Mc68Hc12

by Huang, Han-Way

• ISBN13: 9780766834484
• ISBN10: 0766834484
• Edition: CD
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-07-01
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

This comprehensive book from Delmar uses assembly language and the C language to provide readers with a refreshingly straightforward introduction to applications of the Motorola 16-bit microcontroller 68HC12. Using a methodical, step-by-step approach proven to facilitate learning, each of its thirteen chapters introduces a basic concept and proceeds gradually into more detail to guide readers to new programming skills while strengthening their understanding of 68HC12 architecture. The book begins by acquainting readers with 68HC12 CPU registers, addressing modes, Assembler directives, plus simple programs for arithmetic and program loops. Subsequent chapters feature detailed examples and tutorials that clearly demonstrate applications of parallel ports, timer functions, analog to digital (A/D) converters, serial communication interface, controller area network, plus on-chip and external memory expansion. Extraordinarily readable and easy to learn from, MC68HC12 An Introduction: Software and Hardware Interfacing – with its accompanying CD-ROM – serves as an excellent introductory book for students enrolled in electrical engineering, electronic engineering technology, and computer engineering technology. Clear and concise explanations, a glossary, and helpful appendices – including ICC12 library functions, SPI-compatible chips, plus a listing of 68HC12 development tool vendors, and more – also make this book ideal for any professional who wants to gain an understanding of Motorola 68HC12 hardware, software and interfacing.

Author Biography

Han-Way Huang is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Technology at Minnesota State University in Mankato, MN.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Introduction to the 68HC12 Microcontroller	1	(28)
Objectives	1	(1)
Basic Computer Concepts	2	(6)
The Processor	3	(4)
Memory	7	(1)
The Computer's Software	8	(2)
The 68HC12 CPU Registers	10	(2)
Memory Addressing	12	(1)
68HC12 Addressing Modes	13	(7)
Inherent Mode	14	(1)
Immediate Mode	15	(1)
Direct Mode	15	(1)
Extended Mode	15	(1)
Relative Mode	15	(1)
Indexed Modes	16	(4)
Addressing More than 64KB	20	(1)
68HC12 Instruction Examples	20	(5)
The Load & Store Instructions	20	(2)
Transfer & Exchange Instructions	22	(1)
Move Instructions	23	(1)
Add & Subtract Instructions	23	(2)
Instruction Queue	25	(1)
Instruction Execution Cycle	25	(1)
Summary	26	(1)
Exercises	27	(2)
68HC12 Assembly Programming	29	(46)
Objectives	29	(1)
Assembly Language Program Structure	30	(2)
The Label Field	30	(1)
The Operation Field	31	(1)
The Operand Field	31	(1)
The Comment Field	31	(1)
Assembler Directives	32	(3)
Software Development Issues	35	(2)
Writing Programs to do Arithmetic	37	(13)
Carry/Borrow Flag	39	(1)
Multiprecision Addition	40	(1)
Subtraction & the C Flag	41	(1)
Multiprecision Subtraction	42	(1)
Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD) Addition	43	(2)
Multiplication & Division	45	(5)
Program Loops	50	(12)
Condition Code Register	52	(1)
Branch Instructions	53	(3)
Compare & Test Instructions	56	(1)
Loop Primitive Instructions	56	(3)
Decrementing & Incrementing Instructions	59	(1)
Bit Condition Branch Instructions	60	(2)
