Multicultural Counseling and Psychotherapy : A Lifespan Perspective

by Baruth, Leroy G; Manning, M. Lee

• ISBN13: 9780131706811
• ISBN10: 0131706810
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Written to explore the lives and potential counseling problems of African American, Hispanic American, Asian American, European American, and Native American populations, this book considers the powerful influences of a client's developmental stage and cultural background. It maintains that integrating multicultural and lifespan considerations are crucial to counseling effectiveness. The authors advocate an understanding of individual differencescultural, ethnic, racial, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic, and individualin order for counselors to use existing strategies to their best advantage.Includes coverage on intervening with clients from counseling specific groups during various lifespan stages, and professional issues/future directions of the multicultural counseling field. It provides readers with an awareness of gender issues, how counseling issues differ for various age groups as well as providing current information related to counseling people with disabilities.For professionals in the field of counseling.

Table of Contents

PART I Overview	1	(80)
Introduction to Multicultural Counseling and Psychotherapy	3	(30)
Clients: Today and in the Future	4	(2)
African Americans	5	(1)
American Indians	5	(1)
Asian Americans	5	(1)
European Americans	5	(1)
Hispanic Americans	6	(1)
Understanding Diversity Among Clients in a Pluralistic Society	6	(11)
Culture, Subculture, and Intraculture	6	(1)
Race	7	(1)
Ethnicity	7	(1)
Worldview	8	(1)
Social Class	8	(4)
Generational Differences	12	(1)
Gender	12	(1)
Gender Perspectives 1.1: Immigrant Women and Counseling	13	(1)
Sexual Orientation	13	(1)
A Focus on Research 1.1: Contributions of Multicultural Counseling to Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients	14	(1)
A Focus on Research 1.2: Information and Attitude Exploration	14	(1)
Disabilities	15	(2)
Lifespan Development
Counseling and Psychotherapy in a Multicultural Society	17	(11)
A Brief Historical Overview of Multicultural Counseling	17	(1)
Definitions	18	(1)
Research Directions	19	(1)
Counseling and Culture	19	(1)
Counseling and Counselor's Identity	20	(1)
Professional Status, Growth, and Progress	21	(1)
Resources and Guidelines	21	(1)
Ethics	22	(1)
A Focus on Research 1.3: Multicultural Counseling and Ethical Practices	22	(1)
Challenges and Barriers	23	(5)
Value of Understanding a Client's Developmental Stage	28	(1)
Counseling Intervention: Cultural Considerations	28	(3)
Individual and Group Therapy	28	(1)
A Focus on Research 1.4: Group Work Issues	29	(1)
Marriage and Family	30	(1)
A Focus on Research 1.5: Culturally Effective Family-Based Research Programs	30	(1)
A Point of Departure	31	(1)
Challenges Confronting Counselors in Multicultural Settings	31	(1)
Summary	31	(1)
Suggested Readings	31	(2)
Identity Development and Models	33	(23)
Understanding Identity	34	(4)
Culture and Identity	34	(1)
Development and Identity	35	(1)
Gender and Identity	35	(1)
Gender Perspectives 2.1: The Lives of Women with Severe Work Disabilities	36	(1)
Prejudice and Identity	36	(1)
A Focus on Research 2.1: White Racial Identity and Racism	37	(1)
Individualism and Identity	38	(1)
The Counselor's Identity: Developing Self-Awareness	38	(2)
Self-Awareness	38	(1)
Awareness of One's Culture and Sensitivity to One's Cultural Heritage	39	(1)
Awareness and Attitudes, Values, and Biases About Psychological Processes	40	(1)
The Ponterotto Model---The White Counselor's Identity	40	(1)
Identity Development Models	41	(13)
Minority Racial/Cultural Identity Model	41	(2)
Biracial Identity Development Model	43	(1)
A Focus on Research 2.2: African Americans' Racial Identity and Socially Desirable Responding	44	(1)
White Racial Identity Attitude Theory (WRIAT) Model	45	(1)
Biracial Identity Model	46	(1)
Asian Identity Model	47	(1)
A Focus on Research 2.3: Pilipino American Identity Development Model	48	(1)
Hispanic Identity Model	49	(1)
Feminist Identity Model	50	(2)
