Medically Important Fungi

by Larone, Davise H., Ph.D.

• ISBN13: 9781555810917
• ISBN10: 1555810918
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1995-05-01
• Publisher: Amer Society for Microbiology

Summary

The previous editions of this book have become well known and well loved by all mycologists working in a diagnostic setting. It is very simple to use, and allows laboratory workers to identify fungal pathogens under the microscope by their morphology and other readily identifiable features. New to this extensively revised and updated edition is a section of photo-micrographs of all the major organisms.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Fourth Edition	p. xiii
Preface to the First Edition	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
How To Use the Guide	p. 1
Use of Reference Laboratories	p. 3
Safety Precautions	p. 7
Direct Microscopic Examination of Clinical Specimens
Introduction	p. 11
Histological Terminology	p. 13
Tissue Reactions to Fungal Infection	p. 17
Stains	p. 21
Stains for direct microscopic examination of fungi and filamentous bacteria in tissue	p. 22
Guide to Interpretation of Direct Microscopic Examination	p. 23
Detailed Descriptions	p. 29
Actinomycosis	p. 31
Mycetoma (Actinomycotic or Eumycotic)	p. 32
Nocardiosis	p. 34
Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis)	p. 35
Aspergillosis	p. 36
Miscellaneous Hyalohyphomycoses	p. 38
Dermatophytosis	p. 40
Tinea versicolor	p. 41
Tinea nigra	p. 42
Phaeohyphomycosis	p. 43
Chromoblastomycosis	p. 44
Sporotrichosis	p. 45
Histoplasmosis capsulati	p. 46
Penicilliosis marneffei	p. 48
Blastomycosis	p. 50
Paracoccidioidomycosis	p. 51
Candidiasis (Candidosis)	p. 52
Cryptococcosis	p. 54
Pneumocystosis	p. 56
Protothecosis	p. 57
Coccidioidomycosis	p. 58
Rhinosporidiosis	p. 59
Adiaspiromycosis	p. 61
Special References	p. 63
Identification of Fungi in Culture
Guide to Identification of Fungi in Culture	p. 67
Detailed Descriptions	p. 97
Filamentous Bacteria	p. 99
Introduction	p. 101
Differentiation of aerobic actinomycetes	p. 103
Nocardia spp.	p. 104
Streptomyces spp.	p. 106
Actinomadura spp.	p. 107
Nocardiopsis dassonvillei	p. 108
Yeasts and Yeastlike Organisms	p. 109
Introduction	p. 111
Candida albicans	p. 113
Characteristics of the genera of clinically encountered yeasts and yeastlike organisms	p. 114
Candida dubliniensis	p. 115
Characteristics of Candida spp. most commonly encountered in the clinical laboratory	p. 116
Characteristics that assist in differentiating Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans	p. 118
Candida tropicalis	p. 119
Candida parapsilosis	p. 120
Candida lusitaniae	p. 121
Candida krusei	p. 122
Differentiating characteristics of Blastoschizomyces capitatus vs Candida krusei	p. 123
Differentiating characteristics of Candida krusei vs Candida inconspicua	p. 123
Candida kefyr	p. 124
Candida guilliermondii	p. 125
Candida lipolytica	p. 126
Candida zeylanoides	p. 127
Candida glabrata	p. 128
Cryptococcus neoformans	p. 129
Characteristics of Cryptococcus spp.	p. 130
Characteristics of yeasts and yeastlike organisms other than Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp.	p. 131
Rhodotorula spp.	p. 132
Sporobolomyces salmonicolor	p. 133
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	p. 134
Pichia anomala	p. 135
Malassezia furfur	p. 136
Malassezia pachydermatis	p. 137
Ustilago sp.	p. 138
Prototheca spp.	p. 139
