Mind, Brain, and Drug An Introduction to Psychopharmacology

by Hedges, Dawson; Burchfield, Colin

• ISBN13: 9780205355563
• ISBN10: 0205355560
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-09-12
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Covering the basic principles of psychopharmacology, this textbook presents psychopharmacology and drugs of abuse in a readily understood manner. With all of the latest research and a straightforward, engaging writing style, Hedges offers complete coverage of the field without being unnecessarily detailed-and, as a result, provides students with a thorough introduction to this increasingly important area.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
SECTION 1 THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUG ACTION	1	(94)
CHAPTER ONE Neurons, Synapses, and the Brain: A Brief Introduction to Neuroscience	3	(24)
NEURONS	4	(5)
The Cell Body	5	(1)
Receptors	6	(1)
Dendrites	6	(1)
Axons	7	(1)
The Action Potential	7	(2)
Types of Neurons	9	(1)
THE SYNAPSE	9	(2)
Symmetric and Asymmetric Synapses	10	(1)
Synaptic Neurotransmitter Release	10	(1)
NEUROGLIAL CELLS	11	(2)
Oligodendrocytes and Myelin	13	(1)
Astrocytes	13	(1)
Microglial Cells	13	(1)
OVERVIEW OF NEUROANATOMY	13	(8)
The Peripheral Nervous System	14	(1)
The Central Nervous System	15	(6)
SUMMARY	21	(1)
STUDY QUESTIONS	22	(1)
REFERENCES	22	(5)
CHAPTER TWO Neurotransmitters and Receptors	27	(20)
SEROTONIN	32	(2)
NOREPINEPHRINE	34	(1)
DOPAMINE	35	(2)
ACETYLCHOLINE	37	(1)
GAMMA AMINO BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)	38	(1)
GLUTAMATE	38	(2)
OPIOID NEUROPEPTIDES	40	(1)
MELATONIN	40	(1)
SUMMARY	41	(1)
STUDY QUESTIONS	42	(1)
REFERENCES	42	(5)
CHAPTER THREE Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamies	47	(17)
PHARMACOKINETICS	48	(5)
Route of Administration	48	(1)
Absorption	49	(1)
Distribution	50	(1)
Metabolism and Elimination	51	(1)
Drug Half-Life and Steady State	52	(1)
PHARMACODYNAMICS	53	(3)
Potency and Efficacy	54	(1)
Dose-Response Curves	55	(1)
DRUG CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENT	56	(1)
TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE	57	(2)
SUMMARY	59	(1)
STUDY QUESTIONS	60	(1)
REFERENCES	60	(4)
CHAPTER FOUR The Biology of Mental Disorders	64	(31)
THE BIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS	66	(7)
Genetics of Mood Disorders	66	(2)
The Monoamine Hypothesis	68	(1)
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)	68	(1)
The Hypothalmic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Corticotropin-Releasing Factor	69	(1)
Neurotrophic Factors	70	(1)
Immunological and Inflammatory Factors	70	(1)
Brain-Reward Systems	70	(1)
Perinatal Complications	71	(1)
Kindling in Bipolar Disorder	71	(1)
The Neuroanatomy of Affective Disorders	71	(1)
Medical and Neurological Problems in Depression	72	(1)
THE BIOLOGY OF ANXIETY DISORDERS	73	(6)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)	73	(1)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (0CD)	73	(1)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)	74	(2)
Panic Disorder	76	(1)
Social Phobia	77	(2)
THE BIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA	79	(4)
Genetics	79	(1)
Risk Factors for the Development of Schizophrenia	79	(2)
Neuroanatomy of Schizophrenia	81	(1)
The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia	82	(1)
THE BIOLOGY OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT, HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER	83	(4)
SUMMARY	87	(1)
STUDY QUESTIONS	88	(1)
REFERENCES	88	(7)
SECTION 2 THE PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS: THEIR PHARMACOLOGY, METABOLISM, INTERACTIONS, ADVERSE EFFECTS, AND THERAPEUTIC USES	95	(32)
CHAPTER FIVE Sedative Hypnotics, Anxiolytics, and Alcohol	97	(30)
THE BARBITURATES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS	98	(3)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	98	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	99	(1)
Adverse Effects	99	(1)
Uses	99	(2)