Lesbian/Gay Identity Development Model	52	(1)
Multicultural Identity Model	52	(2)
Multiple Dimensions of Identity
Addressing Identity-Related Difficulties and Hurdles	54	(1)
Achieving Objectivity	54	(1)
Avoiding Western Identity Perspectives of Individualism	54	(1)
A Point of Departure	54	(1)
Challenges Confronting Counselors in Multicultural Settings	54	(1)
Summary	55	(1)
Suggested Readings	55	(1)
The Culturally Effective Counselor	56	(25)
Cultural Diversity and the Counseling Profession	57	(5)
Minority Counseling Professionals	57	(1)
Barriers to Effective Multicultural Counseling	58	(1)
A Focus on Research 3.1: Supervision in Bilingual Counseling	59	(3)
Worldviews: Assessment Approaches	62	(1)
Culturally Effective Counselors	63	(7)
Awareness of Self	63	(1)
Multicultural Counseling Competencies	64	(6)
Ethics in Multicultural Counseling	70	(6)
1995 ACA Code of Ethics	70	(2)
A Focus on Research 3.2: Ethical Dilemmas in Multicultural Counseling	72	(1)
Professional Training and Preparation	73	(2)
Gender Perspectives 3.1: Feminism and Feminist Therapy	75	(1)
Cross-Cultural Counseling Supervision	75	(1)
Training and Preparation Issues	76	(3)
A Focus on Research 3.3: School Counselors as Developmental Advocates	77	(1)
Counselor Self-Development	78	(1)
A Point of Departure	79	(1)
Challenges Confronting Effective Counselors	79	(1)
Summary	79	(1)
Suggested Readings	79	(2)
PART II Understanding and Counseling Clients in Multicultural Settings and Throughout the Lifespan	81	(304)
Multicultural Human Growth and Development	83	(26)
A Focus on Research 4.1: Diversity and Human Development	84	(4)
Prenatal and Infancy Stages	88	(2)
Crucial Periods	88	(1)
Multicultural Differences	89	(1)
Children	90	(4)
Childhood Years: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives	90	(1)
Multicultural Differences	91	(1)
Child Development	91	(1)
Gender Differences	92	(1)
Self-Concept	92	(1)
Stress	93	(1)
Adolescents	94	(3)
Adolescent Years: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives	94	(1)
Multicultural Differences	94	(1)
Adolescent Identity	94	(1)
Gender Differences	95	(1)
Self-Concept	95	(1)
Adolescents Who Are at Risk	96	(1)
Adults	97	(4)
Adulthood Years: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives	97	(1)
Adult Development	97	(1)
Gender Perspectives 4.1: Midlife and Beyond: Issues for Aging Women	98	(1)
Gender Differences	98	(1)
Concerns and Tasks of Adulthood	99	(1)
Stress and Stress-Related Illnesses	100	(1)
Early Adulthood and Middle Adulthood	100	(1)
Racial Identity and Self-Esteem	101	(1)
The Elderly	101	(6)
Elderly Years: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives	101	(2)
A Focus on Research 4.2: Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Elders: Needs and Concerns	103	(1)
Elderly Development	103	(1)
Gender Differences	104	(1)
Health Problems and Concerns of the Elderly	104	(1)
A Focus on Research 4.3: Trauma, Support, and Satisfaction Among Older Adults	105	(2)
A Point of Departure: Challenges Confronting Counselors	107	(1)
Summary	107	(1)
Suggested Readings	108	(1)
Understanding African American Clients	109	(26)
African Americans: Demographics	110	(2)
African American Children	112	(4)
Social and Cultural Description	112	(1)
Communication	113	(1)
Families	114	(1)
A Focus on Research 5.1: Resilience and African American Children	114	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting African American Children	115	(1)
Up Close and Personal 5.1: Carl, an African American Child	116	(1)
African American Adolescents	116	(4)
Social and Cultural Description	116	(1)
A Focus on Research 5.2: Risk in Early Adolescent African American Youth	117	(1)
Communication	118	(1)
Families	119	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting African American Adolescents	119	(1)
Up Close and Personal 5.2: Tyrone, an African American Adolescent	120	(1)
African American Adults	120	(9)
Social and Cultural Description	120	(4)
Communication	124	(1)
Families	125	(1)
A Focus on Research 5.3: Development in the Family	125	(2)
Gender Perspectives 5.1: The Psychology of Black Woman	127	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting African American Adults	127	(1)
