Microbiology

by Prescott, Lansing M.

• ISBN13: 9780072951752
• ISBN10: 0072951753
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-03-02
• Publisher: McGraw Hill (Manual)

Summary

Prescott, Harley and Klein's 6th edition provides a balanced, comprehensive introduction to all major areas of microbiology. Because of this balance, Microbiology, 6/e is appropriate for students preparing for careers in medicine, dentistry, nursing, and allied health, as well as research, teaching, and industry. Biology and chemistry are prerequisites.

Table of Contents

Preface	x
Visual Preview	xv
About the Authors	xxii
Part I Introduction to Microbiology
The History and Scope of Microbiology	1	(16)
The Discovery of Microorganisms	2	(1)
The Conflict over Spontaneous Generation	2	(5)
The Role of Microorganisms in Disease	7	(4)
Techniques & Applications 1.1: The Scientific Method	9	(1)
Disease 1.2: Molecular Koch's Postulates	10	(1)
Industrial Microbiology and Microbial Ecology	11	(1)
Members of the Microbial World	11	(1)
The Scope and Relevance of Microbiology	12	(2)
The Future of Microbiology	14	(3)
The Study of Microbial Structure: Microscopy and Specimen Preparation	17	(22)
Lenses and the Bending of Light	18	(1)
The Light Microscope	18	(8)
Preparation and Staining of Specimens	26	(4)
Electron Microscopy	30	(5)
Newer Techniques in Microscopy	35	(4)
Procaryotic Cell Structure and Function	39	(34)
An Overview of Procaryotic Cell Structure	40	(4)
Microbial Diversity & Ecology 3.1: Monstrous Microbes	43	(1)
Procaryotic Cell Membranes	44	(3)
The Cytoplasmic Matrix	47	(3)
The Nucleoid	50	(2)
Microbial Diversity & Ecology 3.2: Living Magnets	51	(1)
The Procaryotic Cell Wall	52	(7)
Protein Secretion in Procaryotes	59	(2)
Components External to the Cell Wall	61	(6)
Chemotaxis	67	(1)
The Bacterial Endospore	68	(5)
Eucaryotic Cell Structure and Function	73	(20)
An Overview of Eucaryotic Cell Structure	75	(1)
The Cytoplasmic Matrix, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, and Microtubules	76	(2)
The Endoplasmic Reticulum	78	(1)
The Golgi Apparatus	78	(1)
Lysosomes and Endocytosis	79	(3)
Eucaryotic Ribosomes	82	(1)
Mitochondria	82	(2)
Chloroplasts	84	(1)
Microbial Diversity & Ecology 4.1: The Origin of the Eucaryotic Cell	84	(1)
The Nucleus and Cell Division	85	(3)
External Cell Coverings	88	(1)
Cilia and Flagella	88	(2)
Comparison of Procaryotic and Eucaryotic Cells	90	(3)
Part II Microbial Nutrition, Growth, and Control
Microbial Nutrition	93	(16)
The Common Nutrient Requirements	94	(1)
Requirements for Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen	94	(1)
Nutritional Types of Microorganisms	95	(1)
Requirements for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur	96	(1)
Growth Factors	96	(2)
Uptake of Nutrients by the Cell	98	(4)
Culture Media	102	(2)
Historical Highlights 5.1: The Discovery of Agar as a Solidifying Agent and the Isolation of Pure Cultures	103	(1)
Isolation of Pure Cultures	104	(5)
Techniques & Applications 5.2: The Enrichment and Isolation of Pure Cultures	105	(4)
Microbial Growth	109	(24)
The Growth Curve	110	(4)
Measurement of Microbial Growth	114	(3)
The Continuous Culture of Microorganisms	117	(1)
The Influence of Environmental Factors on Growth	118	(10)
Microbial Diversity & Ecology 6.1: Life above 100°C	124	(4)
Microbial Growth in Natural Environments	128	(5)
Control of Microorganisms by Physical and Chemical Agents	133	(16)
Definition of Frequently Used Terms	134	(1)