Instructions for Variable Initialization	62	(1)
Shift & Rotate Instructions	62	(6)
Boolean Logic Instructions	68	(1)
Bit Test & Manipulate Instruction	69	(1)
Program Execution Time	70	(2)
Summary	72	(1)
Exercises	73	(2)
68HC12 Members & Hardware & Software Development Tools	75	(34)
Objectives	75	(1)
68HC12 Members	76	(2)
Development Tools for the 68HC12	78	(1)
68HC12 Demo & Evaluation Boards	79	(5)
68HC12 Demo Boards from Motorola	80	(2)
Demo Boards from Axiom Manufacturing	82	(2)
BDM-based Debuggers	84	(1)
The D-Bug12 Monitor	84	(1)
Using the Axiom CME-12BC Demo Board	85	(21)
Starting the MiniIDE	86	(1)
Communicating with the CME-12BC Demo Board	86	(2)
Using the D-Bug12 Commands	88	(10)
Entering an Assembly Program	98	(2)
Assembling the Program	100	(2)
Running & Debugging the Program	102	(3)
The CME-12BC Memory Map	105	(1)
Summary	106	(1)
Lab Exercises & Assignments	107	(2)
Advanced Assembly Programming	109	(56)
Objectives	109	(1)
Introduction	110	(1)
Stack	110	(2)
Indexable Data Structures	112	(3)
Strings	115	(13)
Data Conversion	116	(5)
Character & Word Counting	121	(2)
Word Matching	123	(3)
String Insertion	126	(2)
Subroutines	128	(2)
Issues in Subroutine Calls	130	(1)
The Stack Frame	131	(1)
Examples of Subroutine Calls	132	(13)
Finding the Greatest Common Divisor	132	(2)
Multiple Byte Division	134	(4)
Bubble Sort	138	(4)
Finding the Square Root	142	(3)
Using the D-Bug12 Functions to Perform I/O Operations	145	(13)
Calling D-Bug12 Functions from Assembly Language	146	(1)
Descriptions of Callable Functions	147	(8)
Using the D-Bug12 Functions	155	(3)
Summary	158	(1)
Exercises	159	(2)
Lab Practices & Assignments	161	(4)
C Language Programming	165	(34)
Objectives	165	(1)
Introduction to C	166	(1)
Types, Operators & Expressions	167	(4)
Data Types	167	(1)
Variable Declarations	167	(1)
Constants	167	(1)
Arithmetic Operators	168	(1)
Bitwise Operators	168	(1)
Relational & Logical Operators	169	(1)
Precedence of Operators	170	(1)
Control Flow	171	(3)
If Statement	171	(1)
If-Else Statement	171	(1)
Multiway Conditional Statement	171	(1)
Switch Statement	172	(1)
For-Loop Statement	172	(1)
While Statement	173	(1)
Do-While Statement	173	(1)
GOTO Statement	173	(1)
Input & Output	174	(2)
Functions & Program Structure	176	(1)
Pointers, Arrays, Structures & Unions	177	(6)
Pointers & Addresses	177	(2)
Arrays	179	(1)
Pointers & Arrays	179	(1)
Passing Arrays to a Function	179	(1)
Initializing Arrays	180	(1)
Structures	181	(1)
Unions	182	(1)
Miscellaneous Items	183	(1)
Automatic/External/Static/Volatile	183	(1)
Scope Rules	183	(1)
Using the Imagecraft C Compiler (ICC12)	184	(12)
Inline Assembly Instructions	196	(1)
Summary	196	(1)
Exercises	197	(1)
Lab Exercises & Assignments	198	(1)
Interrupts, Resets &. Operation Modes	199	(30)
Objectives	199	(1)
Fundamental Concepts of Interrupts	200	(4)
What is an Interrupt?	200	(1)
Why are Interrupts Used?	200	(1)
Interrupt Maskability	201	(1)
Interrupt Priority	201	(1)
Interrupt Service	201	(1)
Interrupt Vector	202	(1)
Interrupt Programming	203	(1)
Overhead of Interrupts	204	(1)
Resets	204	(1)
68HC12 Exceptions	204	(9)
Maskable Interrupts	205	(3)
Nonmaskable Interrupts	208	(1)
Resets	209	(3)
Low Power Modes	212	(1)
Exception Programming for the 68HC12	213	(11)
Initializing the Interrupt Vector Table	213	(3)
Writing Exception Service Routine	216	(1)
Enabling the Interrupt	217	(7)
Operation Modes	224	(1)
