Migrants, Work, And The Welfare State

by Tranaes, Torben; Zimmerman, Klaus F.

• ISBN13: 9788778387745
• ISBN10: 8778387744
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-10-01
• Publisher: University Press of Southern Denmark

Summary

The aim of this book is to uncover non-Western immigrants' integration and living conditions in Denmark and Germany comparatively. The results are presented by leading labor market and integration researchers as a joint Danish-German research project. The main emphasis is on integration into the labor market. However, a number of other circumstances are also detailed in the exposition. The authors analyze the demographic trends, educational factors, and immigrants' use of the social benefits in Denmark and Germany, all from a comparative perspective. The issue of crime and the effects of immigration on salaries and employment for the host population are also analyzed and discussed. Finally, the book considers the question of the financial sustainability of the welfare state. What impact does immigration have on the public purse, in both the first and subsequent generations?

Table of Contents

Preface	11	(4)
Migrants, Work, and the Welfare State: An Introduction	15	(16)
Torben Tranaes
Klaus F. Zimmermann
The Lisbon Process and Economic Growth	16	(4)
How Migrants Do, and What They Do	20	(2)
The Genesis of the Project	22	(4)
An Overview of the Book	26	(5)
References	27	(4)
Immigration Policy and Danish and German Immigration	31	(44)
Thomas Bauer
Claus Larsen
Poul Chr. Matthiessen
Introduction	31	(1)
Immigration Policy	32	(9)
Denmark	32	(4)
Germany	36	(4)
Migration Policy in Europe	40	(1)
Migration to Denmark and Germany	41	(16)
Net Migration	41	(6)
Asylum Seekers and Refugees	47	(6)
Temporary Immigration	53	(4)
The Demographic Characteristics of Immigrants in Germany and Denmark	57	(7)
Source Countries	57	(2)
Sex and Age Distributions	59	(3)
Regional Distribution	62	(2)
Summary	64	(11)
References	65	(10)
The Educational Background and Human Capital Attainment of Immigrants	75	(44)
Amelie Constant
Claus Larsen
Introduction	75	(1)
The Educational Level of Foreigners -- A Descriptive Analysis	76	(19)
The Schooling Systems and School-to-Work Transition in Denmark and Germany	76	(1)
Denmark	76	(2)
Germany	78	(2)
Differences and Similarities between Denmark and Germany	80	(1)
Measurement Issues	81	(1)
The Human Capital of Foreigners in Denmark and Germany	82	(1)
Education Obtained in the Home Country	83	(3)
Education Obtained in the Receiving Country	86	(9)
Determinants of Human Capital Formation	95	(20)
Previous Studies of the Educational Attainment of Immigrants in the Host Country	95	(3)
Modeling of-Educational Levels: Methods, Data, and Variables	98	(1)
Data	98	(1)
Variables	98	(4)
Methods and Hypotheses	102	(2)
Estimation Results	104	(1)
Multinomial Logit Results on Primary/Lower Secondary Schooling and Gymnasium/University Education	105	(6)
Binomial Logit Results for Vocational Training and No Vocational Training	111	(4)
Summary and Conclusions	115	(4)
References	117	(2)
Employment Trends for Immigrants and Natives	119	(28)
Marie Louise Schultz-Nielsen
Amelie Constant
Introduction	119	(4)
Immigrant Employment in Denmark and Germany	120	(1)
Importing Manpower, Providing a Safe Haven, or ...?	121	(2)
Employment Trends for Immigrants and Natives	123	(13)
Why are Immigrants more often Employed in Germany than in Denmark?	126	(5)
Why has Immigrant Employment Fallen over Time?	131	(4)
Why is Immigrant Employment so Sensitive to the Business Cycle?	135	(1)
German Unification	136	(1)
Long Run Integration: From First to Second Generation Immigrants	137	(2)
Occupational Sorting by Country of Origin	139	(4)
Summary and Conclusion	143	(4)
References	145	(2)
Labor Force Participation and Unemployment: Incentives and Preferences	147	(40)
Amelie Constant
Marie Louise Schultz-Nielsen
Introduction	147	(2)
The Monetary Incentives: Does it Pay for Immigrants to Work?	149	(6)
Are the Unemployed Available to the Labor Market?	155	(4)
Who Joins the Labor Force?	159	(10)
Employment Chances	169	(6)
Immigrants and the Job Hierarchy	175	(6)
Summary and Conclusions	181	(6)
References	184	(3)
Immigrant Selection and Earnings	187	(26)
Amelie Constant
Marie Louise Schultz-Nielsen
Introduction	187	(2)
The Anatomy of the Guest worker System	189	(2)
Germany's Immigrants	189	(1)
Denmark's Immigrants	190	(1)
Method and Data	191	(4)
Description of the Data Set	191	(1)
Analysis and Variables	192	(3)
Characteristics of the Sample Population	195	(4)