Techniques & Applications 7.1: Safety in the Microbiology Laboratory	134	(1)
The Pattern of Microbial Death	135	(1)
Conditions Influencing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agent Activity	136	(1)
The Use of Physical Methods in Control	136	(6)
Techniques & Applications 7.2: Universal Precautions for Microbiology Laboratories	142	(1)
The Use of Chemical Agents in Control	142	(4)
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Agent Effectiveness	146	(3)
Part III Microbial Metabolism
Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation	149	(18)
Energy and Work	150	(1)
The Laws of Thermodynamics	151	(1)
Free Energy and Reactions	152	(1)
The Role of ATP in Metabolism	153	(1)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Electron Carriers	153	(3)
Enzymes	156	(4)
The Nature and Significance of Metabolic Regulation	160	(1)
Metabolic Channeling	160	(1)
Control of Enzyme Activity	161	(6)
Metabolism: Energy Release and Conservation	167	(32)
An Overview of Metabolism	168	(3)
The Breakdown of Glucose to Pyruvate	171	(3)
Fermentations	174	(4)
Historical Highlights 9.1: Microbiology and World War I	177	(1)
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle	178	(1)
Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation	179	(6)
Anaerobic Respiration	185	(1)
Catabolism of Carbohydrates and Intracellular Reserve Polymers	186	(1)
Lipid Catabolism	187	(1)
Protein and Amino Acid Catabolism	188	(1)
Oxidation of Inorganic Molecules	188	(2)
Microbial Diversity & Ecology 9.2: Acid Mine Drainage	190	(1)
Photosynthesis	190	(9)
Metabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis	199	(22)
Principles Governing Biosynthesis	200	(2)
Techniques & Applications 10.1: The Identification of Anabolic Pathways	202	(1)
The Photosynthetic Fixation of CO2	202	(1)
Synthesis of Sugars and Polysaccharides	203	(2)
The Assimilation of Inorganic Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Nitrogen	205	(4)
The Synthesis of Amino Acids	209	(1)
Anaplerotic Reactions	209	(2)
The Synthesis of Purines, Pyrimidines, and Nucleotides	211	(3)
Lipid Synthesis	214	(2)
Peptidoglycan Synthesis	216	(1)
Patterns of Cell Wall Formation	217	(4)
Part IV Microbial Molecular Biology and Genetics
Genes: Structure, Replication, and Mutation	221	(32)
DNA as Genetic Material	222	(2)
Nucleic Acid Structure	224	(5)
Historical Highlights 11.1: The Elucidation of DNA Structure	227	(2)
DNA Replication	229	(5)
The Genetic Code	234	(1)
Gene Structure	235	(4)
Mutations and Their Chemical Basis	239	(6)
Detection and Isolation of Mutants	245	(3)
DNA Repair	248	(5)
Genes: Expression and Regulation	253	(32)
DNA Transcription or RNA Synthesis	254	(6)
Microbial Tidbits 12.1: Catalytic RNA (Ribozymes)	259	(1)
Protein Synthesis	260	(10)
Regulation of mRNA Synthesis	270	(4)
Historical Highlights 12.2: The Discovery of Gene Regulation	272	(2)
Attenuation	274	(2)
Global Regulatory Systems	276	(2)
Small RNAs and Regulation	278	(1)
Two-Component Phosphorelay Systems	279	(1)
Control of the Cell Cycle	280	(5)
Microbial Recombination and Plasmids	285	(26)
Bacterial Recombination: General Principles	286	(2)
Bacterial Plasmids	288	(3)
Disease 13.1: Virulence Plasmids	291	(1)
Transposable Elements	291	(5)
Bacterial Conjugation	296	(3)
DNA Transformation	299	(2)
Transduction	301	(5)
Mapping the Genome	306	(1)
Recombination and Genome Mapping in Viruses	307	(4)
Part V DNA Technology and Genomics
Recombinant DNA Technology	311	(24)