Trichosporon spp.	p. 140
Key characteristics of clinically encountered Trichosporon spp.	p. 141
Blastoschizomyces capitatus	p. 142
Geotrichum candidum	p. 143
Thermally Dimorphic Fungi	p. 145
Introduction	p. 147
Sporothrix schenckii	p. 148
Histoplasma capsulatum	p. 150
Blastomyces dermatitidis	p. 152
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis	p. 154
Penicillium marneffei	p. 156
Thermally Monomorphic Moulds	p. 159
Zygomycetes	p. 161
Introduction	p. 163
Differential characteristics of similar organisms in the class Zygomycetes	p. 165
Differential characteristics of the clinically encountered Rhizopus spp.	p. 165
Rhizopus spp.	p. 166
Mucor spp.	p. 167
Rhizomucor spp.	p. 168
Absidia corymbifera	p. 169
Apophysomyces elegans	p. 170
Saksenaea vasiformis	p. 172
Cokeromyces recurvatus	p. 173
Cunninghamella bertholletiae	p. 174
Syncephalastrum racemosum	p. 175
Basidiobolus sp.	p. 176
Conidiobolus coronatus	p. 177
Dematiaceous Fungi	p. 179
Introduction	p. 181
Fonsecaea pedrosoi	p. 183
Fonsecaea compacta	p. 185
Characteristics of Phialophora, Phaeoacremonium, Acremonium, Phialemonium, and Lecythophora	p. 186
Phialophora verrucosa	p. 187
Phialophora richardsiae	p. 188
Phaeoacremonium parasiticum	p. 189
Phialemonium spp.	p. 190
Cladosporium spp.	p. 192
Characteristics of Cladosporium and Cladophialophora spp.	p. 193
Cladophialophora carrionii	p. 194
Cladophialophora bantiana	p. 195
Pseudallescheria boydii; Scedosporium apiospermum	p. 196
Scedosporium prolificans	p. 198
Dactylaria constricta	p. 199
Differentiation of the varieties of Dactylaria constricta	p. 200
Characteristics of some of the "black yeasts"	p. 200
Exophiala jeanselmei	p. 201
Wangiella dermatitidis (Exophiala dermatitidis)	p. 202
Phaeoannellomyces werneckii (Hortaea werneckii, Exophiala werneckii)	p. 203
Madurella mycetomatis	p. 204
Madurella grisea	p. 205
Piedraia hortae	p. 206
Aureobasidium pullulans	p. 207
Differential characteristics of Aureobasidium pullulans vs Hormonema dematioides	p. 209
Hormonema dematioides	p. 210
Scytalidium spp.	p. 211
Botrytis sp.	p. 213
Stachybotrys chartarum (S. alternans, S. atra)	p. 214
Graphium sp.	p. 215
Curvularia spp.	p. 216
Bipolaris spp.	p. 217
Characteristics of Bipolaris, Drechslera, and Exserohilum spp.	p. 218
Exserohilum spp.	p. 219
Helminthosporium sp.	p. 220
Alternaria sp.	p. 221
Ulocladium sp.	p. 222
Stemphylium sp.	p. 223
Pithomyces sp.	p. 224
Epicoccum sp.	p. 225
Nigrospora sp.	p. 226
Chaetomium sp.	p. 227
Phoma spp.	p. 228
Dermatophytes	p. 229
Introduction	p. 231
Microsporum audouinii	p. 232
Microsporum canis var. canis	p. 233
Microsporum canis var. distortum	p. 234
Microsporum cookei	p. 235
Microsporum gypseum complex	p. 236
Microsporum gallinae	p. 237
Microsporum nanum	p. 238
Microsporum vanbreuseghemii	p. 239
Microsporum ferrugineum	p. 240
Trichophyton mentagrophytes	p. 241
Differentiation of similar conidia-producing Trichophyton spp.	p. 242
Trichophyton rubrum	p. 243
Trichophyton tonsurans	p. 244
Trichophyton terrestre	p. 245
Trichophyton megninii	p. 246
Trichophyton soudanense	p. 247
Growth patterns of Trichophyton species on nutritional test media	p. 248
Trichophyton schoenleinii	p. 249
Trichophyton verrucosum	p. 250
Trichophyton violaceum	p. 251
Trichophyton ajelloi	p. 252
Epidermophyton floccosum	p. 253
Hyaline Hyphomycetes	p. 255
Introduction	p. 257
Coccidioides immitis	p. 258
