Methods in Behavioral Research with PowerWeb

by Cozby, Paul C.

• ISBN13: 9780073271316
• ISBN10: 0073271314
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-12
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Summary

With its concise and strategic approach to decision making,Methods in Behavioral Researchby Paul C. Cozby continues to gain in popularity among instructors and students alike. Building on a strong foundation of pedagogy and well-chosen examples, the ninth edition incorporates learning objectives, new graphics and activities to increase student involvement, and an updated appendix on writing research reports as well as making poster presentations.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
About the Author	xv
1 SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF BEHAVIOR
Uses of Research Methods	2	(1)
The Scientific Approach	3	(4)
Goals of Science	7	(3)
Basic and Applied Research	10	(4)
Study Terms	14	(1)
Review Questions	14	(1)
Activity Questions	14	(1)
Answers	15	(1)
2 WHERE TO START	16	(21)
Hypotheses and Predictions	17	(1)
Who We Study: A Note on Terminology	18	(1)
Sources of Ideas	18	(5)
Library Research	23	(10)
Anatomy of a Research Article	33	(2)
Study Terms	35	(1)
Review Questions	35	(1)
Activity Questions	35	(2)
3 ETHICAL RESEARCH	37	(29)
Milgram's Obedience Experiment	38	(1)
The Belmont Report	39	(1)
Assessment of Risks and Benefits	39	(3)
Informed Consent	42	(5)
The Importance of Debriefing	47	(1)
Alternatives to Deception	48	(2)
Justice and the Selection of Participants	50	(1)
Researcher Commitments	51	(1)
Federal Regulations and the Institutional Review Board	51	(3)
APA Ethics Code	54	(1)
Research With Human Participants	55	(2)
Ethics and Animal Research	57	(2)
Risks and Benefits Revisited	59	(2)
Misrepresentation	61	(2)
Study Terms	63	(1)
Review Questions	63	(1)
Activity Questions	64	(1)
Answers	65	(1)
4 STUDYING BEHAVIOR	66	(25)
Variables	67	(1)
Operational Definitions of Variables	68	(1)
Relationships Between Variables	69	(5)
Nonexperimental Versus Experimental Methods	74	(5)
Independent and Dependent Variables	79	(2)
Causality	81	(2)
Choosing a Method: Advantages of Multiple Methods	83	(3)
Evaluating Research: Three Validities	86	(1)
Study Terms	87	(1)
Review Questions	88	(1)
Activity Questions	88	(2)
Answers	90	(1)
5 MEASUREMENT CONCEPTS	91	(17)
Reliability of Measures	92	(5)
Construct Validity of Measures	97	(4)
Research on Personality and Individual Differences	101	(1)
Reactivity of Measures	101	(1)
Variables and Measurement Scales	102	(3)
Study Terms	105	(1)
Review Questions	106	(1)
Activity Questions	106	(2)
6 OBSERVING BEHAVIOR	108	(15)
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches	109	(1)
Naturalistic Observation	110	(4)
Systematic Observation	114	(3)
Case Studies	117	(1)
Archival Research	118	(3)
Study Terms	121	(1)
Review Questions	121	(1)
Activity Questions	121	(1)
Answers	122	(1)
7 ASKING PEOPLE ABOUT THEMSELVES: SURVEY RESEARCH	123	(26)
Why Conduct Surveys?	124	(2)
Constructing Questions to Ask	126	(3)
Responses to Questions	129	(4)
Finalizing the Questionnaire	133	(1)
Administering Surveys	134	(3)
Survey Designs to Study Changes Over Time	137	(1)
Sampling From a Population	138	(2)
Sampling Techniques	140	(4)
Evaluating Samples	144	(2)
Study Terms	146	(1)
Review Questions	147	(1)
Activity Questions	147	(1)
Answers	148	(1)
8 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN	149	(16)
Confounding and Internal Validity	150	(1)
Basic Experiments	151	(3)
Assigning Participants to Experimental Conditions	154	(1)
Independent Groups Design	155	(1)
Repeated Measures Design	156	(5)
Matched Pairs Design	161	(2)
Study Terms	163	(1)
Review Questions	163	(1)
Activity Questions	163	(2)
9 CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS	165	(21)
Selecting Research Participants	166	(1)