Normal Operation Modes	224	(1)
Special Operation Modes	225	(1)
Background Debug Mode	225	(1)
Summary	225	(2)
Exercises	227	(1)
Lab Exercises & Assignments	227	(2)
Parallel Ports	229	(60)
Objectives	229	(1)
Basic Concepts of I/O	230	(1)
I/O Addressing	231	(1)
I/O Synchronization	231	(3)
Synchronizing the Microprocessor & the Interface Chip	232	(1)
Synchronizing the Interface Chip & I/O Device	232	(2)
Overview of 68HC12 Parallel Port	234	(8)
Port A & Port B	237	(1)
Port C & Port D	237	(1)
Port E	238	(2)
Port F & Port G	240	(1)
Port H & J	240	(1)
Port K	241	(1)
Port P	241	(1)
Port S	241	(1)
Port T	241	(1)
Port AD	241	(1)
Port ADO & AD1	241	(1)
Port CAN	241	(1)
Port CAN0, CAN1 & CAN2	242	(1)
Port IB	242	(1)
Interfacing with Simple Input & Output Devices	242	(17)
Interfacing with LEDs	242	(2)
Interfacing with Seven-Segment Displays	244	(7)
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)	251	(1)
The Optrex DMC-20434 LCD Kit	252	(6)
Interfacing with DIP Switches	258	(1)
Interfacing Parallel Ports to a Keyboard	259	(5)
Keyboard Scanning Techniques	259	(2)
Keyboard Debouncing	261	(2)
ASCII Code Table Lookup	263	(1)
Interfacing the 68HC12 to a Keypad	264	(5)
Interfacing with a D/A Converter	269	(3)
The AD7302 D/A Converter	269	(1)
Interfacing the AD7302 with the 68HC12	270	(2)
Stepper Motor Control	272	(7)
Stepper Motor Drivers	276	(3)
Key Wakeups	279	(5)
Key Wakeup Registers	280	(1)
Key Wakeup Initialization	281	(1)
Considerations of the Key Wakeup Application	282	(2)
Summary	284	(1)
Exercises	285	(2)
Lab Exercises & Assignments	287	(2)
Timer Functions	289	(70)
Objectives	289	(1)
Why are Timer Functions Important?	290	(1)
Standard Timer Module	291	(1)
Timer Counter Register	291	(3)
Timer System Control Register (TSCR)	291	(1)
Timer Interrupt Mask Register 2 (TMSK2)	292	(2)
Timer Interrupt Flag 2 Register (TFLG2)	294	(1)
Input Capture Function	294	(10)
Input-Capture/Output-Compare Selection	294	(1)
Pins for Input Capture	295	(1)
Registers Associated with Input Capture	295	(1)
Input-Capture Applications	296	(8)
Output-Compare Function	304	(13)
Operation of the Output-Compare Function	304	(1)
Registers Related to the Output-Compare Function	305	(1)
Applications of the Output-Compare Function	305	(6)
Using OC7 to Control Multiple Output-Compare Functions	311	(5)
Forced Output-Compare	316	(1)
Real-Time Interrupt (RTI)	317	(2)
Pulse Accumulator	319	(7)
Registers Related to the Pulse Accumulator	319	(1)
Pulse Accumulator Applications	320	(6)
Pulse-width-modulation (PWM) Function	326	(16)
Operation of the PWM	329	(1)
Registers Related to PWM	329	(4)
PWM Duty Cycle & Period	333	(4)
DC Motor Control	337	(5)
Enhanced Capture Timer (ECT) Module	342	(8)
Enhanced Capture Timer Modes of Operation	342	(1)
Why Enhanced Capture Timer Module?	342	(1)
Registers Associated with Enhanced Input Capture Function	343	(5)
Applications of the Enhanced Capture Function	348	(2)
Pulse Accumulators Associated with Enhanced Capture Timer	350	(4)
Operations of the Enhanced Pulse Accumulators	352	(2)
Summary	354	(1)
Exercises	355	(2)
Lab Exercises & Assignments	357	(2)
Serial Interface - SCI & SPI	359	(68)
Objectives	359	(1)
Fundamental Concepts of Serial Communications	360	(1)
The RS-232 Standard	360	(8)
EIA-232 Electrical Specifications	361	(1)
EIA-232-E Functional Specifications	361	(1)
EIA-232-E Mechanical Specifications	362	(1)
