Modernising Education in Britain and China: Comparative Perspectives on Excellence and Social Inclusion

by Potts,Patricia

• ISBN13: 9780415298070
• ISBN10: 0415298075
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-04-04
• Publisher: RoutledgeFalmer

Summary

Modernizing Education in Britain and Chinaprovides an insightful perspective on inclusive educational reform in two different cultures. This comparative study examines a broad range of educational environments, from kindergartens to teacher training colleges. Primarily concerned with the question of inclusion, the book also addresses issues of language and communication, gender imbalances and inequalities, curricula for teacher education, critical questioning and frameworks for learning support.

Table of Contents

List of illustrations, figures and tables	x
Acknowledgements	xii
Preface: two dragons	xiii
Dragon One, 1988: The International Special Education
Conference, Beijing	xiii
Lessons in selection	xvi
Introduction	1	(8)
Education in Britain in the late 1980's	2	(1)
Education in China in the late 1980's	3	(2)
Structure of the book	5	(4)
PART 1
Contexts	9	(70)
Chapter 1 Modernisation, social justice and educational reform in Britain and China	11	(26)
Case study 1 Changning District Special School, Shanghai	28	(9)
Chapter 2 Formalities	37	(28)
Case study 2 Zhi Ling Special School, Guangzhou	56	(9)
Chapter 3 The journey of an educational idea	65	(14)
PART 2
Childhood	79	(34)
Case study 3
1 Nanjing Normal University	81	(4)
2 Jiangsu kindergarten for deaf children	85	(5)
Case study 4
1 Hangzhou University Child Development Centre	90	(5)
2 Da Shi Zhi Xiang Special School, Hangzhou	95	(5)
Case study 5
1 Nanjing 'experimental' kindergarten	100	(3)
2 Shanghai Weigi kindergarten	103	(1)
3 Childhood, modernisation and social inclusion	104	(9)
PART 3
Teacher education	113	(44)
Case study 6
1 Shanghai Municipal Education Commission	115	(8)
2 Higher Education for teachers at East China Normal University (ECNU)	123	(7)
Case study 7
1 Local authority policy document on inclusion in elementary schools,1997	130	(4)
2 Implementing the policy in an elementary school	134	(2)
3 Shanghai's compulsory inservice course for mainstream teachers	136	(4)
Case study 8
Learning in regular classes: including 'mentally retarded' children in two Shanghai elementary schools	140	(17)
PART 4
Language, culture and institutional reform	157	(28)
Case study 9
1 An Ting Normal School, Shanghai	159	(5)
2 Crazy English (Chinese film)	164	(6)
Case study 10
1 New roles for educators: some consequences of Normal School reform	170	(3)
2 Nanjing Special Education Normal School	173	(4)
Case study 11
Limingjie Special School, Jinan	177	(8)
PART 5
Discussion	185	(2)
Chapter 4 Language, citizenship and identities	187	(18)
Case study 12
Shenzhen Yuanping special school	199	(6)
Chapter 5 Questions are critical	205	(22)
Case study 13
Cleves Primary School, Newham	218	(9)
Chapter 6 Return journeys	227	(12)
Conclusion	239	(6)
Dragon Two, 2000	245	(4)
The International Special Education Congress,Manchester	245	(2)
A pendulum phenomenon in education: my experiences of schooling and my son's	247
Huang Zhicheng
Appendix: National policy document on including more students in mainstream schools	249	(5)
References	254	(9)
Index	263
1402011326
Preface	xiii
List of Symbols	xv
