Medical-Surgical Nursing Across the Health Care Continuum

by Ignatavicius, Donna D.; Workman, M. Linda; Mishler, Mary A.

• ISBN13: 9780721669816
• ISBN10: 0721669816
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Health Science

Summary

This new edition is comprehensively revised to reflect today's non-traditional care settings and the changing nature of medical-surgical nursing care delivery. At the same time, it retains the nursing process framework, learning aids, and practical approach that instructors and students have always appreciated.

Table of Contents

UNIT 1: Health Promotion and Illness	1	(72)
1. Medical-Surgical Nursing and the Role of the Medical-Surgical Nurse	3	(18)
Donna D. Ignatavicius
Health	3	(2)
Health Promotion	5	(1)
Role of the Medical-Surgical Nurse	6	(4)
Practice Settings for Medical-Surgical Nurses	10	(1)
Overview of the Nursing Process	11	(10)
2. Continuing Care	21	(8)
Tina M. Marelli
Donna D. Ignatavicius
Ambulatory Care	21	(1)
Home Care	22	(3)
Nursing Home Care	25	(1)
Subacute Care	25	(1)
Rehabilitative Care	26	(3)
3. Introduction to Managed Care and Case Management	29	(6)
Donna D. Ignatavicius
Managed Care	29	(1)
Collaborative Management	30	(5)
Focus on Outcomes	30	(1)
From Collaborative Care Management to Case Management	31	(1)
Process of Case Management	31	(1)
Standards for Case Management Practice	31	(1)
Roles of Case Managers	32	(1)
From Case Management to Disease State Management	32	(1)
The Role of Clinical Pathways	32	(3)
4. Complementary Therapies	35	(8)
Donna D. Ignatavicius
Holistic Nursing	35	(1)
Office of Alternative Medicine	35	(1)
Managed Care and the Holistic Approach	36	(1)
Commonly Used Complementary Therapies	37	(3)
Prayer	37	(1)
Relaxation	37	(1)
Imagery	38	(1)
Music	39	(1)
Touch	39	(1)
Laughter and Humor	39	(1)
Nutrition	40	(1)
Implications for Health Care Providers	40	(3)
5. Adult Development	43	(18)
Donna D. Ignatavicius
Theories of Adult Development	43	(4)
Stages of Adulthood	47	(14)
6. Health Care of Older Adults	61	(12)
Donna D. Ignatavicius
Subgroups of Late Adulthood	61	(1)
Distribution of Older Adults in the Health Care System	61	(1)
Admission of the Older Adult to a Hospital or Nursing Home	61	(1)
Health Issues	62	(8)
Health Promotion	62	(3)
Accidents	65	(1)
Drug Use and Misuse	66	(2)
Mental Health	68	(1)
Elder Neglect and Abuse	69	(1)
Economic Issues	70	(1)
Income	70	(1)
Housing	70	(1)
Resources for the Elderly	70	(2)
The Future of Gerontological Nursing	72	(1)
UNIT 2: Biopsychosocial Concepts Related to Health Care	73	(132)
7. Ethics	75	(18)
Marcia Sue DeWolf Bosek
Theresa A. Savage
What Is Ethics?	75	(2)
Ethical Decision-Making	77	(2)
Ethical Resources	79	(1)
Selected Ethical Issues	80	(10)
Futility	80	(1)
Do Not Resuscitate Orders	80	(1)
Quality of Life	81	(2)
Competency	83	(1)
Written Advance Directives	83	(1)
Verbal Advance Directives	83	(1)
Euthanasia	84	(1)
Placebo Administration	84	(2)
Restraints	86	(1)
Personal Rights	87	(1)
Obligation	87	(1)
Confidentiality	87	(1)
Cultural and Spiritual Practices	87	(1)
Tube Feeding	88	(1)
Unethical Professional Conduct	88	(2)
Other Ethical Issues That Medical-Surgical Nurses Face	90	(3)
8. Stress, Coping, and Adaptation	93	(16)
Donna D. Ignatavicius
Overview	93	(8)
Definitions	93	(1)
The Importance of Stress in Medical-Surgical Nursing Practice	93	(1)
Theories About Stress	94	(4)
Theories About Coping	98	(2)
Theories About Adaptation	100	(1)
The Concept of Hardiness	100	(1)
Collaborative Management	101	(8)
9. Pain	109	(38)
Rosemary Polomano
Anne Keane
Overview	109	(11)
Definitions of Pain	109	(1)
Theoretical Bases for Pain	110	(1)
Anatomic and Physiologic Bases for Pain	111	(2)
Pain Perception	113	(2)
Research on Pain	115	(1)
Pain Attitudes and Practices	115	(2)
Types of Pain	117	(3)
Collaborative Management	120	(22)
Pain as a Quality Improvement Outcome	142	(1)
Costs of Pain Care	142	(5)
10. Body Image	147	(10)
Donna D. Ignatavicius
Overview	147	(4)
Definition of Body Image	147	(1)
Factors Affecting Body Image	147	(1)
The Life Cycle of Body Image	148	(1)
Body Image Disturbance	149	(2)
Collaborative Management	151	(6)
11. Human Sexuality	157	(16)
Lynn Rew
Overview	157	(9)
