Programming	403	(38)
An Introduction to CICS	404	(4)
CICS Platforms	405	(1)
CICS Transactions	405	(2)
CICS Features	407	(1)
COBOL and CICS	408	(19)
Transaction Execution	409	(2)
Pseudo-Conversational Processing	411	(1)
Programs and Transactions: Design Considerations	411	(1)
BMS Maps	412	(2)
CICS Program Control	414	(1)
A Sample CICS Program	414	(13)
Distributed CICS Applications	427	(3)
Running Connected Systems	427	(2)
Adding Non-CICS Interfaces	429	(1)
An Introduction to SQL	430	(7)
Manipulating Data in Tables	430	(3)
Creating Tables	433	(2)
Implementing Referential Integrity	435	(1)
Creating Views	436	(1)
Creating Indexes	436	(1)
Joining Tables	436	(1)
COBOL and SQL	437	(4)
Host Variables	437	(1)
SELECT in a COBOL Program	438	(1)
Static SQL and Dynamic SQL	439	(2)
15 IMS Programming	441	(40)
An Introduction to IMS	442	(4)
A Brief History of IMS	443	(1)
Features of IMS	443	(1)
IMS Database Structure	443	(3)
IMS Languages	446	(5)
Data Definition Language	448	(1)
Data Manipulation Language	449	(1)
Logical Views and Program Specification Blocks	450	(1)
COBOL and DL/I	451	(7)
The PCB-Mask	452	(2)
DL/I Function Calls	454	(4)
A Sample IMS Application	458	(21)
Data for the Sample Application	463	(2)
Getting Data from the Database	465	(6)
Deleting Data	471	(3)
Replacing Data	474	(2)
Inserting Data	476	(3)
Online IMS Programming	479	(2)
16 JCL Programming	481	(22)
An Introduction to JCL	482	(1)
JCL and COBOL	483	(1)
Program-Level Interaction	483	(1)
File-Level Interaction	484	(1)
Common JCL Statements	484	(8)
The JOB Statement	484	(2)
The EXEC Statement	486	(1)
The DD Statement for Regular Files	487	(3)
The DD Statement for Print Files	490	(1)
The DD Statement for In-Stream Files	490	(1)
The PROC Statement	491	(1)
Cataloged Procedures	492	(4)
Common Utility Programs	496	(7)
IDCAMS	496	(2)
DFSORT	498	(2)
IEBGENER	500	(1)
IEFBR14	500	(3)
17 Compiling and Linking COBOL Programs	503	(16)
Preparing a Program for Execution	504	(1)
Compiling and Linking with PC COBOL	505	(2)
Linking with IBM Utilities	507	(12)
External References and Static and Dynamic Linking	508	(2)
Load Modules	510	(6)
JCL Program Linking and Compiling	516	(3)
18 Testing and Debugging COBOL Programs	519	(18)
Bug Catching	520	(3)
Prototypes	521	(1)
Structured Coding	521	(1)
The Top-Down Approach	522	(1)
Desk and Walk-Through Checks	522	(1)
Testing Considerations	523	(2)
Who Does the Testing?	523	(1)
How Much Testing?	524	(1)
What Is the Test Environment?	524	(1)
Testing Methodology	525	(2)
Component and Module Testing	526	(1)
Regression Testing	526	(1)
String and System Testing	526	(1)
Volume and Stress Testing	527	(1)
Acceptance and Production	527	(1)
Test Data Design	527	(1)
Equivalence Classes	527	(1)
Boundary Values	528	(1)
Testing Techniques	528	(1)
Black Box Testing	529	(1)
White Box Testing	529	(1)
Debugging	529	(6)
Debugging Considerations	530	(1)
Debugging Techniques	530	(1)
Debugging Tools	531	(4)
Follow-Up Procedures	535	(2)
19 Understanding and Solving the Year 2000 Problem	537	(38)
The Nature of the Problem	538	(5)
How We Got into This Mess	539	(1)
Legal Issues	540	(1)
Why the World Probably Will Not End on January 1, 2000	541	(2)
Approaches to Fixing the Problem	543	(8)
Attack Organization	543	(2)
PC Tests	545	(2)
System Replacement and Outsourcing	547	(1)
Contingency Planning	547	(4)
Calendars and Day-Numbering Schemes	551	(5)
The Gregorian Calendar	552	(2)
Other Calendars	554	(1)
Day-Numbering Schemes	555	(1)
Dates in Computer Languages	556	(4)
COBOL Dates	556	(1)
UNIX Dates	557	(1)
Java Dates	557	(1)
Macintosh Dates	557	(1)
PC Dates	558	(1)
ISO Date Format Standards	559	(1)
Y2K Problems in COBOL Applications	560	(4)
Lack of Documentation	560	(1)
Date Field Formats	561	(1)
Program Logic Errors	561	(2)
Screen and Forms	563	(1)
Sorts	563	(1)
February 29, 2000	563	(1)
Other Systems	563	(1)
Y2K Solutions for COBOL Programs	564	(5)
Year Field Expansion	565	(1)
Century Windowing	566	(1)
Year Field Data Packing	567	(2)
The Big Weekend and Beyond	569	(6)
20 Converting Programs to Use the Euro	575	(12)
The Story of the Euro	576	(4)
The Treaty Criteria	578	(1)
The Implementation Timetable	579	(1)