1 INTRODUCTION	1	(83)
1.1 Rainfall-Runoff Modeling	1	(1)
1.2 Catchment Characteristics	2	(2)
1.2.1 Catchment Length, Width, and slope	2	(1)
1.2.2 Catchment Area	3	(1)
1.2.3 Catchment Shape	3	(1)
1.2.4 Catchment Relief	3	(1)
1.2.5 Linear Measures	3	(1)
1.2.6 Drainage Patterns	4	(1)
1.3 Precipitation	4	(27)
1.3.1 Quantitative Description of Rainfall	4	(1)
1.3.2 Temporal and Spatial Variation of Rainfall	5	(1)
1.3.3 Average Rainfall over an Area	6	(2)
1.3.4 Rainfall Storm Analysis	8	(23)
1.4 Interception	31	(1)
1.5 Surface Detention and Depression Storage	32	(1)
1.6 Evaporation	33	(11)
1.6.1 Water Budget Method	33	(1)
1.6.2 Mass Transfer Method	34	(2)
1.6.3 Energy Budget Method	36	(1)
1.6.4 Combination Method	37	(2)
1.6.5 Pan Evaporation	39	(1)
1.6.6 Evapotranspiration	40	(4)
1.7 Infiltration	44	(14)
1.7.1 Mechanism of Water Retention by Soil	45	(1)
1.7.2 Retention Curves	46	(1)
1.7.3 Darcy's Law	47	(1)
1.7.4 Transport of Soil Moisture	47	(3)
1.7.5 Measurement of Infiltration	50	(1)
1.7.6 Conceptual Infiltration Models	51	(5)
1.7.7 Infiltration Indices	56	(2)
1.8 Runoff	58	(9)
1.8.1 Modes of Runoff Generation	58	(2)
1.8.2 Runoff Concentration	60	(1)
1.8.3 Time of Concentration	61	(2)
1.8.4 Lag Time	63	(2)
1.8.5 Flow in Stream Channels	65	(1)
1.8.6 Rating Curve	65	(1)
1.8.7 Antecedent Moisture	66	(1)
1.9 Determination of Runoff Hydrograph	67	(12)
1.9.1 Unit Hydrograph (UH)	67	(4)
1.9.2 Channel and Reservoir Routing	71	(8)
1.10 Scope of the SCS-CN Concept in Hydrology	79	(4)
1.10.1 Computation of Infiltration and DSRO Volumes	79	(1)
1.10.2 Computation of Infiltration Rates	79	(1)
1.10.3 Time-Distributed Event-Based Hydrologic Simulation	80	(2)
1.10.4 Long-Term Hydrologic Simulation	82	(1)
1.10.5 Transport of Urban Pollutants	82	(1)
1.10.6 Sediment Yield	83	(1)
1.11 Organization of the Book	83	(1)
2. SCS-CN METHOD	84	(63)
2.1 Historical Background	84	(1)
2.1.1 Experimental Watersheds and Infiltration Studies	84	(1)
2.1.2 Development of Rainfall-Runoff Methods	85	(1)
2.2 SCS-CN Method	85	(3)
2.3 Factors Affecting CN	88	(17)
2.3.1 Soil Type	89	(4)
2.3.2 Land Use	93	(6)
2.3.3 Hydrologic Condition	99	(1)
2.3.4 Agricultural Management Practices	100	(1)
2.3.5 Antecedent Moisture Condition	101	(3)
2.3.6 Initial Abstraction and Climate	104	(1)
2.3.7 Rainfall intensity and Duration and Turbidity	105	(1)
2.4 Determination of Curve Number	105	(3)
2.4.1 Development of CN for Complexes	108	(1)
2.4.2 Rationale of Curve Number	108	(1)
2.5 Use of NEH-4 Tables for SCS-CN Application	108	(6)
2.6 Sensitivity Analysis	114	(15)
2.6.1 First-Order Sensitivity Analysis	115	(3)
2.6.2 Conventional Analysis	118	(11)
2.7 Advantages and Limitations of the SCS-CN Method	129	(1)
2.8 SCS-CN Application to Distributed Watershed Modeling	130	(17)
2.8.1 Availability of Data	130	(1)
2.8.2 Moglen Method	131	(5)
2.8.3 Advantages and Limitations of the Moglen Method	136	(1)
2.8.4 Modified Moglen Method	136	(7)
2.8.5 Features of the Modified Moglen Method	143	(2)
2.8.6 Advantages and Limitations of the Modified Moglen Method	145	(2)
3. ANALYTICAL DERIVATION OF THE SCS-CN METHOD	147	(58)
3.1 Early Rainfall-Runoff Methods	147	(2)
3.2 Analytical Derivation of the Mockus and Other Methods	149	(4)
3.2.1 Derivation of Mockus Method	149	(2)
3.2.2 Derivation of Zoch Model	151	(1)
3.2.3 Derivation of Depression and Interception Storage Models	152	(1)
