Mechanics of Fluids, Ninth Edition

by Ward-Smith; John

• ISBN13: 9780415602600
• ISBN10: 0415602602
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2011-10-04
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Like previous editions, the ninth edition of this best-selling text book introduces the basic principles of the mechanics of fluids in a detailed and clear manner. Mechanics of Fluidsprovides the sound physical understanding of fluid flow that is essential for an honours degree course in civil or mechanical engineering as well as courses in aeronautical and chemical engineering. Focusing on the engineering applications of fluid flow, rather than mathematical techniques, students are gradually introduced to the subject, with the text moving from the simple to the complex, and from the familiar to the unfamiliar. In an all new chapter, the ninth edition closely examines the modern context of fluid mechanics, where climate change, new forms of energy generation and fresh water conservation are pressing issues. SI units are used throughout and there are many worked examples. Though the book is essentially self-contained, where appropriate, references are given to more detailed or advanced accounts of particular topics providing a strong basis for further study. For lecturers, an accompanying solutions manual is available.

Author Biography

John Ward-Smith was Senior Lecturer in the Mechanical Engineering Department and Senior Research Fellow in Biomechanics in the Department of Sport Sciences at Brunei University, UK.

Table of Contents

Preface to the ninth edition	p. ix
Fundamental concepts	p. 1
The characteristics of fluids	p. 1
Notation, dimensions, units and related matters	p. 4
Properties of fluids	p. 12
The perfect gas: equation of state	p. 17
Compressibility	p. 20
Viscosity	p. 21
Surface tension	p. 28
Basic characteristics of fluids in motion	p. 30
Classification and description of fluid flow	p. 33
The roles of experimentation and theory in fluid mechanics	p. 38
Summary	p. 41
Problems	p. 41
Fluid statics	p. 43
Introduction	p. 43
Variation of pressure with position in a fluid	p. 43
The measurement of pressure	p. 48
First and second moments of area	p. 57
Hydrostatic thrusts on submerged surfaces	p. 59
Buoyancy	p. 69
The stability of bodies in fluids	p. 71
Equilibrium of moving fluids	p. 80
Problems	p. 84
The principles governing fluids in motion	p. 89
Introduction	p. 89
Acceleration of a fluid particle	p. 89
The continuity equation	p. 90
Bernoulli's equation	p. 92
General energy equation for steady flow of any fluid	p. 96
Pressure variation perpendicular to streamlines	p. 107
Simple applications of Bernoulli's equation	p. 109
Problems	p. 131
The momentum equation	p. 134
Introduction	p. 134
The momentum equation for steady flow	p. 134
Applications of the momentum equation	p. 138
Problems	p. 156
Physical similarity and dimensional analysis	p. 159
Introduction	p. 159
Types of physical similarity	p. 160
Ratios of forces arising in dynamic similarity	p. 162
The principal dimensionless groups of fluid dynamics	p. 167
Other dimensionless groups	p. 167
Dimensional analysis	p. 170
The application of dynamic similarity	p. 179
Ship resistance	p. 182
Problems	p. 188
Laminar flow between solid boundaries	p. 191
Introduction	p. 191
Steady laminar flow in circular pipes: the Hagen-Poiseuille law	p. 191
Steady laminar flow through an annulus	p. 198
Steady laminar flow between parallel planes	p. 199
Steady laminar flow between parallel planes, one of which is moving	p. 204
The measurement of viscosity	p. 210
Fundamentals of the theory of hydrodynarhic lubrication	p. 220
Laminar flow through porous media	p. 239
Problems	p. 242
Flow and losses in pipes and fittings	p. 245
Introduction	p. 245
Flow in pipes of circular cross-section	p. 245
Variation of friction factor	p. 249
Distribution of shear stress in a circular pipe	p. 257
Friction in non-circular conduits	p. 259
Other losses in pipes	p. 260
Total head and pressure lines	p. 271
Pipes in combination	p. 277
Conditions near the pipe entry	p. 283
Quasi-steady flow in pipes	p. 284
Flow measurement	p. 287
Problems	p. 292
Boundary layers, wakes and other shear layers	p. 298
Introduction	p. 298
Description of the boundary layer	p. 299
The thickness of the boundary layer	p. 301
The momentum equation applied to the boundary layer	p. 303
The laminar boundary layer on a flat plate with zero pressure gradient	p. 306
The turbulent boundary layer on a smooth flat plate with zero pressure gradient	p. 313
Friction drag for laminar and turbulent boundary layers together	p. 317
Effect of pressure gradient	p. 320
Boundary-layer control	p. 338
Effect of compressibility on drag	p. 340
Eddy viscosity and the mixing-length hypothesis	p. 341
Velocity distribution in turbulent flow	p. 344
Free turbulence	p. 352
Computational fluid dynamics	p. 353
Problems	p. 358
The flow of an inviscid fluid	p. 361
Introduction	p. 361
The stream function	p. 362
Circulation and vorticity	p. 364
Velocity potential	p. 367
Flow nets	p. 370
Basic patterns of flow	p. 373
Combining flow patterns	p. 383
Combinations of basic flow patterns	p. 384
Functions of a complex variable	p. 399
An introduction to elementary aerofoil theory	p. 403
Problems	p. 410
Flow with a free surface	p. 414
Introduction	p. 414
Types of flow in open channels	p. 415
The steady-flow energy equation for open channels	p. 416
Steady uniform flow: the Chézy equation	p. 419
The boundary layer in open channels	p. 423
Optimum shape of cross-section	p. 425
Flow in closed conduits only partly full	p. 426
Simple waves and surges in open channels	p. 427
Specific energy and alternative depths of flow	p. 431
The hydraulic jump	p. 438
The occurrence of critical conditions	p. 443
Gradually varied flow	p. 456
Oscillatory waves	p. 464
Tsunamis	p. 480
Conclusion	p. 482
Problems	p. 483
Compressible flow of gases	p. 487
Introduction	p. 487
Thermodynamic concepts	p. 487
Energy equation with variable density: static and stagnation temperature	p. 491
The speed of sound	p. 493
Shock waves	p. 499
Supersonic flow round a corner	p. 512
The Pitot tube in compressible flow	p. 517
Some general relations for one-dimensional flows	p. 520
One-dimensional flow through nozzles	p. 522
Compressible flow in pipes of constant cross-section	p. 530
High-speed flow past an aerofoil	p. 544
Analogy between compressible flow and flow with a free surface	p. 546
Flow visualization	p. 548
Problems	p. 550
Unsteady flow	p. 554
Introduction	p. 554
Inertia pressure	p. 555
Pressure transients	p. 558
Surge tanks	p. 583
Problems	p. 588
Fluid machines	p. 591
Introduction	p. 591
Reciprocating pumps	p. 592
Turbines	p. 596
Rotodynamic pumps	p. 625
Hydrodynamic transmissions	p. 651
The effect of size on the efficiency of fluid machines	p. 656
Problems	p. 657
Fluid mechanics in a changing world	p. 663
Introduction	p. 663
Energy generation in a changing world	p. 663
Wind energy and wind farms	p. 664
Wave and tidal energy	p. 665
A comparison of different energy generation technologies	p. 666
Rising sea levels	p. 669
Fresh water; its management and distribution	p. 670
Conclusion	p. 671
Units and conversion factors	p. 672
Physical constants and properties of fluids	p. 676
Tables of gas flow functions	p. 681
Algebraic symbols	p. 688
Answers to problems	p. 694
Index	p. 698
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