Conceptual Model of Sexual Health and Well-Being	157	(1)
Effect of Anatomy and Physiology on Sexual Health and Well-Being	158	(1)
Psychosexual Development	158	(1)
Research on Human Sexuality	158	(1)
Sexual Response Cycle of the Adult	158	(1)
Sexual Preferences	158	(3)
Changes in Sexual Function Associated with Aging	161	(1)
Effects of Illness on Sexuality	161	(3)
Effects of Drug and Alcohol Abuse	164	(1)
Nurses' Comfort with Sexuality	165	(1)
Sexual Harassment	166	(1)
Collaborative Management	166	(7)
12. Loss, Death, and Dying	173	(12)
Mary K. Kazanowski
Loss	173	(5)
Active Dying	178	(7)
13. Rehabilitation of Clients with Chronic and Disabling Conditions	185	(20)
Donna D. Ignatavicius
Overview	185	(1)
Concepts Related to Rehabilitation	186	(1)
Impairment	186	(1)
Disability	186	(1)
Handicap	186	(1)
Rehabilitation and Part of Continuing Care	186	(2)
Settings for Rehabilitation	186	(1)
The Rehabilitation Team	187	(1)
Collaborative Management	188	(17)
UNIT 3: Management of Clients with Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances	205	(100)
14. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance	207	(22)
M. Linda Workman
Anatomy and Physiology Review	207	(19)
Physical and Biological Influences on Fluid and Electrolyte Balance	207	(10)
Hormonal Influences on Fluid and Electrolyte Balance	217	(1)
Body Fluids	218	(2)
Electrolytes	220	(5)
Fluid and Electrolyte Changes Associated with Aging	225	(1)
Assessment of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance	226	(3)
15. Interventions for Clients with Fluid Imbalances	229	(14)
M. Linda Workman
Dehydration	229	(10)
Overhydration	239	(4)
16. Interventions for Clients with Electrolyte Imbalances	243	(22)
M. Linda Workman
Potassium Imbalances	243	(7)
Hypokalemia	243	(5)
Hyperkalemia	248	(2)
Sodium Imbalances	250	(4)
Hyponatremia	250	(3)
Hypernatremia	253	(1)
Calcium Imbalances	254	(6)
Hypocalcemia	254	(4)
Hypercalcemia	258	(2)
Phosphorus Imbalances	260	(1)
Hypophosphatemia	260	(1)
Hyperphosphatemia	261	(1)
Magnesium Imbalances	261	(4)
Hypomagnesemia	262	(2)
Hypermagnesemia	263	(2)
17. Infusion Therapy	265	(18)
Marilyn Booker
Introduction to Infusion Therapy	265	(1)
Infusion Systems	266	(3)
Types of Infusion Therapy	269	(14)
Intravenous Therapy	269	(5)
Arterial Therapy	274	(1)
Intraperitoneal Therapy	275	(3)
Subcutaneous Therapy	278	(1)
Central Nervous System Therapy	278	(2)
Intraosseous Therapy	280	(3)
18. Acid-Base Balance	283	(10)
M. Linda Workman
Acid-Base Balance	283	(7)
Acid-Base Chemistry	284	(3)
Homeostasis	287	(3)
Age-Related Changes in Acid-Base Balance	290	(3)
19. Interventions for Clients with Acid-Base Imbalance	293	(12)
M. Linda Workman
Acidosis	293	(7)
Alkalosis	300	(5)
UNIT 4: Management of Perioperative Clients	305	(76)
20. Interventions for Preoperative Clients	307	(26)
Mary A. Mishler
Overview	307	(2)
Categories and Purposes of Surgery	307	(1)
Surgical Settings	308	(1)
Collaborative Management	309	(24)
21. Interventions for Intraoperative Clients	333	(28)
Mary A. Mishler
Overview	333	(19)
Members of the Surgical Team	333	(4)
Preparation of the Surgical Suite and Team Safety	337	(2)
Anesthesia	339	(13)
Collaborative Management	352	(9)
22. Interventions for Postoperative Clients	361	(20)
Mary A. Mishler
Overview	361	(1)
Collaborative Management	362	(19)
UNIT 5: Problems of Protection: Management of Clients with Problems of the Immune System	381	(158)
23. Concepts of Inflammation and the Immune Response	383	(22)
M. Linda Workman
Basic Concepts of Inflammation and Immunity	383	(5)
Inflammation	388	(5)
Antibody-Mediated Immunity	393	(6)
Cell-Mediated Immunity	399	(6)
24. Interventions for Clients with Connective Tissue Disease	405	(36)
Donna D. Ignatavicius
Degenerative Joint Disease (Osteoarthritis)	405	(14)
Rheumatoid Arthritis	419	(10)
Lupus Erythematosus	429	(3)
Progressive Systemic Sclerosis	432	(2)
Gout	434	(2)
Other Connective Tissue Diseases	436	(5)
Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis	436	(1)
Systemic Necrotizing Vasculitis	436	(1)
Polymyalgia Rheumatica	436	(1)
Ankylosing Spondylitis	436	(1)
Reiter's Syndrome	436	(1)
Sjogren's Syndrome	437	(1)
Infectious Arthritis	437	(1)