EIA-232-E Procedural Specifications	363	(2)
Data Format	365	(2)
Data Transmission Errors	367	(1)
Null Modem Connection	367	(1)
The 68HC12 Serial Communication Interface	368	(8)
SCI Baud Rate Generation	369	(1)
Registers Associated with SCI	369	(7)
Interfacing SCI with EIA-232	376	(6)
The SPI Function	382	(3)
SPI Signal Pins	382	(1)
SPI Operation	383	(1)
Bidirectional Mode (MOMI or SISO)	384	(1)
Registers Related to the SPI Subsystem	385	(6)
SPI Circuit Connection	391	(2)
SPI-Compatible Chips	393	(1)
The HC595 Shift Register	393	(4)
The MAX7221 Seven-Segment Display Driver	397	(13)
MAX7221 Pins	398	(1)
MAX7221 Functioning	399	(5)
Using the MAX7221	404	(6)
Using the Serial E2PROM X25138	410	(12)
Principles of Operation	411	(5)
Using SPI to Interface with the X25138	416	(6)
Summary	422	(1)
Exercises	423	(3)
Lab Exercises & Assignment	426	(1)
Analog-to-Digital Converter	427	(42)
Objectives	427	(1)
Fundamental Concepts of the A/D Converter	428	(1)
Successive Approximation Method	429	(1)
Signal Conditioning Circuits	430	(3)
Optimal Voltage Range for the A/D Converter	430	(1)
Voltage Scaling Circuit	431	(1)
Voltage Shifting/Scaling Circuit	432	(1)
The 68HC12 A/D Converter	433	(1)
ATD Registers	434	(7)
ATD Control Register 2 (ATDCTL2, ATD0CTL2 & ATD1CTL2)	434	(1)
ATD Control Register 3 (ATDCTL3, ATD0CTL3 & ATD1CTL3)	435	(1)
ATD Control Register 4 (ATDCTL4, ATD0CTL4 & ATD1CTL4)	436	(1)
ATD Control Register 5 (ATDCTL5, ATD0CTL5 & ATD1CTL5)	437	(2)
ATD Status Registers (ATDSTAT0, ATDSTAT1, ATD0STAT0, ATD0STAT1, ATD1STAT0 & ATD1STAT1)	439	(1)
ATD Test Registers (ATDTESTH/L, ATD0TESTH/L & ATD1TESTH/L)	440	(1)
Port AD Data Input Register (PORTAD & PORTAD0/PORTAD 1)	440	(1)
ATD Result Registers (ADR0H/L..ADR7H/L, ADR00H/L..ADR 7H/L, & ADR10H/L..ADR17H/L..ADR17H/L)	440	(1)
The Procedure for Using the A/D Converter	441	(4)
Measuring the Temperature	445	(9)
Measuring Barometric Pressure	454	(6)
Using the External A/D Converter AD7894	460	(6)
Signals	461	(1)
Chip Functioning	461	(3)
Interfacing the AD7894 with the 68HC12	464	(2)
Summary	466	(1)
Exercises	466	(2)
Lab Exercises & Assignments	468	(1)
Development Support	469	(36)
Objectives	469	(1)
Fundamental Concepts of Software Debugging	470	(1)
Instruction Queue	471	(1)
Background Debug Mode (BDM)	472	(1)
BDM Serial Interface	473	(2)
BDM Registers	475	(4)
BDM Instruction Register	475	(2)
BDM Status Register	477	(1)
BDM CCR Holding Register	478	(1)
BDM Shift Register	478	(1)
BDM Address Register ($FF04-$FF05)	478	(1)
BDM Internal Register Position Register (BDMINR)	479	(1)
BDM Commands	479	(3)
BDM Operation	482	(2)
Executing Firmware Commands	482	(1)
Instruction Tracing	483	(1)
Instruction Tagging	483	(1)
BDM & CPU Modes of Operation	484	(1)
Breakpoints	484	(3)
Breakpoint Registers	484	(3)
Breakpoint Modes	487	(1)
The BDM-based Debugger	487	(1)
Using the Axiom AX-BDM12 Debugger	488	(14)
Summary	502	(1)
Lab Exercises & Assignments	502	(3)
Controller Area Network (CAN)	505	(56)
Objectives	505	(1)
Overview of Controller Area Network (CAN)	506	(3)
CAN Messages	509	(8)
Data Frames	509	(3)
Remote Frame	512	(1)
Error Frame	512	(1)
Overload Frame	513	(1)
Interframe Space	514	(2)
Message Filtering	516	(1)
Message Validation	516	(1)
Bit-Stream Coding	516	(1)
Error Handling	517	(1)
Bit Error	517	(1)
Stuff Error	517	(1)
CRC Error	517	(1)
Form Error	517	(1)
Acknowledgement Error	517	(1)
Error Signaling	517	(1)
Fault Confinement	518	(1)