The Technical Challenge	580	(1)
Possible Solutions	581	(6)
Record Formats	582	(1)
Parameter File Definition	583	(4)
21 Data Challenges	587	(16)
COBOL Fixed-Field Definitions	588	(1)
COBOL Data Classes	589	(5)
Dates	590	(1)
Fractions	590	(3)
Dynamic Strings	593	(1)
COBOL Fixed-File Definitions	594	(9)
PART III New Application Development	603	(284)
22 Structured COBOL	603	(46)
Introducing Structured Programming	604	(2)
Structured Programming Design	606	(18)
Structure Chart Components	608	(1)
Module Names	608	(2)
Module Design	610	(4)
Module Numbering	614	(1)
Pseudocode for Program Design	615	(3)
Three Critical Design Principles	618	(2)
COBOL and Program Design	620	(3)
Alternatives to Structure Charts	623	(1)
Structured Program Coding	624	(7)
The Valid Structures in COBOL	624	(7)
In-Line Statements	631	(12)
Coding Conventions	632	(4)
Three Critical Coding Principles	636	(7)
A Structured Sample Program	643	(6)
23 The Next COBOL Standard	649	(40)
Deleted Elements	650	(2)
Demodularization and Deleveling	652	(1)
COBOL Formats, Words, and Literals	653	(3)
Source Formats	653	(1)
COBOL Words	654	(1)
COBOL Literals	654	(2)
Compiler-Directing Statements	656	(5)
Compiler Directives	656	(5)
COPY and REPLACE Statements	661	(1)
Program Structure and Execution	661	(9)
Identification Division	662	(1)
Data Types and Descriptors	663	(5)
Data Validation	668	(1)
Miscellaneous Data Division Changes	668	(2)
Table Handling	670	(1)
Table Initialization	671	(1)
Sorts	671	(1)
File Processing	671	(4)
File Sharing	672	(1)
Record Locking	673	(1)
Other File I/O Changes	674	(1)
Exception Handling	675	(3)
Exception Names	675	(2)
Exception Declaratives	677	(1)
New Exception-Handling Statements	677	(1)
Exception-Handling Functions	678	(1)
Functions, Subprograms, and Prototypes	678	(6)
Intrinsic Functions	678	(3)
User-Defined Functions	681	(1)
Subprogram Results	682	(1)
Recursive Subprograms	682	(1)
Prototypes	682	(1)
Inter-Program Communication	683	(1)
Date Handling	684	(1)
Procedure Division Statements	685	(4)
EXIT Statement Formats	685	(1)
INITIALIZE Statement Enhancements	685	(1)
STRING Statement Simplification	686	(1)
New SET Statement Formats	686	(1)
The ALLOCATE and FREE Statements	687	(1)
The STOP RUN and GOBACK Statements	687	(2)
24 Object-Oriented COBOL	689	(28)
An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming	690	(5)
Objects and Classes	690	(2)
Class Hierarchy and Inheritance	692	(1)
Interfaces and Conformance	693	(1)
Messages and Polymorphism	694	(1)
Classes and Objects in COBOL	695	(8)
Class Definition	696	(2)
Factory Object Definition	698	(1)
Object Definition	698	(1)
Method Definition	699	(1)
Object References	699	(1)
Interface Definition	700	(1)
Messages in COBOL	701	(1)
Object Creation	702	(1)
Polymorphism in COBOL	702	(1)
Other OOP Features in COBOL	703	(2)
Object Modifiers	703	(1)
Properties	703	(1)
Generic Classes	704	(1)
Object-Oriented Exception Handling	705	(1)
Object-Oriented COBOL Examples	706	(11)
A Simple Example	706	(2)
An Example with Attributes	708	(1)
An Example with Inheritance	709	(3)
An Example with a Factory	712	(5)
25 Internal Data Representation	717	(76)
The COBOL Standard and Internal Data Representation	718	(3)
Implementor-Defined Data Types	719	(1)
COBOL Vendors	719	(1)
Standard and Nonstandard Data Types	720	(1)
Bits and Bytes	721	(1)
Factors That Affect Data Representations	722	(13)
COBOL Syntax	723	(2)
Compiler Options	725	(1)
Platform	726	(4)
Signs	730	(1)
2's-Complement Format for Binary Numbers	730	(2)
Floating-Point Numbers	732	(3)
OLE, Visual Basic, and C Data Types	735	(3)
Data Representation Details	738	(55)
Alphabetic	739	(1)
Alphanumeric	740	(1)
Alphanumeric-Edited	741	(2)
ASCIIZ (Null-Terminated Character String)	743	(3)
Binary	746	(3)
Binary-Char, Binary-Short, Binary-Long, and Binary-Double	749	(3)
Bit	752	(5)
Boolean	757	(3)
Computational (Comp)	760	(1)
Computational-1 (Comp-1)	761	(1)
Computational-2 (Comp-2)	762	(2)
Computational-3 (Comp-3)	764	(1)
Computational-4 (Comp-4)	765	(1)
Computational-5 (Comp-5)	765	(3)
External Floating-Point	768	(2)
Float-Extended, Float-Long, and Float-Short	770	(2)
Index	772	(1)
Integer	773	(1)
National	774	(1)