Lyme Disease	437	(1)
Pseudogout	437	(1)
Disease-Associated Arthritis	437	(1)
Fibromyalgia	438	(1)
Local Inflammatory Disorders	438	(1)
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease	438	(3)
25. Interventions for Clients with HIV and Other Immunologic Disorders	441	(34)
Lucille Sanzer Eller
Immunodeficiencies	441	(23)
Acquired (Secondary) Immunodeficiencies	442	(1)
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome	442	(19)
Nutrition-Related Deficiencies	461	(1)
Therapy-Induced Immunodeficiencies	462	(1)
Congenital (Primary) Immunodeficiencies	463	(1)
Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia	463	(1)
Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency	464	(1)
Hypersensitivities	464	(6)
Type I: Rapid Hypersensitivity Reactions	465	(1)
Anaphylaxis	465	(3)
Atopic Allergy	468	(1)
Type II: Cytotoxic Reactions	468	(1)
Type III: Immune Complex Reactions	468	(1)
Type IV: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions	468	(1)
Type V: Stimulatory Reactions	469	(1)
Mixed Hypersensitivity Reactions: Latex Hypersensitivity	470	(1)
Autoimmunities	471	(1)
Gammopathies: Multiple Myeloma	471	(4)
26. Altered Cell Growth and Cancer Development	475	(18)
M. Linda Workman
Historical Perspective	475	(1)
Overview	475	(5)
Cancer Development	480	(10)
Cancer Prevention	490	(3)
27. Interventions for Clients with Cancer	493	(26)
M. Linda Workman
General Disease-Related Consequences of Cancer	493	(2)
Treatment-Related Consequences of Cancer	495	(18)
Surgery	496	(1)
Radiation	497	(4)
Chemotherapy	501	(8)
Hormonal Manipulation	509	(2)
Immunotherapy: Biological Response Modifiers	511	(2)
Gene Therapy	513	(1)
Oncologic Emergencies	513	(4)
Sepsis and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation	513	(1)
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone	514	(1)
Spinal Cord Compression	514	(1)
Hypercalcemia	514	(1)
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome	515	(1)
Tumor Lysis Syndrome	516	(1)
Cancer Treatment Failure	517	(2)
28. Interventions for Clients with Infection	519	(20)
Judith Sturgis
Infectious Process	519	(6)
Infection Control in Health Care Agencies	525	(5)
Complications of Infection	530	(9)
UNIT 6: Problems of Oxygenation: Management of Clients with Problems of the Respiratory Tract	539	(174)
29. Assessment of the Respiratory System	541	(24)
Mary A. Mishler
Anatomy and Physiology Review	541	(5)
History	546	(3)
Physical Assessment	549	(6)
Psychosocial Assessment	555	(1)
Diagnostic Assessment	555	(10)
30. Interventions for Clients with Oxygen or Tracheostomy	565	(20)
Mary A. Mishler
Oxygen Therapy	565	(9)
Tracheostomy	574	(11)
31. Interventions for Clients with Noninfectious Problems of the Upper Respiratory Tract	585	(24)
Ann E. Furiel Sievers
Noninfectious Disorders of the Nose and Sinuses	585	(4)
Fracture of the Nose	585	(1)
Epistaxis	586	(1)
Nasal Polyps	587	(1)
Cancer of the Nose and Sinuses	587	(1)
Facial Trauma	588	(1)
Noninfectious Disorders of the Oral Pharynx and Tonsils	589	(1)
Obstructive Sleep Apnea	589	(1)
Oropharyngeal Cancer	589	(1)
Noninfections Disorders of the Larynx	589	(2)
Vocal Cord Paralysis	589	(1)
Nodules and Polyps of the Vocal Cords	590	(1)
Laryngeal Trauma	591	(1)
Other Upper Airway Disorders	591	(18)
Upper Airway Obstruction	591	(2)
Neck Trauma	593	(1)
Head and Neck Cancer	593	(16)
32. Interventions for Clients with Noninfectious Problems of the Lower Respiratory Tract	609	(54)
Barbara Diebold Ahlheit
Georgeanne V. Stilley
Chronic Airflow Limitation	609	(27)
Sarcoidosis	636	(1)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis	637	(1)
Occupational Pulmonary Disease	638	(2)
Lung Cancer	640	(23)
33. Interventions for Clients with Infections of the Respiratory System	663	(20)
Mary A. Mishler
Disorders of the Nose and Sinuses	663	(2)
Rhinitis	663	(1)
Sinusitis	664	(1)
Disorders of the Oral Pharynx and Tonsils	665	(3)
Pharyngitis	665	(2)
Tonsillitis	667	(1)
Peritonsillar Abscess	668	(1)
Disorders of the Larynx and Lungs	668	(15)
Laryngitis	668	(1)
Pneumonia	669	(6)
Pulmonary Tuberculosis	675	(4)
Lung Abscess	679	(1)
Pulmonary Empyema	680	(3)
34. Interventions for Critically III Clients with Respiratory Problems	683	(30)