Empirical Results	199	(9)
Selection-Adjusted Earnings Profiles	199	(4)
Counterfactual Analysis of the Immigrant Earnings Profiles	203	(5)
Recapitulation and Concluding Remarks	208	(5)
References	210	(3)
Immigrant Self-Employment and Economic Performance	213	(32)
Amelie Constant
Marie Louise Schultz-Nielsen
Introduction	213	(2)
Labor Market Institutions, Policies, and Cyclical Dynamics	215	(4)
The German Realities: Emphasis on Immigrants	215	(2)
The Danish Realities: Emphasis on Immigrants	217	(2)
Modeling of Self-employment: Methods and Hypotheses	219	(5)
Self-Employment probabilities	219	(4)
Economic Returns to Self-employment	223	(1)
Data	223	(1)
Characteristics of the Sample Populations	224	(9)
Self-Employed Versus Salaried Workers	224	(5)
Self-Employed Ethnic Groups	229	(4)
Estimation Results	233	(8)
Proclivity for Self-Employment. Binomial Logit Results	233	(3)
The Returns to Self-Employment	236	(3)
A Country or an Immigrant Effect?	239	(2)
Conclusions	241	(4)
References	243	(2)
Social Transfers to Immigrants in Germany and Denmark	245	(40)
Niels-Kenneth Nielsen
Introduction	245	(1)
Formal Access Condition to Social Security Benefits in Germany and Denmark	246	(12)
Unemployment Insurance	247	(2)
Social Assistance	249	(2)
Old-age Pension	251	(3)
Disability Pension	254	(1)
Housing Benefit	255	(1)
Child Benefit	256	(1)
Rules of Access to Social Security Systems: Summary	257	(1)
Who Receives Benefits in Denmark and Germany?	258	(11)
Unemployment Insurance	259	(4)
Social Assistance	263	(2)
Old-age and Disability Pension	265	(4)
Probability of Receiving Benefits	269	(11)
Germany	270	(5)
Denmark	275	(4)
Comparison of Germany and Denmark	279	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	280	(5)
References	282	(3)
Immigration and Crime in Germany and Denmark	285	(34)
Horst Entorf
Claus Larsen
Introduction	285	(1)
Immigration and Crime in Germany: Descriptive Evidence	286	(7)
Immigration and Crime in Denmark: Descriptive Evidence	293	(13)
Criminality Rates Among Immigrants, Descendants, and Danes -- Convictions	295	(6)
Trends in Crime Levels Measured with Danish Data Adjusted to German Statistics	301	(5)
Comparison of Descriptive Evidence from Germany and Denmark	306	(2)
Prevention of Immigrant Crime: Education and Other Factors	308	(6)
Conclusions, Future Research	314	(5)
References	315	(4)
Immigrants and the Public Sector in Denmark and Germany	319	(38)
Eskil Wadensjo
Christer Gerdes
Immigration, the Public Sector and the Economy -- the Starting Point	319	(1)
Immigration and its Fiscal Impact: Theory	319	(3)
Data	322	(5)
Denmark	322	(2)
Germany	324	(3)
The Fiscal Impact of Immigration in Denmark, 1991-2000	327	(4)
The Fiscal Impact of Immigration in Germany 2002	331	(1)
Which Factors Influence the Individual Net Transfers to the Public Sector in Denmark and in Germany?	332	(21)
Denmark	332	(10)
Germany	342	(8)
A Comparison	350	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	353	(4)
References	355	(2)
Some Socioeconomic Consequences of Immigration	357	(34)
Eskil Wadensjo
Christer Gerdes
Immigration, Wages and Unemployment	357	(1)
Immigration, Employment and Incomes in Denmark	358	(9)
The Impact of Immigration on the Native Wage Rate	367	(4)
Self-employed Immigrants in Denmark	371	(3)
Immigration and Unemployment among Native Workers in Denmark	374	(3)
Income Distribution among Immigrants and Natives	377	(7)
Summary and Conclusions	384	(7)
References	385	(6)
Migrants, Work, and the Welfare State: Summary and Conclusions	391	(14)
Torben Tranaes
Klaus F. Zimmermann
Migration and the Policy Stand	391	(1)
Educational Attainment and Training	392	(2)
Employment Trends	394	(1)
Employment Incentives	395	(1)
Earnings Dispersion	396	(1)
Immigrant Self-employment	397	(2)
Welfare take-up	399	(1)
Crime	400	(1)
The Public Coffers	400	(1)
Socio-economic Consequences	401	(1)
The Findings in Brief	402	(3)
Appendix Data Description	405	(24)
Thomas Bauer
Niels-Kenneth Nielsen
Introduction	405	(1)
Data Sources for Denmark	405	(8)
The Rockwool Foundation Migration Survey -- Denmark (RFMS-D)	405	(1)
Sample Design	406	(2)
Response Rate	408	(1)
Representativeness in the Danish Survey	409	(2)
Weighting of the Danish Data	411	(1)
Survey among Danes	412	(1)
Danish Register Data	413	(1)
German Data	414	(13)
Arrangement of the German Survey	415	(1)
Sample Design	415	(2)
Response Rate	417	(1)
Item Non-response	418	(1)
Representativeness of the RFMS-G	419	(3)
Weighting in the German Data Set	422	(5)
References	427	(2)
Index	429	(6)
The Rockwool Foundation Research Unit: Publications in English	435