Nanotubes And Nanofibers

by Gogotsi; Yury

• ISBN13: 9780849393877
• ISBN10: 0849393876
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-06-20
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

The discovery and rapid evolution of carbon nanotubes have led to a vastly improved understanding of nanotechnology, as well as dozens of possible applications for nanomaterials of different shapes and sizes ranging from composites to biology, medicine, energy, transportation, and electronic devices. Nanotubes and Nanofibers offers an overview of structure-property relationships, synthesis and purification, and potential applications of carbon nanotubes and fibers, including whiskers, cones, nanobelts, and nanowires.Using research on carbon nanotubes as a foundation to further developments, this book discusses methods for growing and synthesizing amorphous and nanocrystalline graphitic carbon structures and inorganic nanomaterials, including wet chemical synthesis, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), arc discharge, and others. It also describes boron nitride and metal chalcogenide nanotubes in detail and reviews the unique properties and methods for characterizing and producing single-crystalline semiconducting and functional-oxide nanowires. The chapters also identify challenges involving the controlled growth, processing, and assembly of organic and inorganic nanostructures that must be addressed before large-scale applications can be implemented.Edited by award-winning professor and researcher Dr. Yury Gogotsi, Nanotubes and Nanofibers offers a well-rounded perspective on the advances leading to improved nanomaterial properties for a range of new devices and applications including electronic devices, structural composites, hydrogen and gas storage, electrodes in electrochemical energy-storage systems, sorbents, and filters.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Carbon Nanotubes: Structure and Properties	1	(36)
John E. Fischer
1.1 Introduction	1	(2)
1.2 Structure	3	(8)
1.2.1 Single-Wall Tubes, Bundles, and Crystalline Ropes	3	(2)
1.2.2 Multiwall Tubes	5	(1)
1.2.3 Macroscopic Nanotube Materials	5	(2)
1.2.4 Fibers	7	(1)
1.2.5 Filled Tubes	7	(3)
1.2.6 Nanotube Suspensions	10	(1)
1.3 Physical Properties	11	(20)
1.3.1 Mechanical Properties	12	(1)
1.3.2 Thermal Properties	13	(5)
1.3.3 Electronic Properties	18	(12)
1.3.4 Magnetic and Superconducting Properties	30	(1)
1.4 Summary and Prospects	31	(1)
Acknowledgments	31	(1)
References	31	(7)
Abstract	38
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes	37	(72)
Eduard G. Rakov
2.1 Introduction	38	(1)
2.2 Carbon Nanotube Morphology and Structure	39	(1)
2.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes	40	(1)
2.4 Opening of Carbon Nanotubes	41	(1)
2.5 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes	42	(17)
2.5.1 Attachment of Oxidic Groups	43	(1)
2.5.2 Reactions of Carboxylic Groups Attached to Nanotubes	43	(4)
2.5.3 Fluorination	47	(1)
2.5.4 Amidation	48	(2)
2.5.5 Other Types of Covalent Bonding	50	(3)
2.5.6 Noncovalent Bonding	53	(3)
2.5.7 Dispersions in Oleum	56	(1)
2.5.8 Self-Assembly, Film, and Fiber Formation	56	(3)
2.6 Filling the Inner Cavity of Carbon Nanotubes	59	(7)
2.6.1 In Situ Filling	60	(1)
2.6.2 Post-Processing Filling	61	(3)
2.6.2.1 Filling from Liquid Media	61	(2)
2.6.2.2 Filling from Gas Phase	63	(1)
2.6.3 Reactions inside Nanotube	64	(1)
2.6.4 The Structure of Crystals inside Nanotubes	65	(1)
2.7 Adsorption and Storage of Gases	66	(4)
2.7.1 Hydrogen Problem	67	(2)
2.7.2 Carbon Nanotube Gas Sensors	69	(1)
2.8 Attachment of Biomolecules	70	(2)
2.8.1 Biosensors	70	(2)
2.8.2 Others Fields of Application	72	(1)
2.9 Nanotubes as Templates	72	(3)
2.9.1 Substitution of the Carbon Atoms of Nanotubes	72	(1)
2.9.2 Decoration of Carbon Nanotubes	73	(2)
2.10 Intercalation of "Guest" Moieties	75	(2)
2.11 Summary and Conclusions	77	(1)
Acknowledgments	77	(1)
References	77	(32)
Abstract	109	(1)
Chapter 3 Graphite Whiskers, Cones, and Polyhedral Crystals	109	(26)
Svetlana Dimovski and Yury Gogotsi
3.1 Preface	110	(1)
3.2 Graphite Whiskers and Cones	110	(13)