Kathleen Ellstrom
Pulmonary Embolism	683	(7)
Acute Respiratory Failure	690	(2)
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome	692	(2)
Client Requiring Intubation and Ventilation	694	(14)
Chest Trauma	708	(5)
Pulmonary Contusion	708	(1)
Rib Fracture	708	(1)
Flail Chest	709	(1)
Pneumothorax	709	(1)
Tension Pneumothorax	710	(1)
Hemothorax	710	(1)
Tracheobronchial Trauma	710	(3)
UNIT 7: Problems of Cardiac Output and Tissue Perfusion: Management of Clients with Problems of the Cardiovascular System	713	(220)
35. Assessment of the Cardiovascular System	715	(38)
Kathleen Ouimet Perrin
Anatomy and Physiology Review	715	(9)
History	724	(4)
Physical Assessment	728	(7)
Psychosocial Assessment	735	(1)
Diagnostic Assessment	736	(17)
36. Interventions for Clients with Dysrhythmias	753	(54)
Carmen J. Petrin
Review of Cardiac Electrophysiology	753	(2)
Cardiac Conduction System	755	(1)
Electrocardiography	756	(7)
Normal Rhythms	763	(1)
Dysrhythmias	764	(43)
37. Interventions for Clients with Cardiac Problems	807	(30)
Kathleen Ouimet Perrin
Heart Failure	807	(14)
Valvular Heart Disease	821	(6)
Mitral Stenosis	821	(1)
Mitral Regurgitation (Insufficiency)	822	(1)
Mitral Valve Prolapse	822	(1)
Aortic Stenosis	822	(1)
Aortic Regurgitation (Insufficiency)	822	(5)
Inflammations and Infections	827	(10)
Infective Endocarditis	827	(3)
Pericarditis	830	(2)
Rheumatic Carditis	832	(1)
Cardiomyopathy	832	(5)
38. Interventions for Clients with Vascular Problems	837	(44)
Suzanne Cushman Beyea
Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis	837	(6)
Hypertension	843	(9)
Peripheral Arterial Disease	852	(8)
Acute Peripheral Arterial Occlusion	860	(6)
Aneurysms	866	(4)
Aneurysms of the Peripheral Arteries	870	(1)
Aortic Dissection	870	(1)
Buerger's Disease	870	(1)
Subclavian Steal	871	(1)
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome	871	(1)
Raynaud's Phenomenon	872	(1)
Popliteal Entrapment	872	(1)
Venous Thrombosis	872	(4)
Venous Insufficiency	876	(2)
Varicose Veins	878	(1)
Phebitis	878	(1)
Vascular Trauma	879	(2)
39. Interventions for Clients with Shock	881	(20)
M. Linda Workman
Overview	881	(7)
Collaborative Management of Hypovolemic Shock	888	(5)
Collaborative Management of Sepsis-Induced Distributive Shock	893	(8)
40. Interventions for Critically III Clients with Coronary Artery Disease	901	(32)
Kathleen Ouimet Perrin
Angina Pectoris	902	(1)
Myocardial Infarction	902	(31)
UNIT 8: Management of Clients with Problems of the Hematologic System	933	(56)
41. Assessment of the Hematologic System	935	(16)
M. Linda Workman
Anatomy and Physiology Review	935	(7)
History	942	(1)
Physical Assessment	943	(2)
Psychosocial Assessment	945	(1)
Diagnostic Assessment	946	(5)
42. Interventions for Clients with Hematologic Problems	951	(38)
Susan M. Schneider
Red Blood Cell Disorders	951	(10)
Anemia	951	(1)
Anemias Resulting from Increased Destruction of Red Blood Cells	951	(1)
Sickle Cell Disease	951	(6)
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Anemia	957	(1)
Immunohemolytic Anemia	957	(1)
Anemias Resulting from Decreased Production of Red Blood Cells	958	(1)
Iron Deficiency Anemia	958	(1)
Vitamin B(12) Deficiency Anemia	958	(1)
Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia	959	(1)
Aplastic Anemia	960	(1)
Polycythemia	960	(1)
Polycythemia Vera	960	(1)
White Blood Cell Disorders	961	(19)
Leukemia	961	(17)
Malignant Lymphoma	978	(1)
Hodgkin's Lymphoma	978	(1)
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma	979	(1)
Coagulation Disorders	980	(2)
Platelet Disorders	980	(1)
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura	981	(1)
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura	981	(1)
Clotting Factor Disorders	982	(1)
Hemophilia	982	(1)
Transfusion Therapy	982	(7)
UNIT 9: Problems of Mobility, Sensation, and Cognition: Management of Clients with Problems of the Nervous System	989	(162)
43. Assessment of the Nervous System	991	(32)
Kathy Hausman
Anatomy and Physiology Review	991	(13)
History	1004	(1)
Physical Assessment	1005	(10)
Diagnostic Assessment	1015	(8)
44. Interventions for Clients with Problems of the Central Nervous System: Brain	1023	(34)
Kathy Hausman