A Focus on Research 5.4: Person Factors and Suicidal Behaviors	128	(1)
Up Close and Personal 5.3: Cynthia, an African American Woman	129	(1)
African American Elderly	129	(4)
Social and Cultural Description	129	(1)
A Focus on Research 5.5: Life Experiences of African American Elders	130	(1)
Communication	131	(1)
Families	131	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting the African American Elderly	132	(1)
Up Close and Personal 5.4: Eloise, an Elderly African American	132	(1)
A Point of Departure: Challenges Confronting Counselors of African Americans	133	(1)
Summary	133	(1)
Suggested Readings	134	(1)
Counseling African American Clients	135	(23)
African American Children	136	(4)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	136	(1)
Counseling Considerations	136	(1)
A Focus on Research 6.1: Counselors Collaborating with African American Parents	137	(3)
Up Close and Personal 6.1: Counseling Carl, an African American child	140	(1)
African American Adolescents	140	(7)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	140	(1)
A Focus on Research 6.2: Intervention Strategies for African American Male Adolescents	141	(1)
Counseling Considerations	142	(1)
A Focus on Research 6.3: Nurturing Excellence in African American Males	142	(3)
A Focus on Research 6.4: Group Counseling	145	(1)
Gender Perspectives 6.1: Empowerment Groups for At-Risk Urban African American Girls	145	(1)
Up Close and Personal 6.2: Counseling Tyrone, an African American Adolescent	146	(1)
African American Adults	147	(5)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	147	(1)
Counseling Considerations	148	(1)
A Focus on Research 6.5: Menopause Symptoms and Attitudes of African American Women	149	(3)
Up Close and Personal 6.3: Counseling Cynthia, an African American Adult	152	(1)
African American Elderly	152	(4)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	152	(1)
A Focus on Research 6.6: Ethnic Differences in Family Caregiving	153	(1)
Counseling Considerations	153	(2)
Up Close and Personal 6.4: Counseling Eloise, an Elderly African American	155	(1)
A Point of Departure: Challenges Confronting Counselors of African Americans	156	(1)
Summary	156	(1)
Suggested Readings	156	(2)
Understanding American Indian Clients	158	(20)
American Indians: Demographics	159	(1)
American Indian Children	160	(5)
Social and Cultural Description	160	(2)
A Focus on Research 7.1: Identity and Pride in American Indian Children	162	(1)
Communication	162	(1)
Families	163	(1)
Up Close and Personal 7.1: Bill Lonetree, an American Indian Child	164	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting American Indian Children	164	(1)
American Indian Adolescents	165	(4)
Social and Cultural Description	165	(1)
Communication	166	(1)
Families	167	(1)
Up Close and Personal 7.2: Ed Lonetree, an American Indian Adolescent	167	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting American Indian Adolescents	168	(1)
A Focus on Research 7.2: Alternative School Formats for American Indians	169	(1)
American Indian Adults	169	(5)
Social and Cultural Description	169	(2)
Communication	171	(1)
A Focus on Research 7.3: Strengthening the Northern Cheyenne in Language and Culture	171	(1)
Families	172	(1)
Up Close and Personal 7.3: John Lonetree, an American Indian Adult	172	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting American Indian Adults	173	(1)
American Indian Elderly	174	(2)
Social and Cultural Description	174	(1)
Communication	175	(1)
Families	175	(1)
Up Close and Personal 7.4: Wenonah Lonetree, an American Indian Elder	176	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting the American Indian Elderly	176	(1)
A Point of Departure: Challenges Confronting Counselors of American Indians	176	(1)
Summary	177	(1)
Suggested Readings	177	(1)
Counseling American Indian Clients	178	(21)
American Indian Children	179	(3)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	179	(1)
A Focus on Research 8.1: Ego Development and Ethnic Identity Formation	180	(1)
Counseling Considerations	180	(2)
Up Close and Personal 8.1: Counseling Bill Lonetree, an American Indian Child	182	(1)