Historical Perspectives	312	(3)
Synthetic DNA	315	(1)
The Polymerase Chain Reaction	316	(3)
Preparation of Recombinant DNA	319	(3)
Cloning Vectors	322	(4)
Inserting Genes into Eucaryotic Cells	326	(1)
Expression of Foreign Genes in Bacteria	327	(2)
Techniques & Applications 14.1: Gene Expression and Kittyboo Colors	329	(1)
Applications of Genetic Engineering	329	(3)
Techniques & Applications 14.2: Plant Tumors and Nature's Genetic Engineer	331	(1)
Social Impact of Recombinant DNA Technology	332	(3)
Microbial Genomics	335	(16)
Introduction	336	(1)
Determining DNA Sequences	336	(1)
Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing	336	(3)
Bioinformatics	339	(1)
General Characteristics of Microbial Genomes	339	(6)
Functional Genomics	345	(4)
The Future of Genomics	349	(2)
Part VI The Viruses
The Viruses: Introduction and General Characteristics	351	(20)
Early Development of Virology	352	(1)
Historical Highlights 16.1: Disease and the Early Colonization of America	353	(1)
General Properties of Viruses	353	(1)
The Cultivation of Viruses	353	(2)
Virus Purification and Assays	355	(3)
The Structure of Viruses	358	(9)
Principles of Virus Taxonomy	367	(4)
Microbial Tidbits 16.2: The Origin of Viruses	369	(2)
The Viruses: Bacteriophages	371	(16)
Classification of Bacteriophages	372	(1)
Microbial Diversity & Ecology 17.1: An Ocean of Viruses	372	(1)
Reproduction of Double-Stranded DNA Phages: The Lytic Cycle	373	(5)
Reproduction of Single-Stranded DNA Phages	378	(1)
Reproduction of RNA Phages	379	(1)
Temperate Bacteriophages and Lysogeny	380	(7)
The Viruses: Viruses of Eucaryotes	387	(22)
Classification of Animal Viruses	388	(1)
Reproduction of Animal Viruses	388	(10)
Techniques & Applications 18.1: Constructing a Virus	396	(2)
Cytocidal Infections and Cell Damage	398	(1)
Persistent, Latent, and Slow Virus Infections	399	(1)
Viruses and Cancer	400	(1)
Plant Viruses	401	(3)
Viruses of Fungi, Algae, and Protozoa	404	(1)
Insect Viruses	404	(1)
Viroids and Prions	405	(4)
Part VII The Diversity of the Microbial World
Microbial Taxonomy and Phylogeny	409	(28)
General Introduction and Overview	410	(1)
Microbial Evolution and Diversity	410	(2)
Taxonomic Ranks	412	(2)
Classification Systems	414	(2)
Major Characteristics Used in Taxonomy	416	(4)
Assessing Microbial Phylogeny	420	(3)
The Major Divisions of Life	423	(5)
Microbial Diversity & Ecology 18.1: ``Official'' Nomenclature Lists---A Letter from Bergey's	428	(1)
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology	428	(3)
A Survey of Procaryotic Phylogeny and Diversity	431	(6)
The Archaea	437	(16)
Introduction to the Archaea	438	(4)
Phylum Crenarchaeota	442	(2)
Phylum Euryarchaeota	444	(9)
Microbial Diversity & Ecology 20.1: Methanotrophic Archaea	447	(3)
Microbial Tidbits 20.2: Photosynthesis in Halobacterium salinarium	450	(3)
Bacteria: The Deinococci and Nonproteobacteria Gram Negatives	453	(20)
Aquificae and Thermotogae	454	(1)
Deinococcus-Thermus	455	(1)
Photosynthetic Bacteria	456	(8)
Microbial Diversity & Ecology 21.1: The Mechanism of Gliding Motility	461	(3)
Phylum Planctomycetes	464	(1)
Phylum Chlamydiae	464	(2)
Phylum Spirochaetes	466	(3)
Phylum Bacteroidetes	469	(4)
Bacteria: The Proteobacteria	473	(30)
Class Alphaproteobacteria	474	(8)
Class Betaproteobacteria	482	(3)
Class Gammaproteobacteria	485	(10)
Microbial Diversity & Ecology 22.1: Bacterial Bioluminescence	492	(3)
Class Deltaproteobacteria	495	(5)
Class Epsilonproteobacteria	500	(3)
