National Security for a New Era: Globalization and Geopolitics

by Snow, Donald M.

• ISBN13: 9780321088819
• ISBN10: 0321088816
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: Addison-Wesley

Summary

This accessible and stimulating new book from renowned security scholar Donald Snow examines the United States' national security situation today and what policies the U.S. should adopt to confront it. National Security for a New Era is the first comprehensive examination of American national security policy since the events of 9/11 galvanized change. It starts from the premise that there have been two fundamental fault lines in national security policy over the past 15 years, the end of the Cold War and the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Each transformed security policy: the end of the Cold War ushered in the era of globalization for the 1990s, and 9/11 initiated a shift to a more traditional geopolitical view of the world for the early 2000s. The text attempts to place these traumatic events into the context of the prior American experience of the Cold War, traditional concerns over American interests, politics, and military problems, and to extend that experience into the future. Asymmetrical warfare, the Iraq war precedent, the neo-conservative challenge, state building, and the future reconciliation of globalization and geopolitics are all examined.

Table of Contents

Preface	x
Introduction: Framing the Problem of National Security	1	(1)
The Nature of Change	2	(7)
How Much Has Changed?	2	(2)
New Dynamics in the Environment	4	(5)
Globalization and Geopolitics	9	(2)
Conclusions: Quo Vadis?	11	(1)
Selected Bibliography	12	(1)
PART I THE CONTEXT	13	(140)
Fault Lines: World Politics in a New Millennium	15	(30)
The First Fault Line: The World after the Cold War	18	(8)
Undeniable Benefits	20	(2)
Debatable Changes	22	(4)
The Second Fault Line: The World after September 11	26	(5)
Amplification 1.1: The Rules of War: Who is a POW?	30	(1)
The Nature of the System: A World of Tiers	31	(6)
The First Tier	32	(3)
The Second Tier	35	(2)
Intersecting the Tiers	37	(1)
Dynamics of the New System: Globalization and/or Geopolitics	37	(2)
Amplification 1.2: System Changes and Continuity, 1900 and 2000	38	(1)
The American Role in the New World System	39	(3)
Conclusion: The Continuing Role of Force	42	(1)
Selected Bibliography	43	(2)
Geopolitics: America and the Realist Paradigm	45	(26)
Realism and the Realist Paradigm	48	(1)
Basic Concepts and Relationships	49	(10)
Sovereignty	50	(1)
Vital Interests	51	(2)
Amplification 2.1: Finding the Boundary between Vital and Less-Than-Vital Interests	53	(1)
Power Politics	54	(1)
Challenge!: Justifying the U.S. Invasion of Afghanistan	55	(2)
Amplification 2.2: Measuring Power	57	(2)
Paradigm Summary	59	(1)
Critiques and Anomalies of the Realist Paradigm	60	(8)
Critiques	61	(1)
Amplification 2.3: The Limits of Power: Dealing with Saddam	62	(4)
Anomalies	66	(2)
Conclusion: The Realist Paradigm Today	68	(2)
Selected Bibliography	70	(1)
The American Experience	71	(22)
Conditioning Factors in the American Tradition	72	(5)
American Ahistoricism	72	(2)
Accident of Geography	74	(1)
Amplification 3.1: Dealing with Dependence on Persian Gulf Oil	75	(1)
The Anglo-Saxon Heritage	76	(1)
Evolution of the American Experience	77	(1)
The Formative Period: 1789--1945	77	(6)
Antimilitary Bias	78	(1)
The Citizen-Soldier	79	(1)
The Myth of Invincibility	79	(1)
Mobilization and Demobilization	80	(1)
Amplification 3.2: Readiness and Pearl Harbor	81	(1)
Total War Preference	81	(2)
The Cold War: 1945--89	83	(5)
The Role of the Media	85	(2)
Amplification 3.3: The Media and the Persian Gulf War	87	(1)
The Impact of Democratic Institutions	88	(1)
Conclusion: The Contemporary Period: 1989-Present	89	(3)
Challenge!: How Much Has Changed?	91	(1)
Selected Bibliography	92	(1)
The Nature and End of the Cold War	93	(30)
The Cold War System	95	(7)
Characteristics	97	(2)
Amplification 4.1: Better Dead than Red? Better Red than Dead?	99	(1)
Sources of Change	100	(2)
Forms of Military Competition	102	(7)
Conventional Forces	104	(2)
Nuclear Forces	106	(2)
Amplification 4.2: The Capitalist Bomb	108	(1)
Deadlock of the Competition	109	(6)
The Economic Dimension	110	(1)
The Military Dimension	111	(1)
Convergence	112	(3)
Cold War Residues	115	(6)
Russia and the Successor States	115	(2)
Amplification 4.3: Chechnya and the Pipeline	117	(1)
The European Security Problem	118	(1)
Challenge!: The Former Soviet Union and the War on Terrorism	119	(2)
Conclusion: The End of the Cold War in Perspective	121	(1)
Selected Bibliography	122	(1)
The Rise of Globalization	123	(30)
The Bretton Woods System, 1945--71	125	(8)
The Setting	125	(2)
The Bretton Woods Institutions	127	(2)
Amplification 5.1: The ITO and the Anti-Free Traders	129	(2)
The Breakdown of Bretton Woods	131	(2)
The Transitional Period, 1971--90	133	(5)
American Decline	134	(1)
Amplification 5.2: The Declinist Thesis	135	(1)
American Revival	136	(2)
The Globalizing Economy, 1990--Present	138	(12)
