Modern History of Iraq

by Marr, Phebe

• ISBN13: 9780813336152
• ISBN10: 0813336155
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-09-04
• Publisher: Westview Pr

Summary

Written for lay readers and students of the Middle East,The Modern History of Iraq, places in historical perspective the multiple crises and upheavals that afflict contemporary Iraq. The book focuses on several important themes: the search for national identity in a multi-ethnic, multi-religious state; the struggle to achieve economic development and modernity in a traditional society; and the political dynamics that have led to the current dire situation in Iraq. While much remains opaque about contemporary Iraq because of its closed political system, Marr has used published sources in Arabic and English, personal interviews, and frequent visits to Iraq to produce a remarkably lucid and readable account of the emergence of contemporary Iraq and the forces that have shaped it.

Author Biography

Dr. Phebe Marrhas published or contributed to several books on the Middle East, such as The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa, Fourth Edition, edited by David Long and Bernard Reich (Westview Press 2002). She has also sat on the editorial board for the Middle East Journal . She was a Senior Fellow at the Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University (1985-1997) and continued her detailed work under the Woodrow Wilson Center Fellowship and as a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Table of Contents

Brief Contents	v
Preface	xvii
Note on Transliteration	xxi
1 The Land and People of Modern Iraq	3	(18)
Legacy of the Past,	3	(5)
Ancient Mesopotamia,	4	(1)
The Arab-Islamic Civilization,	4	(1)
The Ottoman Empire,	5	(3)
The Land,	8	(4)
The People,	12	(9)
Arab Shi'a,	13	(1)
Arab Sunnis,	14	(1)
The Kurds,	15	(1)
Other Minorities,	16	(2)
Town and Tribe,	18	(3)
2 The British Mandate, 1920-1932	21	(16)
The British Occupation and the Institutions of the Indian School,	22	(1)
The 1920 Revolt and Its Results,	23	(5)
The Monarchy,	24	(2)
The Treaty,	26	(1)
The Constitution,	27	(1)
The Kurdish Problem,	28	(2)
The Modest Impact of Oil,	30	(1)
The Nationalist Movement: Composition and Outlook,	31	(3)
The 1930 Treaty and the End of the Mandate,	34	(3)
3 The Erosion of the British Legacy, 1932-1945	37	(24)
An Era of Communal and Tribal Rebellion, 1932-1936,	38	(6)
The Assyrian Affair,	38	(2)
The Death of Faisal,	40	(1)
Tribal Revolts,	40	(3)
Dominance of the State and the Army,	43	(1)
The Bakr Sidgi Coup, 1936,	44	(3)
The Political and Intellectual Climate,	45	(1)
The Coup Unfolds,	46	(1)
Attempts to Liberalize and Their Failure,	47	(2)
The Army in Politics, 1937-1941,	49	(4)
The Return of the Establishment,	50	(1)
The Death of Ghazi,	50	(1)
The Rising Tide of Nationalism,	51	(1)
Intrusion of the Officers into Politics,	52	(1)
The 1941 Coup,	53	(3)
The Second British Occupation and Its Legacy, 1941-1945,	56	(5)
Internment, Trials, and Reorganization of the Government,	57	(2)
The Wartime Economy,	59	(2)
4 The End of the Old Regime, 1946-1958	61	(20)
Further Attempts at Liberalization,	62	(2)
The Portsmouth Treaty and the Wathba,	64	(2)
War in Palestine,	66	(1)
Oil and Economic Development,	67	(4)
The Uprising of 1952,	71	(3)
The Accession of Faisal II,	72	(1)
The Elections of 1954,	73	(1)
The Baghdad Pact,	74	(3)
The Suez Crisis,	76	(1)
The UAR and the Federation,	76	(1)
Opposition and the Establishment,	77	(1)
The Old Regime in Retrospect,	78	(3)
5 The Qasim Era, 1958-1963	81	(32)
The Military Revolt of 1958,	82	(5)
The Free Officers' Movement,	83	(1)
The 14 July Coup,	84	(2)
The Coup Government,	86	(1)
The Temporary Constitution,	87	(1)
The Struggle for Power,	87	(3)
Qasim Versus Arif,	88	(1)