American Indian Adolescents	182	(4)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	182	(1)
A Focus on Research 8.2: Minority Adolescents and Substance Abuse	183	(1)
Counseling Considerations	183	(3)
Up Close and Personal 8.2: Counseling Ed Lonetree, an American Indian Adolescent	186	(1)
American Indian Adults	186	(9)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	186	(1)
Counseling Considerations	187	(2)
A Focus on Research 8.3: American Indian Perspectives of Euro-American Counseling Behavior	189	(3)
Gender Perspectives 8.1: Beloved Women and the Sacred Fire of Leadership	192	(2)
Up Close and Personal 8.3: Counseling John Lonetree, an American Indian Adult	194	(1)
American Indian Elderly	195	(2)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	195	(1)
Counseling Considerations	195	(2)
Up Close and Personal 8.4: Counseling Wenonah Lonetree, an Elderly American Indian	197	(1)
A Point of Departure: Challenges Confronting Counselors of American Indians	197	(1)
Summary	198	(1)
Suggested Readings	198	(1)
Understanding Asian American Clients	199	(24)
Asian Americans: Demographics	200	(2)
Asian American Children	202	(4)
Social and Cultural Description	202	(1)
Communication	203	(1)
A Focus on Research 9.1: Asian American Children with Augmentative and Alternative Certification Needs	204	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting Asian American Children	205	(1)
Up Close and Personal 9.1: Mina, an Asian American Child	205	(1)
Asian American Adolescents	206	(4)
Social and Cultural Description	206	(1)
Communication	207	(1)
Families	207	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting Asian American Adolescents	208	(1)
A Focus on Research 9.2: Mental Health Symptoms of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese Immigrant Youth	208	(1)
Up Close and Personal 9.2: Rieko, an Asian American Adolescent	209	(1)
Asian American Adults	210	(5)
Social and Cultural Description	210	(1)
Gender Perspectives 9.1: Understanding Vietnamese Women Refugees	210	(1)
Communication	211	(1)
Families	212	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting Asian American Adults	213	(1)
A Focus on Research 9.3: Substance Abuse and Asian Americans	214	(1)
Up Close and Personal 9.3: Han, an Asian American Adult	214	(1)
Asian American Elderly	215	(5)
Social and Cultural Description	215	(1)
A Focus on Research 9.4: Caring for Filipino, Southeastern Asian, and Indian Patients	216	(1)
A Focus on Research 9.5: Pathways to Caring for Alzheimer's Disease Among Korean Americans	217	(1)
Communication	218	(1)
Families	218	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting Asian American Elderly	218	(2)
Up Close and Personal 9.4: Grandfather Sukuzi: An Asian American Elder	220	(1)
A Point of Departure: Challenges Confronting Counselors of Asian Americans	220	(1)
Summary	221	(1)
Suggested Readings	221	(2)
Counseling Asian American Clients	223	(21)
Asian American Children	224	(3)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	224	(1)
Counseling Considerations	224	(2)
A Focus on Research 10.1: Asian Shades of Spirituality	226	(1)
Up Close and Personal 10.1: Counseling Mina, an Asian American Child	227	(1)
Asian American Adolescents	227	(4)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	227	(1)
Counseling Considerations	228	(1)
A Focus on Research 10.2: Therapeutic Dilemmas in Cross-Cultural Practice	229	(2)
Up Close and Personal 10.2: Counseling Rieko, an Asian American Adolescent	231	(1)
Asian American Adults	231	(8)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	231	(1)
Counseling Considerations	232	(1)
A Focus on Research 10.3: Asian Americans and Client Expectations	232	(6)
Up Close and Personal 10.3: Counseling Han, an Asian American Adult	238	(1)
Asian American Elderly	239	(3)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	239	(1)
Counseling Considerations	239	(1)
Gender Perspectives 10.1: Gender Differences in Economic Support	240	(1)
Up Close and Personal 10.4: Counseling Grandfather Sukuzi, an Asian American Elder	241	(1)
A Point of Departure: Challenges Confronting Counselors of Asian Americans	242	(1)
Summary	242	(1)
Suggested Readings	243	(1)