Headaches	1023	(5)
Migraine Headache	1023	(2)
Cluster Headache	1025	(3)
Other Types of Headache	1028	(1)
Epilepsy	1028	(7)
Infections	1035	(5)
Meningitis	1035	(3)
Encephalitis	1038	(1)
Botulism	1039	(1)
Tetanus	1039	(1)
Parkinson's Disease	1040	(4)
Alzheimer's Disease	1044	(9)
Huntington's Disease	1053	(4)
45. Interventions for Clients with Problems of the Central Nervous System: The Spinal Cord	1057	(28)
Deborah Shpritz
Back Pain	1057	(7)
Spinal Cord Injury	1064	(10)
Spinal Cord Tumors	1074	(4)
Multiple Sclerosis	1078	(4)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	1082	(1)
Poliomyelitis	1083	(1)
Postpolio Syndrome	1083	(2)
46. Interventions for Clients with Problems of the Peripheral Nervous System	1085	(22)
Kathy Hausman
Guillain-Barre Syndrome	1085	(6)
Myasthenia Gravis	1091	(7)
Polyneuritis and Polyneuropathy	1098	(2)
Peripheral Nerve Trauma	1100	(3)
Restless Legs Syndrome	1103	(1)
Diseases of the Cranial Nerves	1103	(4)
Trigeminal Neuralgia	1103	(2)
Facial Paralysis	1105	(2)
47. Interventions for Critically III Clients With Neurologic Problems	1107	(44)
Deborah Shpritz
Cerebrovascular Accident	1107	(18)
Head Injury	1125	(14)
Brain Tumors	1139	(8)
Brain Abscess	1147	(4)
UNIT 10: Problems of Sensation: Management of Clients with Problems of the Sensory System	1151	(76)
48. Assessment of the Eye and Vision	1153	(14)
M. Linda Workman
Anatomy and Physiology Review	1153	(4)
History	1157	(1)
Physical Assessment	1158	(3)
Psychosocial Assessment	1161	(1)
Diagnostic Assessment	1161	(6)
49. Interventions for Clients with Eye and Vision Problems	1167	(28)
M. Linda Workman
External Eye Disorders	1167	(9)
Eyelid Disorders	1167	(1)
Blepharitis	1167	(1)
Entropion	1167	(1)
Ectropion	1167	(3)
Ptosis	1170	(1)
Hordeolum	1170	(2)
Chalazion	1172	(1)
Lacrimal Apparatus Disorders	1172	(1)
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca	1172	(1)
Conjunctival Disorders	1172	(1)
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage	1172	(1)
Conjunctivitis	1172	(1)
Trachoma	1173	(3)
Corneal Disorders	1176	(1)
Scleral Disorders: Episcleritis	1176	(1)
Intraocular Disorders	1176	(10)
Lens Disorders	1176	(1)
Cataract	1176	(4)
Glaucoma	1180	(3)
Ocular Chamber Disorders: Vitreous Hemorrhage	1183	(1)
Uveal Tract Disorders: Uveitis	1183	(1)
Retinal Disorders	1184	(1)
Hypertensive Retinopathy	1184	(1)
Diabetic Retinopathy	1184	(1)
Macular Degeneration	1185	(1)
Retinal Holes, Tears, and Detachments	1185	(1)
Retinitis Pigmentosa	1186	(1)
Refractive Errors	1186	(2)
Traumatic Disorders	1188	(1)
Hyphema	1188	(1)
Contusion	1188	(1)
Foreign Bodies	1188	(1)
Lacerations	1188	(1)
Penetrating Injuries	1189	(1)
Ocular Melanoma	1189	(2)
Ocular Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection	1191	(1)
Blindness	1192	(3)
50. Assessment of the Ear and Hearing	1195	(14)
Judy Malkiewicz
Anatomy and Physiology Review	1195	(2)
History	1197	(3)
Physical Assessment	1200	(3)
Psychosocial Assessment	1203	(1)
Diagnostic Assessment	1203	(6)
51. Interventions for Clients with Ear and Hearing Problems	1209	(18)
Jan Hoot Martin
Conditions Affecting the External Ear	1209	(3)
External Otitis	1209	(2)
Furuncle	1211	(1)
Cerumen or Foreign Bodies	1211	(1)
Conditions Affecting the Middle Ear	1212	(4)
Otitis Media	1212	(2)
Mastoiditis	1214	(1)
Trauma	1215	(1)
Neoplasms	1215	(1)
Conditions Affecting the Inner Ear	1216	(2)
Tinnitus	1216	(1)
Vertigo and Dizziness	1216	(1)
Labyrinthitis	1216	(1)
Meniere's Disease	1217	(1)
Acoustic Neuroma	1217	(1)
Hearing Loss	1218	(9)
UNIT 11: Problems of Mobility: Management of Clients with Problems of the Musculoskeletal System	1227	(84)
52. Assessment of the Musculoskeletal System	1229	(14)
Donna D. Ignatavicius
Anatomy and Physiology Review	1229	(3)
History	1232	(2)
Physical Assessment	1234	(3)
Psychosocial Assessment	1237	(1)
Diagnostic Assessment	1237	(6)
53. Interventions for Clients with Musculoskeletal Problems	1243	(34)
Donna D. Ignatavicius
Metabolic Bone Diseases	1243	(15)
Osteoporosis	1243	(1)
Osteomalacia	1243	(12)
Paget's Disease	1255	(3)
Osteomyelitis	1258	(3)
Bone Tumors	1261	(7)
Benign Bone Tumors	1261	(2)
Malignant Bone Tumors	1263	(5)