Manipulating the Independent Variable	166	(6)
Measuring the Dependent Variable	172	(4)
Additional Controls	176	(4)
Additional Considerations	180	(2)
Analyzing and Interpreting Results	182	(1)
Communicating Research to Others	183	(1)
Study Terms	184	(1)
Review Questions	184	(1)
Activity Questions	185	(1)
Answers	185	(1)
10 COMPLEX EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS	186	(17)
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent Variable	187	(1)
Increasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial Designs	188	(13)
Study Terms	201	(1)
Review Questions	201	(1)
Activity Questions	201	(1)
Answers	202	(1)
11 SINGLE CASE, QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL, AND DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH	203	(22)
Single Case Experimental Designs	204	(4)
Program Evaluation	208	(2)
Quasi-Experimental Designs	210	(8)
Developmental Research Designs	218	(3)
Study Terms	221	(1)
Review Questions	222	(1)
Activity Questions	222	(3)
12 UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH RESULTS: DESCRIPTION AND CORRELATION	225	(22)
Scales of Measurement: A Review	226	(1)
Analyzing the Results of Research Investigations	227	(2)
Frequency Distributions	229	(2)
Descriptive Statistics	231	(1)
Graphing Relationships	232	(1)
Correlation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of Relationships	233	(5)
Effect Size	238	(1)
Statistical Significance	239	(1)
Regression Equations	239	(1)
Multiple Correlation	240	(2)
Partial Correlation and the Third-Variable Problem	242	(1)
Structural Models	243	(1)
Study Terms	244	(1)
Review Questions	245	(1)
Activity Questions	245	(1)
Answers	246	(1)
13 UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH RESULTS: STATISTICAL INFERENCE	247	(24)
Samples and Populations	248	(1)
Inferential Statistics	248	(1)
Null and Research Hypotheses	249	(1)
Probability and Sampling Distributions	250	(3)
Example: The t and F Tests	253	(6)
Type I and Type II Errors	259	(3)
Choosing a Significance Level	262	(1)
Interpreting Nonsignificant Results	262	(2)
Choosing a Sample Size: Power Analysis	264	(1)
The Importance of Replications	265	(1)
Significance of a Pearson r Correlation Coefficient	265	(1)
Computer Analysis of Data	266	(2)
Selecting the Appropriate Significance Test	268	(1)
Study Terms	269	(1)
Review Questions	269	(1)
Activity Questions	270	(1)
14 GENERALIZING RESULTS	271	(16)
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research Participants	272	(3)
Cultural Considerations	275	(2)
Generalizing to Other Experimenters	277	(1)
Pretests and Generalization	277	(1)
Generalizing from Laboratory Settings	278	(1)
The Importance of Replications	279	(3)
Evaluating Generalizations via Literature Reviews and Meta-Analysis	282	(2)
Using Research to Improve Lives	284	(1)
Study Terms	285	(1)
Review Questions	285	(1)
Activity Questions	286	(1)
APPENDIX A: WRITING RESEARCH REPORTS	287	(55)
Introduction	287	(1)
Writing Style	288	(4)
Organization of the Report	292	(11)
The Use of Headings	303	(1)
Citing and Referencing Sources	304	(7)
Abbreviations	311	(2)
Some Grammatical Considerations	313	(3)
Reporting Numbers and Statistics	316	(1)
Conclusion	317	(1)
Paper and Poster Presentations	318	(1)
Sample Paper	319	(23)
APPENDIX B: STATISTICAL TESTS	342	(22)
Descriptive Statistics	342	(3)
Statistical Significance Tests	345	(15)
Correlation and Effect Size	360	(4)
APPENDIX C: STATISTICAL TABLES	364	(12)
Table C.1 Random Number Table	366	(4)
Table C.2 Critical Values of Chi-Square	370	(1)
Table C.3 Critical Values of t	371	(1)
Table C.4 Critical Values of F	372	(3)
Table C.S Critical Values of r (Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient)	375	(1)
APPENDIX D: CONSTRUCTING A LATIN SQUARE	376	(2)
Glossary	378	(8)
References	386	(11)
Credits	397	(2)
Index	399