Understanding European American Clients	244	(22)
European Americans: Demographics	245	(1)
European American Children	246	(3)
Social and Cultural Description	246	(1)
Communication	246	(1)
A Focus on Research 11.1: Children of Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Fathers	247	(1)
Families	247	(1)
Up Close and Personal 11.1: Christina, a European American Child	248	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting European American Children	248	(1)
European American Adolescents	249	(4)
Social and Cultural Description	249	(1)
Communication	250	(1)
Gender Perspectives 11.1: Female Adolescents and Depression	250	(1)
Families	251	(1)
Up Close and Personal 11.2: Nikos, a European American Adolescent	252	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting European American Adolescents	252	(1)
A Focus on Research 11.2: Adolescent Violence	253	(1)
European American Adults	253	(6)
Social and Cultural Description	253	(2)
A Focus on Research 11.3: Marital Quality in Black and White Marriages	255	(1)
Communication	255	(1)
Families	256	(2)
Up Close and Personal 11.3: Olympia, a European American Adult	258	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting European American Adults	259	(1)
European American Elderly	259	(5)
Social and Cultural Description	259	(1)
Communication	260	(1)
Families	261	(1)
Up Close and Personal 11.4: Costas, an Elderly European American	261	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting Elderly European Americans	262	(1)
A Focus on Research 11.4: Alcohol Problems Among Aging Adults	263	(1)
A Point of Departure: Challenges Confronting Counselors of European Americans	264	(1)
Summary	264	(1)
Suggested Readings	265	(1)
Counseling European American Clients	266	(20)
European American Children	267	(4)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	267	(1)
Counseling Considerations	267	(1)
A Focus on Research 12.1: Children and Psychotropic Medicine	268	(3)
Up Close and Personal 12.1: Counseling Christina, a European American Child	271	(1)
European American Adolescents	271	(4)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	271	(1)
A Focus on Research 12.2: Person-Centered Counseling and Sexual Minority Adolescents	272	(1)
Counseling Considerations	272	(3)
Up Close and Personal 12.2: Counseling Nikos, a European American Adolescent	275	(1)
European American Adults	275	(6)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	275	(1)
A Focus on Research 12.3: Understanding and Treating Social Phobia	276	(1)
Counseling Considerations	277	(1)
Gender Perspectives 12.1: Counseling and Traditional Male Gender Role	277	(4)
Up Close and Personal 12.3: Counseling Olympia, a European American Adult	281	(1)
European American Elderly	281	(3)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	281	(1)
A Focus on Research 12.4: Obesity and Older American Men and Women	282	(1)
Counseling Considerations	282	(1)
Up Close and Personal 12.4: Counseling Costas, a European American Elder	283	(1)
A Point of Departure: Challenges Confronting Counselors of European Americans	284	(1)
Summary	284	(1)
Suggested Readings	284	(2)
Understanding Hispanic American Clients	286	(21)
Hispanic Americans: Demographics	287	(1)
A Focus on Research 13.1: Annual Income, Hourly Wages Among Mexican Americans and Other Latinos	288	(1)
Hispanic American Children	288	(4)
Social and Cultural Description	288	(1)
A Focus on Research 13.2: Single Parenthood and White, Black, and Hispanic Children	289	(1)
Communication	290	(1)
Families	290	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting Hispanic American Children	290	(1)
Up Close and Personal 13.1: Ramon, a Hispanic American Child	291	(1)
Hispanic American Adolescents	292	(4)
Social and Cultural Description	292	(1)
A Focus on Research 13.3: Anger in Adolescents	293	(1)
Communication	293	(1)
Families	294	(1)
Up Close and Personal 13.2: Carlos, a Hispanic American Adolescent	295	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting Hispanic American Adolescents	295	(1)
Hispanic American Adults	296	(5)
Social and Cultural Description	296	(1)
Communication	297	(1)
Families	297	(2)
Unique Challenges Confronting Hispanic American Adults	299	(1)
