Mercury Cadmium Telluride Growth, Properties and Applications

by Capper, Peter; Garland, James; Kasap, Safa O.; Willoughby, Arthur

• ISBN13: 9780470697061
• ISBN10: 0470697067
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-11-03
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Mercury Cadmium Telluride delivers a comprehensive treatment of both the growth techniques and fundamental properties of mercury cadmium telluride (MCT). It also presents information on the current developments in the use of this important material and includes contributions from many of the key groups working in the area from several countries, giving it a wide, international appeal. Edited by experts in the field of MCT, this reference is essential for researchers or postgraduates who want to check out a property value or read about a growth technique or device application.

Author Biography

Dr. Peter Capper is a Materials Team Leader at BAE Systems Infrared Ltd., in Southampton, UK.

James Garland is the editor of Mercury Cadmium Telluride: Growth, Properties and Applications, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Series Preface

Preface

Foreword

List of Contributors

Growth

Bulk Growth of Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT)

Introduction

Phase Equilibria

Crystal Growth

Conclusions

References

Bulk growth of CdZnTe/CdTe crystals

Introduction

High-purity Cd and Te

Crystal Growth

Wafer processing

Summary

Acknowledgements

References

Properties of Cd(Zn)Te (relevant to use as substrates)

Introduction

Structural Properties

Thermal Properties

Mechanical and Lattice Vibronic Properties

Collective Effects and Some Response Characteristics

Electronic Energy-band Structure

Optical Properties

Carrier Transport Properties

References

Substrates for the Epitaxial growth of MCT

Introduction

Substrate Orientation

CZT Substrates

Si-based Substrates

Other Substrates

Summary and Comclusions

References

Liquid phase epitaxy of MCT

Introduction

Growth

Material Characteristics

Device Status

Summary and Future Developments

References

Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) Growth

Requirement for Epitaxy

History

Substrate Choices

Reactor Design

Process Parameters

Metalorganic Sources

Uniformity

Reproducibility

Doping

Defects

Annealing

In-situ monitoring

Conclusions

References

MBE growth of Mercury Cadmium Telluride

Introduction

MBE Growth theory and Growth Modes

Substrate Mounting

In-situ Characterization Tools

MCT Nucleation and Growth

Dopants and Dopant Activation

Pr operties of MCT epilayers grown by MBE

Conclusions

References

Properties

Mechanical and Thermal Properties

Density of MCT

Lattice Parameter of MCT

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion for MCT

Elastic Parameters of MCT

Hardness and deformation characteristics of HgCdTe

Phase Diagrams of MCT

Viscosity of the MCT melt

Thermal properties of MCT

References

Optical Properties of MCT

Introduction

Optical Constants and the Dielectric Function

Theory of Band-to-band Optical Transition

Near Band Gap Absorption

Analytic Expressions and Empirical Formulas for Intrinsic Absorption and Urbach Tail

Dispersion of the Refractive Index

Optical Constants and Related van Hover Singularities above the Energy Gap

Reflection Spectra and Dielectric Function

Multimode Model of Lattice Vibration

Phonon Absorption

Raman Scattering

Photoluminescence Spectroscopy

References

Diffusion in MCT

Introduction

Self-Diffusion

Chemical Self-Diffusion

Compositional Interdiffusion

Impurity Diffusion

References

Defects in HgCdTe - Fundamental

Introduction

Ab Initio calculations

Prediction of Native Point Defect Densities in HgCdgTe

Future Challenges

References

Band Structure and Related Pr operties of HgCdTe

Introduction

Parameters

Electronic Band Structure

Comparison with Experiment

Acknowledgments

References

Conductivity Type Conversion

Introduction

Native Defects in Undoped MCT

Native Defects in Doped MCT

Defect Concentrations During Cool Down

Change of Conductivity Type

Dry Etching by Ion Beam Milling

Plasma Etching

Summary

References

Extrinsic Doping

Introduction

Impurity Activity

Thermal Ionization Energies of Impurities

Segregation Properties of Impurities

Traps and Recombination Centers

Donor and Acceptor Doping in LWIR and MWIR MCT

Residual Defects

Conclusions

References

Structure and electrical characteristics of Metal/MCT interfaces

Introduction

Reactive/intermediately reactive/nonreactive categories

Ultrareactive/reactive categories

Conclusion

Passivation of MCT

Conclusion

Contacts to MCT

Surface Effects on MCT

Surface Structure of CdTe and MCT

References

MCT Superlattices for VLWIR Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays

Introduction

Why HgTe-Based Superlattices

Calculated Properties

Growth

Interdiffusion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Dry Plasma Pr ocessing of Mercury Cadmium Telluride and related II- VIs

Introduction

Effects of Plasma Gases on MCT

Plasma Parameters

Characterization - Surfaces of Plasma Processed MCT

Manufacturing Issues and Solutions

Plasma Processes in Production of II-VI materials

Conclusions and Future Efforts

References

MCT Photoconductive Infrared Detectors

Introduction

Applications and Sensor Design

Photoconductive Detectors in MCT and Related Alloys

SPRITE Detectors

Conclusions on Photoconductive MCT Detectors

Ackowledgements

References

Applications

HgCdTe Photovoltaic Infrared Detectors

Introduction

Advantages of the Photovoltaic Device in MCT

Applications

Fundamentals of MCT Photodiodes

Theoretical Foundations for MCT Array Technology

Manufacturing Technology for MCT Arrays

Towards "GEN III" Detectors

Conclusions and Future Trends for Photovoltaic NCT Arrays

References

Nonequilibrium, dual-band and emission devices

Introduction

Nonequilibrium Devices

Dual-Band Devices

Emission devices

Conclusions

References

HgCdTe Electron Avalanche Photodiodes (EAPDs)

Introduction and Applications

The Avalanche Multiplication Effect

Physics of MCT EAPDs

Technology of MCT EAPDs

Reported Performance of Arrays of MCT EAPDs

Laser-gated Imaging as a Practical Example of MCT EAPDs

Conclusions and Future Developments

References

Room-temperature IR photodetectors

Introduction

Performance of Room-Temperature Infrared Photodetectors

MCT as a Material for Room-Temperature Photodetectors

Photoconductive Devices

Photoelectromagnetic, Magnetoconcentration and Dember IR Detectors

Photodiodes

Conclusions

References

Index

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