Ideological Issues,	89	(1)
The Challenge of the Nationalists,	90	(2)
The Mosul Revolt,	91	(1)
The Ba'th Attempt,	92	(1)
The Challenge of the Communists,	92	(3)
The Kirkuk Eruption,	93	(1)
The Decline of the Communists,	94	(1)
Attempts to Liberalize and Their Failure,	95	(3)
Formation of Political Parties,	96	(1)
The Mahdawi Court and the Rule of Law,	97	(1)
Qasim, the "Sole Leader,"	97	(1)
The Social and Economic Revolution,	98	(5)
Land Reform,	98	(2)
The Personal Status Law,	100	(1)
Economic Development,	101	(1)
Qasim's Oil Policy,	101	(2)
Erosion of National Unity,	103	(4)
The Shi'i Revival,	103	(1)
The Reemergence of the Kurdish Question,	104	(2)
The Kurdish War,	106	(1)
Foreign Policy Failures,	107	(4)
The Rupture with the West,	108	(1)
Tensions with Iran,	109	(1)
The Kuwait Affair,	110	(1)
The Qasim Regime in the Balance,	111	(2)
6 The Arab Nationalists in Power, 1963-1968	113	(26)
The Iraqi Ba'th in 1963,	115	(4)
The 14 Ramadan Coup,	116	(1)
The Ba'th Government,	117	(2)
Ba'th Failures,	119	(4)
The Conflict with the Kurds,	119	(1)
Arab Unity Failures,	120	(1)
Party Cleavages,	121	(2)
The First Arif Regime, 1963-1966,	123	(8)
Moderate Arab Socialism,	124	(1)
The Nationalization Laws,	125	(2)
Bazzaz: Another Attempt to Liberalize,	127	(1)
The Shi'i Renaissance,	128	(1)
The Attempted Kurdish Accord,	129	(2)
The Regime of Arif the Second, 1966-1968,	131	(3)
The Return of Military Politics,	131	(2)
The New Oil Policy,	133	(1)
The Coup of 17 July 1968,	134	(3)
The Bath Party of 1968,	135	(1)
The Making of the Coup,	136	(1)
The Revolutionary Decade, Assessed,	137	(2)
7 The Era of Ba'th Party Rule, 1968-1979	139	(38)
Consolidation of Power, 1968-1973,	140	(6)
The Conspiracy Trials,	141	(1)
The Interim Constitution,	142	(1)
Neutralizing the Military,	143	(1)
Baler and Husain,	144	(2)
Ba'th Foreign Policy: The Radical Phase, 1969-1973,	146	(2)
Trouble in the Gulf	146	(1)
Relations with the USSR,	147	(1)
The One-Party State,	148	(4)
Party Structure,	149	(1)
The Security System and the Military,	150	(1)
The Emergence of Personal Rule,	151	(1)
The Kin and Clan Network,	152	(1)
Relations with the Kurds,	152	(7)
The March 1970 Agreement,	154	(1)
Breakdown of the Agreement,	155	(1)
The 1974-1975 War,	156	(1)
The 1975 Agreement,	156	(1)
The Aftermath of the Agreement,	157	(2)
The Nationalization of Oil,	159	(2)
Economic and Social Development,	161	(7)
The Socialist Economy,	162	(1)
Social justice and the Welfare State,	163	(1)
Diversification and Industrialization,	164	(2)
The Social Transformation,	166	(2)
Iraq's Foreign Policy: The Pragmatic Phase, 1975-1980,	168	(1)
Iraq's New Ideological Stand,	169	(1)
Opposition to the Regime,	170	(4)
Liberal Opposition,	170	(1)
The Communist Party,	171	(1)
The Kurds in Opposition,	171	(1)
Shi'i Opposition,	172	(2)
The Impact of the Iranian Revolution,	174	(2)
The Ba'th: The End of Its First Decade,	176	(1)
8 The Saddam Husain Regime, 1979-1989	177	(40)
Saddam Becomes President,	178	(3)
The Party Massacre,	178	(2)
The Establishment of the National Assembly,	180	(1)
Iraq Goes to War,	181	(3)
Provocation from Iran,	182	(1)
Opportunism,	182	(1)
Preemptive Defense,	183	(1)
The Road to War,	184	(1)
The Course of the War,	184	(9)
The Failed Iraqi Offensive,	184	(2)
The War of Attrition,	186	(1)
The Economic and Diplomatic War,	187	(1)
Turning Points, 1986-1987,	188	(1)
Internationalization of the War,	189	(1)
US Intervention,	189	(1)
The Iraqi Offensive of 1988,	190	(2)
The Inconclusive Peace,	192	(1)
The War's Impact on Foreign Policy,	193	(3)
Iraqi Foreign Policy in the Region,	193	(2)
Iraqi Foreign Policy Toward the Superpowers,	195	(1)
The War's Impact on National Cohesion,	196	(6)
The Shi'a,	197	(1)
The Formation of SAIRI,	198	(1)
The Kurds,	199	(1)
The Anfal Campaign,	200	(2)