3.2.1 Synthetic Whiskers and Cones	111	(5)
3.2.1.1 Whiskers	111	(2)
3.2.1.2 Cones	113	(3)
3.2.2 Occurrence of Graphite Whiskers and Cones in Nature	116	(1)
3.2.3 Structure: Geometrical Considerations	117	(4)
3.2.4 Properties and Applications	121	(2)
3.2.4.1 Electronic Properties of Synthetic Whiskers and Cones	121	(1)
3.2.4.2 Raman Spectra	122	(1)
3.3 Graphite Polyhedral Crystals — Polygonal Multiwall Tubes	123	(8)
3.3.1 Synthesis	123	(2)
3.3.2 Structure of Polygonal Tubes	125	(3)
3.3.3 Properties and Applications	128	(30)
3.3.3.1 Electronic Band Structure	128	(1)
3.3.3.2 Raman Spectra	129	(1)
3.3.3.3 Chemical, Thermal, and Mechanical Stability	130	(1)
3.4 Conclusions	131	(1)
Acknowledgment	132	(1)
References	132	(3)
Chapter 4 Inorganic Nanotubes and Fullerene-Like Materials of Metal Dichalcogenide and Related Layered Compounds	135	(22)
R. Tenne
4.1 Preface	135	(3)
4.2 Synthesis of Inorganic Nanotubes	138	(6)
4.3 Inorganic Nanotubes and Fullerene-Like Structures Studied by Computational Methods	144	(4)
4.4 Study of the Properties of Inorganic Nanotubes in Relation to Their Applications	148	(2)
4.5 Conclusions	150	(1)
Acknowledgments	150	(1)
References	150	(7)
Abstract	157	(1)
Chapter 5 Boron Nitride Nanotubes: Synthesis and Structure	157	(22)
Hongzhou Zhang and Zing Chen
5.1 Introduction	157	(1)
5.2 Structures of Boron Nitride Nanotubes	158	(6)
5.2.1 Hexagonal Boron Nitride	158	(1)
5.2.2 Boron Nitride Nanotube Structure	159	(2)
5.2.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies of Boron Nitride Nanotube Chirality	161	(3)
5.3 Synthesis Methods of Boron Nitride Nanotubes	164	(9)
5.3.1 Arc Discharge and Arc Melting	164	(2)
5.3.2 Laser-Assisted Method	166	(2)
5.3.3 Ball Milling and Annealing	168	(1)
5.3.4 Carbon Nanotube Substitution	169	(3)
5.3.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition and Other Thermal Methods	172	(1)
5.4 Summary	173	(1)
Acknowledgments	174	(1)
References	174	(5)
Chapter 6 Nanotubes in Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites	179	(20)
Fangming Du and Karen I. Winey
6.1 Introduction	179	(2)
6.2 Nanocomposite Fabrication and Nanotube Alignment	181	(4)
6.3 Mechanical Properties	185	(2)
6.4 Thermal and Rheological Properties	187	(3)
6.5 Electrical Conductivity	190	(2)
6.6 Thermal Conductivity and Flammability	192	(1)
6.7 Conclusions	193	(2)
Acknowledgments	195	(1)
References	195	(4)
Abstract	199	(1)
Chapter 7 One-Dimensional Semiconductor and Oxide Nanostructures	199	(34)
Jonathan E. Spanier
7.1 Introduction	200	(1)
7.2 Strategies for the Synthesis of 1-D Nanostructures	201	(10)
7.2.1 Metal Nanoclusters: Facilitating 1-D Growth	202	(1)
7.2.2 Laser-Assisted Metal-Catalyzed Nanowire Growth	203	(1)
7.2.3 Metal-Catalyzed Vapor–Liquid–Solid Growth	204	(2)
7.2.4 Vapor–Solid–Solid Growth	206	(1)
7.2.5 Catalyst-Free Vapor-Phase Growth	207	(1)
7.2.6 Chemical Solution-Based Growth	207	(2)
7.2.7 Template-Assisted Growth	209	(2)
7.2.8 Selected Other Methods	211	(1)
7.3 Hierarchal Complexity in 1-D Nanostructures	211	(9)
7.3.1 Control of Diameter and Diameter Dispersion	211	(1)
7.3.2 Control of Shape: Novel Topologies	212	(1)
7.3.3 Other Binary Oxide 1-D Nanostructures	213	(1)
7.3.4 Hierarchal 1-D Nanostructures	213	(2)
7.3.5 Axial and Radial Modulation of Composition and Doping	215	(5)
7.4 Selected Properties and Applications	220	(5)
7.4.1 Mechanical and Thermal Properties and Phonon Transport	220	(1)
7.4.2 Electronic Properties of Nanowires	221	(1)
7.4.3 Optical Properties of Nanowires	222	(3)
7.5 Concluding Remarks	225	(1)
Acknowledgments	225	(1)
References	225	(8)
Chapter 8 Nanofiber Technology	233	(12)
Frank K. Ko
8.1 Introduction	233	(1)
8.2 The Electrospinning Process	234	(1)
8.3 Key Processing Parameters	235	(3)
8.4 Nanofiber Yarns and Fabrics Formation	238	(1)
8.5 Potential Applications of Electrospun Fibers	238	(5)
8.5.1 Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds	239	(1)
8.5.2 Nanofibers for Chemical/Bio Protective Membranes	239	(3)
8.5.3 Nanocomposite Fibers for Structural Applications	242	(1)
8.6 Summary and Conclusions	243	(1)
References	244	(1)
Index	245