Differential characteristics of fungi in which arthroconidia predominate	p. 260
Malbranchea spp.	p. 261
Geomyces pannorum	p. 262
Arthrographis kalrae	p. 263
Emmonsia spp.	p. 264
Identification of the most common species of Aspergillus	p. 266
Aspergillus spp.	p. 268
Penicillium spp.	p. 269
Paecilomyces spp.	p. 270
Scopulariopsis spp.	p. 272
Differential characteristics of Paecilomyces variottii vs P. Iilacinus	p. 274
Differential characteristics of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis vs S. brumptii	p. 274
Gliocladium sp.	p. 275
Trichoderma sp.	p. 276
Beauveria bassiana	p. 277
Verticillium sp.	p. 278
Acremonium spp.	p. 279
Fusarium spp.	p. 280
Lecythophora spp.	p. 282
Trichothecium roseum	p. 283
Chrysosporium spp.	p. 284
Differential characteristics of Chrysosporium vs Sporotrichum	p. 286
Sporotrichum sp.	p. 287
Sepedonium sp.	p. 288
Monilia sitophila	p. 289
Laboratory Technique
Laboratory Procedures	p. 293
Collection and Preparation of Specimens	p. 295
Methods for Direct Microscopic Examination of Specimens	p. 298
Primary Isolation	p. 300
Media for primary isolation of fungi	p. 301
Macroscopic Examination of Cultures	p. 303
Microscopic Examination of Growth	p. 303
Procedure for Identification of Yeasts	p. 305
Isolation of Yeast When Mixed with Bacteria	p. 307
Germ Tube Test for the Presumptive Identification of Candida albicans	p. 307
Rapid Enzyme Tests for the Presumptive Identification of Candida albicans	p. 308
Caffeic Acid Disk Test	p. 308
Olive Oil Disks for Culturing Malassezia furfur	p. 309
Conversion of Thermally Dimorphic Fungi in Culture	p. 309
Method of Inducing Sporulation of Apophysomyces elegans and Saksenaea vasiformis	p. 310
In Vitro Hair Perforation Test	p. 310
Germ Tube Test for Differentiation of Some Dematiaceous Fungi	p. 311
Maintenance of Stock Fungal Cultures	p. 311
Controlling Mites	p. 312
Staining Methods	p. 313
Acid-Fast Modified Kinyoun Stain for Nocardia spp.	p. 315
Acid-Fast Stain for Ascospores	p. 316
Ascospore Stain	p. 316
Calcofluor White Stain	p. 316
Giemsa Stain	p. 317
Gomori Methenamine Silver (GMS) Stain	p. 318
Gram Stain (Hucker Modification)	p. 320
Lactophenol Cotton Blue	p. 321
Lactophenol Cotton Blue with PVA (Huber's Mounting Medium, Modified)	p. 322
Rehydration of Paraffin-Embedded Tissue	p. 323
Media	p. 325
Ascospore Media	p. 327
Assimilation Media (for Yeasts)	p. 328
Birdseed Agar (Niger Seed Agar; Staib Agar)	p. 332
Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) Agar	p. 333
Candida ID Agar	p. 333
Casein Agar	p. 334
CHROMagar Candida Medium	p. 334
Cornmeal Agar	p. 335
Dermatophyte Test Medium (DTM)	p. 336
Fermentation Broth for Yeasts	p. 336
Gelatin Medium	p. 337
Inhibitory Mold Agar (IMA)	p. 339
Loeffler Medium	p. 339
Lysozyme Medium	p. 340
Mycosel Agar	p. 340
Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Potato Flake Agar (PFA)	p. 341
Rapid Assimilation of Trehalose (RAT) Broth	p. 341
Rapid Sporulation Medium (RSM)	p. 343
SABHI Agar	p. 343
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA)	p. 344
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with 15% NaCl	p. 345
Sabouraud Dextrose Broth	p. 345
Starch Hydrolysis Agar	p. 345
Trichophyton Agars	p. 346
Tyrosine or Xanthine Agar	p. 347
Urea Agar	p. 348
Water Agar	p. 348
Yeast Extract-Phosphate Agar with Ammonia	p. 348
Color Plates	p. 351
Glossary	p. 379
Bibliography	p. 389
Index	p. 397
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