Molecular and Biophysical Mechanisms of Arousal, Alertness and Attention, Volume 1129

by Pfaff, Donald W.; Kieffer, Brigitte

• ISBN13: 9781573317030
• ISBN10: 1573317039
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2008-06-16
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

Brain mechanisms for arousal, alertness, and attention underlie all cognitive functions and all emotional expression. This volume discusses the neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and functional genomics of these states, and the medical consequences of their damage in human patients -- e.g. vegetative states, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, age-related dementias, mood disorders and sleep disorders. The volume also discusses problems related to vigilance, environmental toxins, fatigue states, circadian rhythms, and sleep/wake physiology, and presents and discusses relevant research techniques, with an emphasis on molecular genetics and on human and animal behavior.NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas.ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit www.nyas.org/membership/main.asp for more information about becoming a member.

Author Biography

Donald Wells Pfaffis a professor and head of the Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior at The Rockefeller University in New York City. Dr. Brigitte Kieffer is a French molecular neurobiologist known for her research of opiate receptors. Her areas of expertise include: molecular psychiatry, addiction, mood disorders, pain, and developmental disorders.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Mechanisms for the Regulation of State Changes in the Central Nervous System: An Introduction	p. 1
Elementary Central Nervous System Arousal
Mechanisms in the Animal Brain
Concepts and Mechanisms of Generalized Central Nervous System Arousal	p. 11
Modulation of Cortical Activation and Behavioral Arousal by Cholinergic and Orexinergic Systems	p. 26
Dopamine Signaling in the Dorsal Striatum Is Essential for Motivated Behaviors: Lessons from Dopamine-Deficient Mice	p. 35
Ablation of the Central Noradrenergic Neurons for Unraveling Their Roles in Stress and Anxiety	p. 47
Heightened States of Arousal: Sex and Fear
Neural Substrates for Sexual Preference and Motivation in the Female and Male Rat	p. 55
Motivational Influences on the Degree and Direction of Sexual Attraction	p. 61
Fear Conditioning and Long-term Potentiation in the Amygdala: What Really Is the Connection?	p. 88
Insights into the Pharmacological Potential of Estrogens and Phytoestrogens on Catecholamine Signaling	p. 96
Elementary Central Nervous System Arousal: Clinical Studies
Central Thalamic Contributions to Arousal Regulation and Neurological Disorders of Consciousness	p. 105
Intrinsic Brain Activity in Altered States of Consciousness: How Conscious Is the Default Mode of Brain Function?	p. 119
Detecting Awareness in the Vegetative State	p. 130
The Emotion-Cognition Interface
Neural Mechanisms Underlying Selective Attention to Threat	p. 141
Toward a Neurogenetic Theory of Neuroticism	p. 153
Gene Expression Is Altered in the Lateral Hypothalamus upon Activation of the mu Opioid Receptor	p. 175
Bipolar Disorder as Maladaptive Arousal: A Behavioral Model and Evidence	p. 185
Alertness and Attention
Underlying Mechanisms
Measuring Alertness	p. 193
Molecular Genetics of Attention	p. 200
Potential Anatomical Basis for Attentional Modulation of Hippocampal Neurons	p. 213
Cholinergic Mediation of Attention: Contributions of Phasic and Tonic Increases in Prefrontal Cholinergic Activity	p. 225
Neuronal Mechanisms Underlying Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Influence of Arousal on Prefrontal Cortical Function	p. 236
Placing Neuroanatomical Models of Executive Function in a Developmental Context: Imaging and Imaging-Genetic Strategies	p. 246
Functional Gene Variation in the Human Norepinephrine Transporter: Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	p. 256
Circadian Rhythms in the Activation of Behavior
Physiologic Mechanisms of Arousal and Sleep
Circadian and Homeostatic Factors in Arousal	p. 263
Hypothalamic Regulation of Sleep and Arousal	p. 275
Associations between Sleep Loss and Increased Risk of Obesity and Diabetes	p. 287
Sleep Deprivation and Vigilant Attention	p. 305
Genomics of Sleep and Biological Clocks
Sleep and Wakefulness in Drosophila melanogaster	p. 323
Why Does Consciousness Fade in Early Sleep?	p. 330
Molecular Mechanisms of Sleep and Wakefulness	p. 335
The In(put)s and Out(put)s of the Drosophila Circadian Clock	p. 350
Peripheral Circadian Oscillators: Interesting Mechanisms and Powerful Tools	p. 358
Index of Contributors	p. 371
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