A Focus on Research 13.4: Hispanic Healthcare Disparities	300	(1)
Up Close and Personal 13.3: Carla, a Hispanic American Adult	301	(1)
Hispanic American Elderly	301	(4)
Social and Cultural Description	301	(2)
Communication	303	(1)
Families	303	(1)
Up Close and Personal 13.4: Papa Rafael, a Hispanic American Elder	304	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting Hispanic American Elderly	304	(1)
A Point of Departure: Challenges Confronting Counselors of Hispanic Americans	305	(1)
Summary	306	(1)
Suggested Readings	306	(1)
Counseling Hispanic American Clients	307	(21)
Hispanic American Children	308	(3)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	308	(1)
A Focus on Research 14.1: Perceived School Environments, Perceived Discrimination, and School Performance Among Children of Mexican Immigrants	309	(1)
Counseling Considerations	309	(2)
Up Close and Personal 14.1: Counseling Ramon, a Hispanic American Child	311	(1)
Hispanic American Adolescents	311	(5)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	311	(1)
Gender Perspectives 14.1: Sexual Behaviors and Risks Among Bisexual and Gay Latino Men	312	(1)
Counseling Considerations	313	(3)
Up Close and Personal 14.2: Counseling Carlos, a Hispanic American Adolescent	316	(1)
Hispanic American Adults	316	(7)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	316	(1)
Counseling Considerations	317	(3)
A Focus on Research 14.2: Marital Conflict Among Mexican American Husbands and Wives	320	(3)
Up Close and Personal 14.3: Counseling Carla, a Hispanic American Adult	323	(1)
Hispanic American Elderly	323	(4)
Potential Problems Warranting Counseling Intervention	323	(1)
A Focus on Research 14.3: Treating the Hispanic Elderly	324	(1)
Counseling Considerations	324	(2)
Up Close and Personal 14.4: Counseling Papa Rafael, a Hispanic American Elder	326	(1)
A Point of Departure: Challenges Confronting Counselors of Hispanic Americans	327	(1)
Summary	327	(1)
Suggested Readings	327	(1)
Understanding Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients	328	(27)
Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals	329	(8)
Terminology	329	(1)
Demographics	329	(1)
Historical and Cultural Contexts	330	(1)
A Focus on Research 15.1: Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People of Color	331	(1)
Coming Out and Identity Development	332	(5)
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Children	337	(4)
A Focus on Research 15.2: Children of the Closet	338	(1)
Social and Cultural Description	338	(1)
Coming Out and Identity Development	339	(1)
Up Close and Personal 15.1: Troy, African American and ``Different''	340	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting LGB Children	340	(1)
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adolescents	341	(4)
Social and Cultural Description	341	(1)
Coming Out and Identity Development	342	(2)
Up Close and Personal 15.2: Suzie, an Asian American Lesbian Adolescent	344	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Adolescents	344	(1)
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults	345	(5)
Social and Cultural Description	345	(1)
Gender Perspectives 5.1: Career Counseling for Gay and Lesbian Clients	346	(1)
A Focus on Research 15.3: Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Asians	346	(1)
Coming Out and Identity Development	347	(1)
A Focus on Research 15.4: Race/Ethnicity and Sexual Orientation: Intersecting Identities	348	(1)
Up Close and Personal 15.3: Carlos, a Bisexual Hispanic American Adult	349	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults	349	(1)
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Elderly	350	(2)
Social and Cultural Description	350	(1)
Coming Out and Identity Development	351	(1)
Up Close and Personal 15.4: Calliope, an Elderly Greek American Lesbian	351	(1)
Unique Challenges Confronting Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Elderly	352	(1)
A Point of Departure: Challenges Confronting Counselors of Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals	352	(1)
Summary	353	(1)
Suggested Readings	353	(2)
Counseling Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients	355	(30)