CAN Node Status	518	(1)
Error Counts	518	(1)
CAN Message Bit Timing	519	(1)
Nominal Bit Time	519	(1)
Length-of-Time Segments	520	(1)
Synchronization Issues	520	(1)
Resynchronization Jump Width	520	(1)
Phase Error of an Edge	521	(1)
Synchronization Rules	521	(1)
Overview of the MSCAN12 Module	521	(1)
MSCAN12 Message Storage	522	(2)
Receive Structures	522	(1)
Transmit Structures	523	(1)
Identifier Acceptance Filter	524	(3)
Interrupts	527	(1)
CAN Low-Power Modes	528	(2)
MSCAN Sleep Mode	528	(1)
MSCAN Soft-Reset Mode	529	(1)
MSCAN Power-Down Mode	529	(1)
Wakeup Function	529	(1)
Timer Link	530	(1)
Clock System	530	(1)
Registers Associated with MSCAN12	531	(12)
Message Buffer Registers	532	(1)
MSCAN12 Module Control Register 0 (CxMCR0)	533	(1)
MSCAN12 Module Control Register 1 (CxMCR1)	534	(1)
MSCAN12 Bus Timing Register 0 (CxBTR0)	535	(1)
MSCAN12 Bus Timing Register 1 (CxBTR1)	536	(1)
MSCAN12 Receiver Flag Register (CxRFLG)	537	(1)
MSCAN12 Receiver Interrupt Enable Register (CxRIER)	538	(1)
MSCAN12 Transmitter Flag Register (CxTFLG)	538	(1)
MSCAN12 Transmitter Control Register (CxTCR)	539	(1)
MSCAN12 Identifier Acceptance Control Register (CxIDAC)	539	(1)
MSCAN12 Receive Error Counter (CxRXERR)	540	(1)
MSCAN12 Transmit Error Counter (CxTXERR)	540	(1)
MSCAN12 Identifier Acceptance Registers (CxIDARO-7)	540	(1)
MSCAN12 Identifier Mask Registers (CxIDMR0-7)	541	(1)
MSCAN12 Port CAN Control Register (PCTLCAN)	542	(1)
MSCAN12 Port CAN Data Register (PORTCAN)	542	(1)
MSCAN12 Port CAN Data Direction Register (DDRCAN)	542	(1)
Physical CAN Bus Connection	543	(14)
The PCA82C250 CAN Transceiver	544	(1)
Interfacing PCA82C250 to the 68HC12	545	(2)
Setting the CAN Timing Parameters	547	(3)
CAN Programming	550	(7)
Summary	557	(1)
Exercises	558	(1)
Lab Exercises & Assignments	559	(2)
Internal Memory Configuration & External Memory Expansion	561	(140)
Objectives:	561	(1)
Overview of the 68HC12 Memory System	562	(1)
Internal Resource Mapping	562	(6)
Register Block Mapping	563	(1)
RAM Mapping	564	(1)
EEPROM Mapping	564	(1)
Flash Memory Mapping	565	(1)
Program Space Expansion	565	(3)
The Flash Memory Operation	568	(13)
Flash Memory Control	569	(3)
Erasing the Flash Memory	572	(3)
Programming the Flash Memory	575	(4)
Memory Paging in Programming	579	(2)
EEPROM Memory	581	(14)
EEPROM Programmer's Model	581	(1)
EEPROM Control Registers	582	(4)
EEPROM Standard Mode Erasing Algorithm	586	(1)
EEPROM AUTO Mode Erasing Algorithm	587	(4)
EEPROM Program Operation	591	(1)
Standard Mode Programming Algorithm	591	(1)
EEPROM AUTO Mode Programming Algorithm	592	(3)
External Memory Expansion	595	(7)
Memory Space Assignment	596	(1)
Address Decoder Design	597	(5)
Basics of Bus Signals	602	(4)
Waveforms of Bus Signals	603	(1)
Bus Transactions	604	(1)
Bus Multiplexing	605	(1)
The 68HC12 Bus Timing Diagram	606	(2)
Adding External Memory to the 68HC12	608	(13)
The IDT7164 SRAM	609	(5)
The Atmel AT28HC64B EEPROM	614	(6)
The Optrex DMC-20434 LCD Kit	620	(1)
The Memory Expansion Issue	621	(11)
Memory Space Assignment	621	(1)
Control Signal Requirements	622	(10)
Summary	632	(1)
Exercises	633	(1)
Lab Exercises & Assignments	634	(1)
Appendixes
A Instruction Reference	635	(20)
B C Library Functions in ICC12	655	(6)
C Register Block	661	(26)
D Interrupt Vectors	687	(4)
E SPI-Compatible Chips	691	(8)
F 68HC12 Development Tool Vendor	699	(2)
Glossary	701	(10)
Index	711