Disorders of the Hand	1268	(3)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome	1268	(2)
Dupuytren's Contracture	1270	(1)
Ganglion	1270	(1)
Disorders of the Foot	1271	(1)
Hallux Valgus	1271	(1)
Hammertoe	1271	(1)
Morton's Neuroma	1271	(1)
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome	1271	(1)
Plantar Fascitis	1272	(1)
Other Problems of the Foot	1272	(1)
Other Disorders of the Skeleton	1272	(1)
Scoliosis	1272	(1)
Osteogenesis Imperfecta	1273	(1)
Muscular Diseases	1273	(4)
Progressive Muscular Dystrophies	1273	(1)
Other Muscular Disorders	1274	(3)
54. Interventions for Clients with Musculoskeletal Trauma	1277	(34)
Donna D. Ignatavicius
Fractures	1277	(18)
Fractures of Specific Sites	1295	(5)
Upper Extremity Fractures	1295	(1)
Fractures of the Clavicle	1295	(1)
Fractures of the Scapula	1295	(1)
Fractures of the Humerus	1295	(1)
Fractures of the Olecranon	1295	(1)
Fractures of the Radius and Ulna	1295	(1)
Fractures of the Wrist and Hand	1295	(1)
Lower Extremity Fractures	1295	(1)
Fractures of the Hip	1295	(1)
Fractures of the Femur	1296	(1)
Fractures of the Patella	1296	(1)
Fractures of the Tibia and Fibula	1296	(1)
Fractures of the Ankle and Foot	1297	(1)
Fractures of the Ribs and Sternum	1297	(1)
Fractures of the Pelvis	1297	(3)
Fractures of the Other Sites	1300	(1)
Amputations	1300	(5)
Crush Syndrome	1305	(1)
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome	1305	(1)
Sports-Related Injuries	1306	(5)
Knee Injuries	1306	(1)
Dislocations and Subluxations	1307	(1)
Strains	1308	(1)
Sprains	1308	(1)
Rotator Cuff Injuries	1308	(3)
UNIT 12: Problems of Digestion, Nutrition, and Elimination: Management of Clients with Problems of the Gastrointestinal System	1311	(260)
55. Assessment of the Gastrointestinal System	1313	(20)
Ann Putnam Johnson
Anatomy and Physiology Review	1313	(6)
History	1319	(3)
Physical Assessment	1322	(3)
Psychosocial Assessment	1325	(1)
Diagnostic Assessment	1325	(8)
56. Interventions for Clients with Oral Cavity Problems	1333	(22)
Debera Jane Thomas
Stomatitis	1333	(4)
Tumors	1337	(11)
Disorders of the Salivary Glands	1348	(7)
Acute Sialadenitis	1348	(1)
Postirradiation Sialadenitis	1349	(1)
Calculi	1349	(1)
Neoplasms of the Salivary Glands	1349	(1)
Acute Malocclusion	1349	(6)
57. Interventions for Clients with Esophageal Problems	1355	(24)
Debera Jane Thomas
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease	1355	(6)
Hiatal Hernia	1361	(7)
Achalasia	1368	(2)
Esophageal Tumors	1370	(6)
Diverticula	1376	(1)
Trauma	1376	(3)
58. Interventions for Clients with Stomach Disorders	1379	(26)
Suzanne Cushman Beyea
Gastritis	1379	(4)
Peptic Ulcer Disease	1383	(16)
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome	1399	(1)
Gastric Carcinoma	1400	(5)
59. Interventions for Clients with Noninflammatory Intestinal Disorders	1405	(28)
Suzanne Cushman Beyea
Mary K. Kazanowski
Irritable Bowel Syndrome	1405	(3)
Herniation	1408	(2)
Colorectal Cancer	1410	(10)
Intestinal Obstruction	1420	(6)
Abdominal Trauma	1426	(1)
Polyps	1427	(1)
Hemorrhoids	1428	(1)
Malabsorption Syndrome	1429	(4)
60. Interventions for Clients with Inflammatory Intestinal Disorders	1433	(30)
Mary K. Kazanowski
Suzanne Cushman Beyea
Acute Inflammatory Bowel Disorders	1433	(8)
Appendicitis	1433	(2)
Peritonitis	1435	(3)
Gastroenteritis	1438	(8)
Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases	1441	(11)
Ulcerative Colitis	1441	(9)
Crohn's Disease	1450	(2)
Other Inflammatory Bowel Disorders	1452	(11)
Diverticular Disease	1452	(4)
Anorectal Abscess	1456	(1)
Anal Fissure	1457	(1)
Anal Fistula	1457	(1)
Parasitic Infection	1457	(2)
Helminthic Infestation	1459	(1)
Food Poisoning	1460	(1)
Staphylococcal Infection	1460	(1)
Escherichia coli Infection	1461	(1)
Botulism	1461	(1)
Salmonellosis	1461	(2)
61. Interventions for Clients with Liver Problems	1463	(30)
Ann Putnam Johnson
Cirrhosis	1463	(16)
Hepatitis	1479	(8)
Fatty Liver	1487	(1)
Hepatic Abscess	1487	(1)
Liver Trauma	1488	(1)
Carcinoma of the Liver	1488	(1)
Liver Transplantation	1489	(4)
62. Interventions for Clients with Problems of the Gallbladder and Pancreas	1493	(28)
Ann Putnam Johnson
Biliary Disorders	1493	(12)
Cholecystitis	1493	(6)
Cholelithiasis	1499	(5)