Differences in Counseling Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients	356	(1)
Guidelines for Psychotherapy With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients	357	(2)
A Focus on Research 16.1: A Dual-Identity Framework for Understanding Lesbian Experience	359	(1)
Counseling Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Children	359	(1)
Counseling Concerns and Issues	359	(4)
Counseling Considerations	360	(2)
Up Close and Personal 16.1: Counseling Troy, an African American Child	362	(1)
Counseling Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adolescents	363	(8)
A Focus on Research 16.2: Addictions Counselors' Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Clients	363	(1)
Counseling Concerns and Issues	364	(2)
Counseling Considerations	366	(4)
Up Close and Personal 16.2: Counseling Suzie, a Lesbian Asian American Adolescent	370	(1)
Counseling Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults	371	(8)
Counseling Concerns and Issues	371	(4)
Counseling Considerations	375	(1)
Gender Perspectives 16.1: Heterosexism, Sexism, and Lesbians	376	(2)
Up Close and Personal 16.3: Counseling Carlos, a Bisexual Hispanic American Adult	378	(1)
Counseling Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Elderly	379	(4)
A Focus on Research 16.3: Social Empowerment Strategies in Counseling Lesbian and Gay Male Clients	379	(1)
Counseling Concerns and Issues	380	(1)
Counseling Considerations	381	(1)
Up Close and Personal 16.4: Counseling Calliope, an Elderly Greek American Lesbian	382	(1)
A Point of Departure: Challenges Confronting Counselors of LGB Clients	383	(1)
Summary	383	(1)
Suggested Readings	384	(1)
PART III Professional Issues in Multicultural Counseling	385	(18)
Issues in Multicultural Counseling	387	(16)
Issue 1: How Inclusive Should a Definition of Multicultural Counseling Be?	388	(1)
Defining the Issue	388	(1)
Our Position on Inclusiveness	388	(1)
A Focus on Research 17.1: Intervening With Students With Disabilities	389	(1)
Issue 2: How Can Counselors Perceive Clients' Diversity?	389	(5)
Models of Cultural Deficiency and Difference	389	(5)
Gender Perspectives 17.1: Vietnamese Men---Examining Traditional Gender Roles	394	(1)
Issue 3: What Ethical and Legal Standards Should Guide Counselors?	394	(3)
Ethics Associated With Multicultural Counseling	394	(2)
A Focus on Research 17.2: The Ethical Contexts of Psychotherapy	396	(1)
Issue 4: How Can Counselors Most Effectively Assess Clients of Differing Cultural Backgrounds?	397	(1)
The Extent to Which Cultural Diversity Affects Assessment	397	(1)
Issue 5: What Research Concerns Will Be Relevant in the Future?	398	(2)
The Multicultural Counseling Process	398	(1)
Research Techniques and Outcomes	399	(1)
Multicultural Counseling and the Lifespan Continuum	399	(1)
Research Directions, Tasks, and Challenges	399	(1)
A Point of Departure	400	(1)
Challenges Confronting Counselors in a Culturally Pluralistic Society	400	(1)
Summary	401	(1)
Suggested Readings	401	(2)
Epilogue	403	(4)
Multicultural Counseling and Psychotherapy	403	(1)
Its Beginning	403	(1)
A Rationale	403	(1)
Growing Acceptance: Present and Future	403	(1)
People and Their Diversity	404	(1)
Realities: Racism, Injustice, and Discrimination	404	(1)
An Increasing Knowledge Base: Cultural Diversity and Lifespan Recognition of Cultural Diversity	404	(1)
Knowledge of Human Growth and Development	404	(1)
Using the Knowledge Base to Enhance Counseling Effectiveness	405	(1)
Responding to Individual and Cultural Diversity Differences	405	(1)
Avoiding Stereotypes and Generalizations	405	(1)
Seeking Help in a Multicultural Society	405	(1)
Tendencies to Not Seek Professional Help	405	(1)
Sources of Mental Health Services	406	(1)
The Future: A Time for Responsive Action	406	(1)
Training Culturally Effective Counselors	406	(1)
Recognizing the Relationship Between Cultural Diversity and Lifespan Development	406	(1)
Summary	406	(1)
Appendix A Selected Journals Recommended for Counselors in Multicultural Settings	407	(2)
Appendix B Suggested Multicultural Experiential Activities	409	(2)
References	411	(26)
Author Index	437	(6)
Subject Index	443