Bacteria: The Low G + C Gram Positives	503	(18)
General Introduction	504	(1)
Class Mollicutes (the Mycoplasmas)	504	(3)
Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria in Bergey's Manual	507	(1)
Class Clostridia	508	(3)
Microbial Tidbits 23.1: Spores in Space	509	(2)
Class Bacilli	511	(10)
Bacteria: The High G + C Gram Positives	521	(16)
General Properties of the Actinomycetes	522	(2)
High G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria in Bergey's Manual	524	(2)
Suborder Actinomycineae	526	(1)
Suborder Micrococcineae	527	(1)
Suborder Corynebacterineae	528	(1)
Suborder Micromonosporineae	529	(2)
Suborder Propionibacterineae	531	(1)
Suborder Streptomycineae	531	(2)
Suborder Streptosporangineae	533	(1)
Suborder Frankineae	533	(1)
Order Bifidobacteriales	534	(3)
The Fungi (Eumycota), Slime Molds, and Water Molds	537	(16)
Distribution	538	(1)
Importance	539	(1)
Structure	539	(2)
Nutrition and Metabolism	541	(1)
Reproduction	542	(1)
Characteristics of the Fungal Divisions	543	(5)
Slime Molds and Water Molds	548	(5)
The Algae	553	(12)
Distribution of Algae	555	(1)
Classification of Algae	555	(1)
Ultrastructure of the Algal Cell	556	(1)
Algal Nutrition	556	(1)
Structure of the Algal Thallus (Vegetative Form)	556	(1)
Algal Reproduction	556	(1)
Characteristics of the Algal Divisions	557	(8)
Techniques & Applications 26.1: Practical Importance of Diatoms	560	(2)
Disease 26.2: Toxic Algal Blooms	562	(3)
The Protozoa	565	(12)
Distribution	566	(1)
Importance	566	(1)
Morphology	566	(1)
Nutrition	567	(1)
Encystment and Excystment	568	(1)
Locomotory Organelles	568	(1)
Reproduction	568	(1)
Classification	568	(1)
Representative Types	569	(8)
Microbial Diversity & Ecology 27.1: The Importance of Foraminiferans	572	(5)
Part VIII Ecology and Symbiosis
Microorganism Interactions and Microbial Ecology	577	(38)
Foundations of Microbial Ecology	578	(1)
Microbial Interactions	578	(15)
Microbial Diversity & Ecology 28.1: Microbial Ecology Versus Environmental Microbiology	579	(5)
Microbial Diversity & Ecology 28.2: Coevolution of Animals and Their Gut Microbial Communities	584	(9)
Nutrient Cycling Interactions	593	(9)
The Physical Environment	602	(5)
Techniques & Applications 28.3: Thermophilic Microorganisms and Modern Biotechnology	607	(1)
Microbial Ecology and Its Methods: An Overview	607	(8)
Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments	615	(30)
Aquatic Environments and Microorganisms	616	(5)
Disease 29.1: New Agents in Medicine--The Sea as the New Frontier	617	(4)
The Microbial Community	621	(3)
Marine Environments	624	(4)
Freshwater Environments	628	(2)
Waters and Disease Transmission	630	(6)
Techniques & Applications 29.2: Waterborne Diseases, Water Supplies, and Slow Sand Filtration	632	(4)
Wastewater Treatment	636	(6)
Disease 29.3: Sewage Sludge: Long-Term Concerns with Land and Water Disposal	641	(1)
Groundwater Quality and Home Treatment Systems	642	(3)
Microorganisms in Terrestrial Environments	645	(28)
Soils as an Environment for Microorganisms	646	(1)
Microorganisms in the Soil Environment	647	(1)
Microorganisms and the Formation of Different Soils	648	(3)
Soil Microorganism Associations with Vascular Plants	651	(11)
Microbial Diversity & Ecology 30.1: Mycorrhizae and the Evolution of Vascular Plants	656	(6)
Soils, Plants, and Nutrients	662	(2)
Microbial Tidbits 30.2: An Unintended Global-Scale Nitrogen Experiment	664	(1)
Soils, Plants, and the Atmosphere	664	(2)