3.3 Generalization of the SCS-CN Method	153	(14)
3.3.1 Generalization of the Mockus Method	153	(1)
3.3.2 Statistical Derivation of the SCS-CN Method	154	(5)
3.3.3 SCS-CN Derivation From the First-Order Hypothesis	159	(1)
3.3.4 Derivation of SCS-CN Proportional Equality	160	(1)
3.3.5 Non-Linear Derivation of SCS-CN Method	161	(2)
3.3.6 SCS-CN Derivation Including Initial Abstraction	163	(2)
3.3.7 Development of an Initial Abstraction Model	165	(2)
3.4 Implication of Generalization of the Mockas Method	167	(1)
3.4.1 Modification of the SCS-CN Method	167	(1)
3.4.2 General Form of SCS-CN Model	167	(1)
3.5 Characteristics of the SCS-CN and Mockus Methods	168	(11)
3.5.1 Mockus Method	168	(1)
3.5.2 SCS-CN Method	169	(1)
3.5.3 Numerical Comparison of Methods	170	(3)
3.5.4 Models Performance on Field Data	173	(6)
3.6 Functional Behaviour of the Existing and Modified SCS-CN Methods	179	(7)
3.6.1 Existing SCS-CN Method	179	(5)
3.6.2 Modified SCS-CN Method	184	(2)
3.7 Significance of the Proportional Equality	186	(5)
3.7.1 Soil Porosity	187	(1)
3.7.2 Proportional Equality	187	(1)
3.7.3 Significance of CN	188	(2)
3.7.4 Another Interpretation of S-CN Mapping Relation	190	(1)
3.8 Antecedent Moisture Conditions	191	(9)
3.8.1 Variation of CN With AMC	194	(2)
3.8.2 CN Derivation From Rainfall-Runoff Data	196	(4)
3.9 SCS-CN Concept as an Alternative to Power Law	200	(5)
4. DETERMINATION OF 'S' USING VOLUMETRIC CONCEPT	205	(39)
4.1 Analytical Derivation	205	(20)
4.1.1 Equivalence Between SCS-CN Proportionality and C=Sr Concepts	206	(1)
4.1.2 Effect of Antecedent Moisture Condition	207	(2)
4.1.3 Effect of Initial Abstraction	209	(6)
4.1.4 Effect of Fc	215	(6)
4.1.5 Effect of Storm Duration, Rainfall Intensity, and Turbidity	221	(3)
4.1.6 Effect of Agricultural Management Practices	224	(1)
4.2 Verification of Existing AMC Criteria	225	(1)
4.3 Determination of S	226	(3)
4.3.1 Homogeneous Gauged Watersheds	226	(1)
4.3.2 Heterogeneous Gauged Watersheds	227	(1)
4.3.3 Ungauged Watersheds	228	(1)
4.4 Use of NEH-4 Tables	229	(14)
4.4.1 Workability of Model 4	229	(3)
4.4.2 Inverse Computation of Fc From NEH-4 CN-Values	232	(3)
4.4.3 Verification of AMCCriteria For Fc-Values	235	(1)
4.4.4 Applicability of NEH-4 Tables to Existing and General Models	235	(4)
4.4.5 Condensation of NEH-4 Table	239	(4)
4.5 Advantages and Limitations of the Modified Model	243	(1)
5. DETERMINATION OF 'S' USING PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES	244	(34)
5.1 Fokker-Planck Equation Of Infiltration	245	(6)
5.2 Description of S	251	(14)
5.2.1 Use of S5 And Kh	251	(1)
5.2.2 Use of h-0 And W-0 Relations	252	(10)
5.2.3 Use of Intrinsic Sorptivity	262	(1)
5.2.4 Vertical Infiltration	263	(2)
5.2.5 Kinematic Wave	265	(1)
5.3 S/P Relations for the Modified Model	265	(9)
5.3.1 Effect of Fc On Si	267	(1)
5.3.2 Effect of M On Si	268	(5)
5.3.3 Effect of N On Si	273	(1)
5.3.3 Effect of P On Si	274	(1)
5.4 Determination of D5 From Universal Soil Loss Equation	274	(4)
6. INFILTRATION AND RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH SIMULATION	278	(45)
6.1 SCS-CN-Based Infiltration and Runoff Models	278	(4)
6.2 Application Of Infiltration and Runoff Models	282	(41)
6.2.1 Infiltration Data	282	(1)
6.2.2 Ars Watersheds	282	(1)
6.2.3 Error Criteria for simulation	283	(1)
6.2.4 Model Application to Infiltration Data	284	(7)