Cancer of the Gallbladder	1504	(1)
Pancreatic Disorders	1505	(16)
Acute Pancreatitis	1505	(6)
Chronic Pancreatitis	1511	(3)
Pancreatic Abscess	1514	(1)
Pancreatic Pseudocyst	1514	(1)
Pancreatic Carcinoma	1515	(6)
63. Interventions for Clients with Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa	1521	(22)
Karen M. Stanley
Anorexia Nervosa	1521	(13)
Bulimia Nervosa	1534	(9)
64. Interventions for Clients with Malnutrition and Obesity	1543	(28)
Susan N. Shelton
Donna D. Ignatavicius
Nutrition Standards	1543	(2)
Nutritional Assessment	1545	(7)
Malnutrition	1552	(9)
Obesity	1561	(10)
UNIT 13: Problems of Regulation and Metabolism: Management of Clients with Problems of the Endocrine System	1571	(116)
65. Assessment of the Endocrine System	1573	(16)
Debera Jane Thomas
Anatomy and Physiology Review	1574	(8)
History	1582	(2)
Physical Assessment	1584	(1)
Psychosocial Assessment	1585	(1)
Diagnostic Assessment	1585	(4)
66. Interventions for Clients with Pituitary and Adrenal Gland Problems	1589	(24)
Debera Jane Thomas
Disorders of the Pituitary Gland	1589	(12)
Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary Gland	1590	(1)
Hypopituitarism	1590	(1)
Hyperpituitarism	1591	(6)
Disorders of the Posterior Pituitary Gland	1597	(1)
Diabetes Insipidus	1597	(2)
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion	1599	(2)
Disorders of the Adrenal Gland	1601	(12)
Hypofunction of the Adrenal Gland	1601	(4)
Hyperfunction of the Adrenal Gland	1605	(1)
Hypercortisolism (Cushing's Syndrome)	1605	(4)
Hyperaldosteronism	1609	(1)
Pheochromocytoma	1610	(3)
67. Interventions for Clients with Problems of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands	1613	(22)
Debera Jane Thomas
Thyroid Disorders	1613	(16)
Hyperthyrodism	1613	(9)
Hypothyroidism	1622	(6)
Thyroiditis	1628	(1)
Thyroid Cancer	1628	(1)
Parathyroid Disorders	1629	(6)
Hyperparathyroidism	1629	(3)
Hypoparathyroidism	1632	(3)
68. Interventions for Clients with Diabetes	1635	(52)
Margaret Elaine McLeod
Mary A. Mishler
Overview	1635	(13)
Collaborative Management	1648	(39)
UNIT 14: Problems of Protection: Management of Clients with Problems of the Integumentary System	1687	(100)
69. Assessment of the Skin, Hair, and Nails	1689	(22)
Janice Cuzzell
Anatomy and Physiology Review	1689	(7)
Assessment of the Skin, Hair, and Nails	1696	(15)
History	1696	(1)
Physical Assessment	1697	(7)
Hair Assessment	1704	(1)
Assessment of the Nails	1704	(3)
Psychosocial Assessment	1707	(1)
Diagnostic Assessment	1708	(3)
70. Interventions for Clients with Skin Problems	1711	(42)
Janice Cuzzell
Minor Irritations	1711	(2)
Dryness	1711	(1)
Pruritus	1712	(1)
Sunburn	1712	(1)
Urticaria	1712	(1)
Trauma	1713	(3)
Pressure Ulcers	1716	(14)
Common Infections	1730	(6)
Bacterial Infections	1730	(1)
Viral Infections	1730	(1)
Herpes Simplex Virus	1730	(1)
Herpes Zoster	1731	(1)
Fungal Infections	1731	(5)
Parasitic Disorders	1736	(1)
Pediculosis	1736	(1)
Scabies	1737	(1)
Common Inflammations	1737	(1)
Psoriasis	1738	(3)
Benign Tumors	1741	(2)
Cysts	1741	(1)
Seborrheic Keratoses	1741	(1)
Keloids	1741	(1)
Nevi	1742	(1)
Warts	1742	(1)
Hemangiomas	1742	(1)
Skin Cancer	1743	(3)
Plastic or Reconstructive Surgery	1746	(7)
71. Interventions for Clients with Burns	1753	(34)
Denise A. Sadowski
Pathophysiology of Burn Injury	1753	(8)
Etiology of Burn Injury	1761	(2)
Incidence/Prevalence of Burn Injury	1763	(1)
Emergent Phase of Burn Injury	1763	(11)
Acute Phase of Burn Injury	1774	(9)
Rehabilitative Phase of Burn Injury	1783	(4)
UNIT 15: Problems of Excretion: Management of Clients with Problems of the Renal/Urinary System	1787	(140)
72. Assessment of the Renal/Urinary System	1789	(30)
Mary A. Mishler
Anatomy and Physiology Review	1789	(10)
History	1799	(2)
Physical Assessment	1801	(1)
Psychosocial Assessment	1802	(1)
Diagnostic Assessment	1803	(16)
73. Interventions for Clients with Urinary Problems	1819	(34)
Charon A. Pierson
Mary A. Mishler
Infectious Disorders	1819	(7)
Cystitis	1819	(7)
Urethritis	1826	(1)
Urethral Strictures	1826	(1)
Urinary Incontinence	1827	(11)
Urolithiasis	1838	(6)
Urothelial Cancer	1844	(6)
Bladder Trauma	1850	(3)
74. Interventions for Clients with Renal Disorders	1853	(26)