Techniques & Applications 30.3: Keeping Inside Air Fresh with Soil Microorganisms	665	(1)
Microbial Diversity & Ecology 30.4: Soils, Termites, Intestinal Microbes, and Atmospheric Methane	666	(1)
Microorganisms and Plant Decomposition	666	(1)
The Subsurface Biosphere	667	(2)
Soil Microorganisms and Human Health	669	(1)
Understanding Microbial Diversity in the Soil	670	(3)
Part IX Nonspecific (Innate) Resistance and the Immune Response
Normal Microbiota and Nonspecific (Innate) Host Resistance	673	(32)
Gnotobiotic Animals	674	(1)
Normal Microbiota of the Human Body	675	(5)
Techniques & Applications 31.1: Probiotics for Humans and Animals	679	(1)
Overview of Host Resistance	680	(1)
Cells, Tissues, and Organs of the Immune System	681	(4)
Physical and Chemical Barriers in Nonspecific (Innate) Resistance	685	(3)
Inflammation	688	(3)
The Complement System	691	(2)
Phagocytosis	693	(4)
Cytokines	697	(3)
Natural Killer Cells	700	(5)
Specific (Adaptive) Immunity	705	(34)
Overview of Specific (Adaptive) Immunity	706	(2)
Antigens	708	(2)
Antibodies	710	(11)
Techniques & Applications 32.1: Immunotoxins	721	(1)
T-Cell Biology	721	(7)
Techniques & Applications 32.2: Donor Selection for Tissue or Organ Transplants	724	(4)
B-Cell Biology	728	(3)
Action of Antibodies	731	(3)
The Classical Complement Pathway	734	(1)
Acquired Immune Tolerance	734	(1)
Summary: The Role of Antibodies and Lymphocytes in Resistance	734	(5)
Medical Immunology	739	(22)
Vaccines and Immunizations	740	(4)
Historical Highlights 33.1: The First Immunizations	740	(4)
Immune Disorders	744	(7)
Antigen-Antibody Interactions In Vitro	751	(10)
Techniques & Applications 33.2: History and Importance of Serotyping	757	(4)
Part X Microbial Diseases and Their Control
Pathogenicity of Microorganisms	761	(18)
Host-Parasite Relationships	762	(2)
Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases	764	(1)
Pathogenesis of Bacterial Diseases	765	(10)
Techniques & Applications 34.1: Detection and Removal of Endotoxins	774	(1)
Microbial Mechanisms for Escaping Host Defenses	775	(4)
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy	779	(20)
The Development of Chemotherapy	780	(1)
Techniques & Applications 35.1: The Use of Antibiotics in Microbiological Research	781	(1)
General Characteristics of Antimicrobial Drugs	781	(2)
Determining the Level of Antimicrobial Activity	783	(1)
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Agents	784	(2)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Drugs	786	(1)
Antibacterial Drugs	787	(5)
Drug Resistance	792	(3)
Disease 35.2: Antibiotic Misuse and Drug Resistance	793	(2)
Antifungal Drugs	795	(1)
Antiviral Drugs	796	(3)
Clinical Microbiology	799	(22)
Specimens	800	(4)
Techniques & Applications 36.1: Universal Precautions for Health-Care Professionals	802	(2)
Identification of Microorganisms from Specimens	804	(13)
Techniques & Applications 36.2: Monoclonal Antibodies in Clinical Microbiology	813	(4)
Susceptibility Testing	817	(1)
Computers in Clinical Microbiology	817	(4)
The Epidemiology of Infectious Disease	821	(24)
Epidemiological Terminology	822	(1)
Historical Highlights 37.1: John Snow---The First Epidemiologist	822	(1)
Measuring Frequency: The Epidemiologist's Tools	823	(1)
Infectious Disease Epidemiology	823	(1)
Recognition of an Infectious Disease in a Population	824	(1)
Recognition of an Epidemic	824	(3)
Historical Highlights 37.2: ``Typhoid Mary''	825	(2)
The Infectious Disease Cycle: Story of a Disease	827	(5)