BENZODIAZEPINES	101	(4)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	101	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	102	(1)
Adverse Effects	102	(1)
Uses	103	(2)
SODIUM OXYBATE	105	(2)
ZOLPIDEM (AMBIEN) AND ZALEPLON (SONATA)	107	(1)
PREGABALIN	108	(1)
BUSPIRONE (BUSPAR)	108	(2)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	108	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	109	(1)
Adverse Effects	109	(1)
Uses	109	(1)
ALCOHOL	110	(8)
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacology	111	(1)
Alcohol-Drug Interactions	112	(1)
Physiologic and Cognitive Effects of Alcohol	113	(1)
Teratogenic Effects of Alcohol	114	(1)
Alcoholism and Its Pharmacological Treatment	115	(3)
SUMMARY	118	(1)
STUDY QUESTIONS	119	(1)
REFERENCES	119	(8)
CHAPTER SIX The Psychostimulants, Amphetamines, Cocaine, Caffeine, and Nicotine	127	(34)
METHYLPHENIDATE (RITALIN AND OTHERS), PEMOLINE (CYLERT), AND PHENTERMINE	129	(3)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	129	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	130	(1)
Adverse Effects	131	(1)
MODAFINIL (PROVIGIL)	132	(1)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	132	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	132	(1)
Adverse Effects	133	(1)
THE AMPHETÁMINES	133	(2)
Mechanism of Action	133	(1)
Behavioral Effects	134	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	134	(1)
Adverse Effects	134	(1)
COCAINE	135	(2)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	136	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	136	(1)
Behavioral and Physiological Effects	136	(1)
ATOMOXETINE (STRATTERA)	137	(1)
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacology	137	(1)
Adverse Effects	138	(1)
USES OF METHYLPHENIDATE, PEMOLINE, PHENTERMINE, MODAFINIL, ATOMOXETINE, AND THE AMPHETAMINES	138	(6)
Attention-Deficit, Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)	138	(4)
Depression	142	(1)
Narcolepsy	142	(1)
Non-Narcolepsy–Associated Daytime Drowsiness	142	(1)
Appetite Suppression	142	(1)
Anesthesia	143	(1)
CAFFEINE	144	(3)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	144	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	145	(1)
Behavioral Effects of Caffeine	145	(1)
Physiological Effects of Caffeine	146	(1)
NICOTINE	147	(4)
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacology	150	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	150	(1)
Pharmacological Approaches to Nicotine Dependence	150	(1)
SUMMARY	151	(2)
STUDY QUESTIONS	153	(1)
REFERENCES	154	(7)
CHAPTER SEVEN The Opiates	161	(18)
MECHANISM OF ACTION, PHARMACOLOGY, AND METABOLISM	163	(2)
Endogenous Opiates and Their Receptors	163	(2)
EXOGENOUS OPIATES	165	(2)
ADVERSE EFFECTS	167	(2)
USES	169	(5)
Analgesia	169	(1)
Cough	170	(1)
Management of Opiate Detoxification and Withdrawal	170	(1)
Treatment of Opiate Addiction	171	(3)
SUMMARY	174	(1)
STUDY QUESTIONS	175	(1)
REFERENCES	175	(4)
CHAPTER EIGHT Marijuana, Hallucinogens, Phencyclidine, and Inhalants	179	(23)
MARIJUANA	180	(7)
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacology	181	(2)
Drug-Drug Interactions	183	(1)
Adverse Effects	183	(3)
Uses (Controversial)	186	(1)
THE HALLUCINOGENS	187	(4)
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacology	188	(2)
Adverse Effects	190	(1)
PHENCYCLIDINE	191	(2)
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacology	192	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	192	(1)
Adverse Effects	192	(1)
THE INHALANTS	193	(2)
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacology	194	(1)
Adverse Effects	195	(1)
Treatment	195	(1)
SUMMARY	195	(2)
STUDY QUESTIONS	197	(1)
REFERENCES	197	(5)
CHAPTER NINE The Antidepressants	202	(36)
THE TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS	204	(4)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	204	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	205	(1)
Adverse Effects	205	(1)
Uses	206	(2)
THE MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS	208	(3)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	209	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	209	(1)
Adverse Effects	210	(1)