Mary A. Mishler
Congenital Disorders	1853	(5)
Polycystic Kidney Disease	1853	(5)
Obstructive Disorders	1858	(1)
Hydronephrosis, Hydroureter, and Urethral Stricture	1858	(1)
Infectious Disorders	1859	(4)
Pyelonephritis	1859	(3)
Renal Abscess	1862	(1)
Renal Tuberculosis	1862	(1)
Glomerular Disorders	1863	(1)
Immunologic Disorders	1863	(1)
Immunologic Glomerular Disorders	1863	(4)
Acute Glomerulonephritis	1864	(1)
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis	1865	(1)
Chronic Glomerulonephritis	1865	(2)
Nephrotic Syndrome	1867	(1)
Immunologic Interstitial and Tubulointerstitial Disorders	1867	(1)
Degenerative Disorders	1867	(3)
Nephrosclerosis	1867	(1)
Renovascular Disease	1868	(1)
Diabetic Nephropathy	1869	(1)
Tumors	1870	(4)
Benign Tumors	1870	(1)
Renal Cell Carcinoma	1870	(4)
Renal Trauma	1874	(5)
75. Interventions for Clients with Chronic and Acute Renal Failure	1879	(48)
Connie Visovsky
Chronic Renal Failure	1879	(37)
Acute Renal Failure	1916	(11)
UNIT 16: Problems of Reproduction: Management of Clients with Problems of the Reproductive System	1927	(140)
76. Assessment of the Reproductive System	1929	(26)
Deitra Leonard Lowdermilk
Anatomy and Physiology Review	1929	(8)
History	1937	(3)
Physical Assessment	1940	(4)
Psychosocial Assessment	1944	(1)
Diagnostic Assessment	1944	(11)
77. Interventions for Clients with Breast Disorders	1955	(26)
Phyllis Naumann
Screening for Breast Masses	1955	(4)
Breast Self-Examination	1956	(2)
Clinical Breast Examination	1958	(1)
Benign Breast Disorders	1959	(2)
Fibroadenoma	1959	(1)
Fibrocystic Breast Changes	1960	(1)
Ductal Ectasia	1960	(1)
Intraductal Papilloma	1961	(1)
Problems of the Large-Breasted Woman	1961	(1)
Gynecomastia	1961	(1)
Breast Cancer	1961	(20)
78. Interventions for Clients with Gynecologic Problems	1981	(40)
Phyllis Naumann
Menstrual Cycle Disorders	1981	(8)
Primary Dysmenorrhea	1981	(1)
Premenstrual Syndrome	1982	(2)
Amenorrhea	1984	(1)
Postmenopausal Bleeding	1985	(1)
Endometriosis	1985	(2)
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding	1987	(2)
Inflammations and Infections	1989	(3)
Simple Vaginitis	1989	(1)
Vulvitis	1989	(2)
Toxic Shock Syndrome	1991	(1)
Problems Related to Pelvic Support Tissues	1992	(3)
Uterine Displacement	1992	(1)
Uterine Prolapse	1993	(1)
Cystocele	1994	(1)
Rectocele	1994	(1)
Fistulas	1995	(1)
Benign Neoplasms	1995	(10)
Functional Ovarian Cysts	1995	(1)
Other Benign Ovarian Cysts and Tumors	1996	(9)
Malignant Neoplasms	2005	(16)
Endometrial Cancer	2005	(4)
Cervical Cancer	2009	(4)
Ovarian Cancer	2013	(2)
Vulvar Cancer	2015	(2)
Vaginal Cancer	2017	(1)
Fallopian Tube Cancer	2018	(3)
79. Interventions for Male Clients with Reproductive Problems	2021	(28)
Kathleen J. Jones
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia	2021	(10)
Prostate Cancer	2031	(5)
Impotence	2036	(1)
Testicular Cancer	2037	(6)
Other Common Problems Affecting the Testes and Adjacent Structures	2043	(2)
Hydrocele	2044	(1)
Spermatocele	2044	(1)
Varicocele	2044	(1)
Scrotal Trauma	2044	(1)
Cryptorchidism	2045	(1)
Carcinoma of the Penis	2045	(1)
Phimosis	2045	(1)
Circumcision	2046	(1)
Priapism	2046	(1)
Prostatitis	2046	(1)
Epididymitis	2047	(1)
Orchitis	2047	(2)
80. Interventions for Clients with Sexually Transmitted Diseases	2049	(18)
Cynthia Gerrett
Introduction to Sexually Transmitted Diseases	2049	(1)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	2050	(1)
Infections Associated with Ulcers	2051	(5)
Syphilis	2051	(2)
Genital Herpes Simplex	2053	(1)
Lymphogranuloma Venereum	2054	(1)
Chancroid	2055	(1)
Granuloma Inguinale	2055	(1)
Infections of Epithelial Surfaces	2056	(3)
Condylomata Acuminata	2056	(1)
Gonorrhea	2056	(3)
Chlamydial Infection	2059	(1)
Other Gynecologic Conditions	2059	(8)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease	2059	(5)
Vaginal Infections	2064	(3)
Appendices	2067
Appendix 1, Abbreviations	2067	(6)
Appendix 2, Screening Guidelines for Secondary Prevention of Selected Cancers in Asymptomatic People	2073	(1)
Appendix 3, Minimum Data Set (MDS)	2074	(8)
Appendix 4, Omaha Classification System	2082	(4)
Appendix 5, Health Care Organizations and Resources	2086
Index	I-1