Historical Highlights 37.3: The First Indications of Person-to-Person Spread of an Infectious Disease	831	(1)
Virulence and the Mode of Transmission	832	(1)
Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Pathogens	832	(5)
Disease 37.4: The SARS Epidemic of 2003	835	(2)
Control of Epidemics	837	(1)
The Emerging Threat of Bioterrorism	837	(2)
Historical Highlights 37.5: 1346---The First Recorded Biological Warfare Attack	838	(1)
Global Travel and Health Considerations	839	(1)
Nosocomial Infections	840	(5)
Human Diseases Caused by Viruses	845	(30)
Airborne Diseases	846	(6)
Disease 38.1: Reye's and Guillain-Barre Syndromes	849	(3)
Arthropod-Borne Diseases	852	(3)
Disease 38.2: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers---A Microbial History Lesson	853	(2)
Direct Contact Diseases	855	(13)
Food-Borne and Waterborne Diseases	868	(2)
Historical Highlights 38.3: A Brief History of Polio	870	(1)
Slow Virus and Prion Diseases	870	(1)
Other Diseases	871	(4)
Human Diseases Caused by Bacteria	875	(42)
Airborne Diseases	876	(9)
Arthropod-Borne Diseases	885	(4)
Historical Highlights 39.1: The Hazards of Microbiological Research	885	(4)
Direct Contact Diseases	889	(13)
Disease 39.2: Biofilms	897	(3)
Disease 39.3: Resistant Staphylococci	900	(2)
Disease 39.4: A Brief History of Syphilis	902	(6)
Food-Borne and Waterborne Diseases	905	(3)
Techniques & Applications 39.5: Clostridial Toxins as Therapeutic Agents---Benefits of Nature's Most Toxic Proteins	908	(3)
Sepsis and Septic Shock	911	(1)
Dental Infections	911	(6)
Human Diseases Caused by Fungi and Protozoa	917	(20)
Fungal Diseases	918	(8)
Disease 40.1: The Emergence of Candidiasis	925	(1)
Protozoan Diseases	926	(11)
Disease 40.2: A Brief History of Malaria	930	(7)
Part XI Food and Industrial Microbiology
Microbiology of Food	937	(26)
Microorganism Growth in Foods	938	(2)
Microbial Growth and Food Spoilage	940	(3)
Controlling Food Spoilage	943	(3)
Historical Highlights 41.1: An Army Travels on Its Stomach	944	(2)
Food-Borne Diseases	946	(3)
Historical Highlights 41.2: Typhoid Fever and Canned Meat	947	(2)
Detection of Food-Borne Pathogens	949	(2)
Microbiology of Fermented Foods	951	(7)
Techniques & Applications 41.3: Starter Cultures, Bacteriophage Infections, and Plasmids	951	(7)
Microorganisms as Foods and Food Amendments	958	(5)
Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology	963
Choosing Microorganisms for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology	964	(6)
Techniques & Applications 42.1: The Potential of Thermophilic Archaea in Biotechnology	965	(5)
Microorganism Growth in Controlled Environments	970	(4)
Major Products of Industrial Microbiology	974	(5)
Microbial Growth in Complex Natural Environments	979	(7)
Microbial Diversity & Ecology 42.2: Methanogens---A New Role for a Unique Microbial Group	981	(4)
Microbial Diversity & Ecology 42.3: A Fungus with a Voracious Appetite	985	(1)
Biotechnological Applications	986	(4)
Techniques & Applications 42.4: Streptavidin-Biotin Binding and Biotechnology	987	(3)
Impacts of Microbial Biotechnology	990
Appendices
Appendix I A Review of the Chemistry of Biological Molecules	A-1	(1)
Appendix II Common Metabolic Pathways	A-11	(1)
Appendix III Classification of Procaryotes According to the Second Edition of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology	A-19	(1)
Appendix IV Classification of Viruses	A-28	(1)
Appendix V Recommended Readings	A-38	(1)
Glossary	G-1	(1)
Credits	C-1	(1)
Index	I-1