Economic and Social Effects of the War,	202	(7)
Debt,	205	(1)
Closure of the Shatt,	205	(1)
Differential Distribution of Destruction,	206	(1)
The Impact on Labor,	207	(1)
Social Costs,	207	(2)
The War's Political Effects,	209	(3)
The Concentration of Power in the Presidency,	209	(1)
Ideological Shifts,	210	(1)
Impact on the Military and Security,	211	(1)
The Aftermath of the War,	212	(2)
Saddam's First Decade,	214	(3)
9 The Gulf War and Its Consequences, 1990-1991	217	(44)
The Occupation of Kuwait: Causes and Motivations,	218	(7)
The Kuwaiti Border Issue,	218	(1)
Iraqš Economic Problems,	219	(1)
The Debt,	220	(1)
The Oil Pricing Crisis,	221	(1)
Iraq's WMD Program,	221	(2)
The Changing International Balance of Power,	223	(1)
Deteriorating US Relations,	223	(1)
The Conspiracy Theory,	224	(1)
The Final Decision,	225	(3)
The Glaspie Interview,	227	(1)
The Jidda Meeting,	227	(1)
Iraq Moves South, August 1990,	228	(5)
International Reaction,	229	(2)
Iraq Response,	231	(1)
Agreement with Iran,	232	(1)
The End of Kuwaiti Sovereignty,	232	(1)
Crisis Stalemate, September 1990-January 1991,	233	(2)
The Manipulation of Hostages,	233	(1)
Tightening Control over Kuwait,	234	(1)
The October Decision in the United States,	234	(1)
The Gulf War, 17 January-28 February 1991,	235	(6)
The Air Campaign,	235	(1)
The Attack on Khafji,	236	(1)
Last-Minute Bargaining,	237	(1)
The Ground Wear,	237	(2)
Military Defeat,	239	(1)
The Cease-Fire and UN Resolution 687,	239	(1)
The Costs of the War,	240	(1)
The Intifada, March 1991,	241	(12)
Motives and Participants,	242	(1)
The Rebellion in the South,	243	(2)
The Collapse of the Intifada in the South and Its Causes,	245	(3)
The Rebellion in the North,	248	(2)
Silence in the Center,	250	(1)
Repression of the Rebellion in the South,	251	(1)
Repression of the Rebellion in the North,	252	(1)
The State Unravels in the North,	253	(5)
The Kurdish Exodus,	253	(1)
Operation Provide Comfort,	254	(2)
Kurdish Negotiations with the Regime,	256	(1)
Government Withdrawal from the North,	257	(1)
The Repercussions of the War and Rebellion,	258	(3)
10 The Saddam Husain Regime, 1991-2003	261	(42)
The Regime's Survival, 1991-1995,	261	(4)
Talk of Reform,	262	(1)
The Revival of Tribalism,	262	(1)
Reliance on Family and Clan,	263	(1)
Restructuring the Military and Security,	264	(1)
The Imposition of Foreign Control on Iraq,	265	(5)
Recognition of Kuwait and Its Borders,	266	(1)
The Struggle over WMD,	266	(2)
Sanctions,	268	(2)
Opposition to the Regime, 1991-1995,	270	(7)
Opposition from the Center,	270	(1)
The Defection of Husain Kamil,	271	(2)
Opposition from Abroad,	273	(2)
Opposition from the Shia in the South,	275	(2)
The Kurds in the North,	277	(4)
Kurdish Elections,	277	(1)
Establishment of the Kurdish Regional Government,	278	(1)
Breakdown of the KRG,	279	(2)
Consolidation of the Regime and Its Limits, 1996-2003,	281	(7)
Acceptance of Resolution 986,	281	(1)
Modest Economic Revival,	282	(1)
Husain Kamil's Punishment,	283	(1)
The Assassination Attempt on Udayy,	284	(1)
Divisiveness Among the Kurds,	285	(1)
The Attack on the North, 1996,	286	(2)
The Foreign Dimension, 1996-2003,	288	(3)
The End of UNSCOM,	288	(2)
Remaining Cease-Fire Constraints,	290	(1)
The Domestic Situation, 1996-2003,	291	(11)
Political Structure,	292	(2)
Economic Stagnation and Social Decline,	294	(3)
Eroding National Vision,	297	(1)
The Challenge to Consensus in the North,	298	(2)
The Challenge to Consensus in the South,	300	(1)
The Challenge from Opposition Abroad,	301	(1)
A Decade of Stagnation,	302	(1)
Epilogue	303	(6)
The March Toward War,	304	(1)
The Three-Week War,	305	(1)
The Aftermath,	306	(1)
Iraq's New Chapter,	306	(3)
Appendix	309	(6)
Notes	315	(28)
Glossary	343	(6)
Political Personalities	349	(4)
Bibliography	353	(16)
Index	369