Uses	210	(1)
THE SPECIFIC SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS	211	(5)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	212	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	213	(1)
Adverse Effects	213	(1)
Uses	214	(2)
ATYPICAL AND DUAL-ACTION ANTIDEPRESSANTS	216	(9)
Bupropion	216	(2)
Mirtazapine (Remeron)	218	(2)
Trazodone (Desyrel) and Nefazodone (Serzone)	220	(2)
Venlafaxine (Effexor)	222	(2)
Duloxetine (Cymbalta)	224	(1)
Reboxetine (Edronax)	224	(1)
OTHER PUTATIVE MECHANISMS OF ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION	225	(2)
SUMMARY	227	(1)
STUDY QUESTIONS	228	(1)
REFERENCES	229	(9)
CHAPTER TEN The Mood Stabilizers	238	(18)
LITHIUM	239	(4)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	239	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	240	(1)
Adverse Effects	240	(1)
Uses	241	(2)
CARBAMAZEPINE	243	(2)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	243	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	243	(1)
Adverse Effects	243	(1)
Uses	244	(1)
VALPROIC ACID	245	(2)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	245	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	245	(1)
Adverse Effects	245	(1)
Uses	246	(1)
LAMOTRIGINE	247	(1)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	247	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	247	(1)
Adverse Effects	247	(1)
Uses	248	(1)
GABAPENTIN	248	(1)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	248	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	249	(1)
Adverse Effects	249	(1)
Uses	249	(1)
OTHER ANTICONVULSANT MOOD STABILIZERS	249	(1)
OTHER NONANTICONVULSANT MOOD STABILIZERS	250	(1)
SUMMARY	251	(1)
STUDY QUESTIONS	251	(1)
REFERENCES	252	(4)
CHAPTER ELEVEN First- and Second-Generation Antipsychotics and Anticholinergics	256	(24)
TYPICAL OR FIRST-GENERATION ANTIPSYCHOTICS	257	(7)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	258	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	259	(1)
Adverse Effects	259	(2)
Uses	261	(3)
ATYPICAL OR SECOND-GENERATION ANTIPSYCHOTICS	264	(7)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	265	(2)
Drug-Drug Interactions	267	(1)
Adverse Effects	267	(2)
Uses	269	(2)
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF EXTRAPYRAMIDAL EFFECTS	271	(2)
Anticholinergic Drugs	272	(1)
Amantadine (Symmetrel)	273	(1)
SUMMARY	273	(1)
STUDY QUESTIONS	274	(1)
REFERENCES	274	(6)
CHAPTER TWELVE The Neurobiology and Treatment of Dementia	280	(19)
THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF DEMENTIA	282	(4)
Alzheimer's Dementia	282	(2)
Dementia with Lewy Bodies	284	(1)
Vascular Dementia	284	(1)
Frontotemporal Dementia	285	(1)
Other Dementias	285	(1)
COGNITIVE ENHANCERS	286	(5)
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors	287	(4)
OTHER APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF DEMENTIA	291	(2)
Drugs Used to Treat Noncognitive Disturbances Associated with Dementia	292	(1)
SUMMARY	293	(1)
STUDY QUESTIONS	294	(1)
REFERENCES	294	(5)
CHAPTER THIRTEEN St. John's Wort, Gingko, Kava, and Valerian	299	(18)
ST. JOHN'S WORT	301	(3)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	302	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	303	(1)
Adverse Effects	303	(1)
Uses	303	(1)
GINKGO	304	(3)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	304	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	305	(1)
Adverse Effects	305	(1)
Uses	306	(1)
KAVA	307	(2)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	308	(1)
Drug-Drug Interactions	308	(1)
Adverse Effects	308	(1)
Uses	309	(1)
VALERIAN	309	(3)
Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Metabolism	309	(1)
Adverse Effects	310	(1)
Uses	310	(2)
SUMMARY	312	(1)
STUDY QUESTIONS	312	(1)
REFERENCES	313	(4)
Appendix 1 Electroconvulsive Therapy, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, and Vagal Nerve Stimulation	317	(17)
Appendix 2 List of Generic Drug Names, Trade Names, and Manufacturers	334	(4)
Appendix 3 List of Trade Drug Names, (with Generic Names in Parentheses)	338	(2)
Glossary	340	(5)
Index	345