6.2.5 Model Application to Rainfall-Runoff Data	291	(32)
7. LONG-TERM HYDROLOGIC SIMULATION	323	(37)
7.1 SCS-CN-Based Hydrologic Models	324	(12)
7.1.1 Williams-Laseur Model	324	(5)
7.1.2 Hawkins Model	329	(4)
7.1.3 Pandit and Gopalakrishnan Model	333	(1)
7.1.4 Mishra et al. Model	334	(2)
7.2 Simulation Using the Modified SCS-CN Model	336	(10)
7.2.1 Rainfall-Excess Computation	336	(1)
7.2.2 Soil Moisture Budgeting	336	(1)
7.2.3 Computation of Evapotranspiration	337	(1)
7.2.4 Catchment Routing	338	(1)
7.2.5 Baseflow Computation	338	(8)
7.3 Application of the Modified SCS-CN Model	346	(10)
7.3.1 Parameter Estimation	346	(1)
7.3.2 Model Calibration and Validation	347	(1)
7.3.3 Volumetric statistic	348	(5)
7.3.4 Effect of Storm Duration on Model Parameters	353	(1)
7.3.5 Sensitivity Analysis	354	(2)
7.4 Application of the Variations of the Modified SCS-CN Model	356	(4)
8. TRANSPORT OF URBAN POLLUTANTS	360	(76)
8.1 Heavy Metals	361	(1)
8.2 Metal Partitioning	362	(2)
8.3 Metal Transport	364	(5)
8.3.1 Rating Curves In Open Channel Hydraulics	364	(3)
8.3.2 Governing Flow and Metal Transport Equations of Equivalent Mass Depth of Flow	367	(1)
8.3.4 Relation Between Concentration and Equivalent Mass Depth	368	(1)
8.4 SCS-CN Analogy for Metal Partitioning	369	(5)
8.5 Application of Wave Analogy	374	(26)
8.5.1 Experimental Watershed	374	(1)
8.5.2 Development of Looped Mass Rating Curves	374	(5)
8.5.3 Process of Mixing of Metals With Rainfall	379	(2)
8.5.4 Development of Normal Mass Rating Curves	381	(8)
8.5.5 Wave Analysis	389	(6)
8.5.6 Determination of Potential Mass Depth of Flow	395	(1)
8.5.7 Limitations of Wave Analogy	396	(4)
8.6 Application of the SCS-CN Analogy To Metal Partitioning in the Rainfall-Runoff Environment	400	(8)
8.6.1 Derivation of Kd And PCN	400	(5)
8.6.2 Relations Between and Chemical Characteristics of Rainfall	405	(1)
8.6.3 Relation Between IF and	406	(1)
8.6.4 Relation Between ADP and	407	(1)
8.7 Application of the SCS-CN Analogy To Metal Partitioning in the Snowmelt Environment	408	(10)
8.7.1 Snowmelt Water Quality Data	408	(5)
8.7.2 Metal Partitioning in Snowmelt Medium	413	(1)
8.7.3 Relation of PCN And Ka With the Medium Characteristics	414	(4)
8.7.4 PCN-and Kd-Based Ranking Of Metals	418	(1)
8.8 Application of the SCS-CN Analogy To Metal Partitioning in the Riverflow Environment	418	(5)
8.8.1 Don River Flow and Water Quality Data	418	(1)
8.8.2 Metal Partitioning in River Flow system	419	(3)
8.8.3 Relation Between Partitioning Parameters and Medium Characteristics	422	(1)
8.9 P/CN-Based Characterization of Media	423	(1)
8.10 Determination of Annual Pollutant Loads	424	(10)
8.10.1 NPDES Permit	424	(1)
8.10.2 Dry-and Wet-Weather Conditions	425	(1)
8.10.3 Methodology for Estimation of Annual Loads	425	(3)
8.10.4 Application Results	428	(6)
8.11 Summary	434	(2)
9. SEDIMENT YIELD	436	(21)
9.1 Computation of Sediment Yield	437	(2)
9.2 Analytical Derivation	439	(7)
9.2.1 Coupling of SCS-CN Method With USLE	440	(6)
9.3 Application	446	(11)
9.3.1 Study Areas	446	(1)
9.3.2 Discussion of Results	447	(10)
Appendix A: SCS-CN Theory for S Including Ia	457	(6)
Appendix B: Marquardt Algorithm	463	(5)
Appendix C: Analytical Derivation For Wave Characteristics	468	(11)
Appendix D: Universal Soil Loss Equation	479	(2)
References	481	(19)
Author Index	500	(5)
Subject Index	505