Characteristics and Values	139	(4)
The Mechanics of Globalization	143	(1)
Challenge!: How Important Are Balanced Budgets and Free Trade?	144	(3)
Barriers to Globalization	147	(1)
Amplification 5.3: The Rejectionists	148	(2)
Conclusion: Globalization and American Security	150	(1)
Selected Bibliography	151	(2)
PART II THE CHANGING WORLD	153	(88)
Security, Interests, and Power	155	(26)
Thinking about Security	156	(10)
Military and Nonmilitary Elements of Security	157	(2)
Challenge!: Defining Terrorism as a Security Threat	159	(2)
Amplification 6.1: Israel, Syria, the Golan Heights, and Water	161	(1)
Levels of Security	162	(3)
Changing Concepts of Security	165	(1)
Thinking about Interests	166	(8)
Levels of Interests	166	(4)
Security and Interests in the Contemporary Environment	170	(3)
Amplification 6.2: Should the United States Be in Kosovo?	173	(1)
Applying Instruments of Power	174	(4)
Using the Instruments	174	(2)
The Contemporary Balance of Instruments of Power	176	(2)
Conclusion: The Changing Nature of Influence	178	(1)
Selected Bibliography	179	(2)
The Foreign and Domestic Environments	181	(31)
Competing Images of the International Environment	183	(5)
Kaplan: The Coming Anarchy	183	(2)
Friedman: Globalization	185	(2)
Reconciling Worldviews	187	(1)
The Impact of Domestic Politics	188	(14)
The Executive Branch	190	(2)
Amplification 7.1: The President, the Constitution, and National Security	192	(4)
The Congress	196	(2)
Amplification 7.2: The Congress, the Constitution, and National Security	198	(4)
Applications: Responding to the Environment	202	(8)
The Department of Homeland Security	202	(2)
Military Manpower	204	(2)
Military Reform and the QDR	206	(1)
Challenge!: Military Service after September 11, 2001	207	(2)
Amplification 7.3: The Goldwater-Nichols Act	209	(1)
Conclusion: The Environment since September 11, 2001	210	(1)
Selected Bibliography	211	(1)
Traditional Military Problems	212	(29)
Nuclear Forces and Deterrence	214	(13)
Seminal Events of the Nuclear Age	214	(4)
The Nature of the Competition	218	(1)
Theories of Deterrence	219	(4)
Nuclear Residues	223	(2)
Amplification 8.1: The Chinese Threat	225	(2)
Conventional Forces and the Future	227	(9)
Challenge!: Taking Out Saddam	228	(1)
Traditional Roles	229	(2)
Military Reform	231	(1)
Amplification 8.2: Light and Heavy Forces?	232	(1)
Force Modernization and the 2001 QDR	233	(3)
Conclusion: The Continuing Relevance of the Traditional Forces	236	(3)
Amplification 8.3: Creighton Abrams and the Role of the Reserves	237	(2)
Selected Bibliography	239	(2)
PART III NEW CHALLENGES	241	(118)
The ``New Kind of War''	243	(26)
Symmetrical and Asymmetrical War	246	(11)
Evolution of Asymmetrical Warfare	247	(2)
Amplification 9.1: Sun Tzu on Asymmetrical Warfare	249	(1)
The Contemporary Setting	250	(7)
Asymmetrical Futures?	257	(9)
Fourth-Generation Warfare	257	(4)
New Internal Wars	261	(2)
Amplification 9.2: The ``Battle'' for Sierra Leone	263	(3)
Conclusion: New Form or New Face of War?	266	(1)
Challenge!: Is There a New Kind of War?	267	(1)
Selected Bibliography	267	(2)
Nontraditional and Other Security Threats	269	(33)
Regional Conflicts	270	(12)
The Israeli--Palestinian Conflict	272	(5)
The Indian--Pakistani Conflict	277	(5)
Terrorism	282	(13)
Challenge!: Dealing with Irresolvable Differences	283	(1)
Characteristics of Terrorism	284	(5)
Amplification 10.1: Schools for Terrorists: The Madrassas System	289	(1)
Dealing with Terrorism	290	(3)
Terrorism and National Security	293	(2)
Amplification 10.2: Should Force Be Used to Root Out Terrorism?	295	(1)
The Problem of Drugs	295	(4)
Drugs as a Security Problem	296	(1)
The War on Drugs	296	(2)
Ongoing Problems	298	(1)
Conclusion: Expanded Roles and Means	299	(1)
Selected Bibliography	300	(2)
Peacekeeping and State--Building: The New Dilemma	302	(30)
Failed and Failing States: The Context	305	(8)
What is a Failed State?	306	(2)
Amplification 11.1: Indonesia as a Potentially Failing State	308	(3)
Failed States and National Security	311	(2)
Concepts and Forms of Intervention	313	(15)
Basic Distinctions	314	(3)
Peacekeeping	317	(2)
State-Building	319	(1)
Amplification 11.2: The Talk-Shoot Relationship in Peacekeeping	320	(6)
Amplification 11.3: KFOR and UNMIK	326	(2)
Conclusion: The New World Order?	328	(2)
Challenge!: What Should We Do in Afghanistan?	329	(1)
Selected Bibliography	330	(2)
The Geopolitics of Globalization	332	(27)
Globalization as a Geopolitical Phenomenon	333	(8)
Globalization and the American Decade of the 1990s	335	(1)
Amplification 12.1: China, Taiwan, Guns, and Butter	336	(2)
Challenges to American Leadership from the 1990s	338	(1)
Amplification 12.2: The S&L and Corporate Scandals	339	(2)
The Impact of September 11, 2001	341	(13)
Globalization and Terrorism	341	(2)
Short-Term Incompatibilities	343	(5)
Long-Term Compatibilities	348	(2)
Amplification 12.3: The Israeli Campaign against Palestinian ``Terrorism''	350	(1)
The Case of Afghanistan	351	(3)
Conclusion: Reconciling Globalization and Terrorism	354	(2)
Challenge!: Will Globalization Really Work?	356	(1)
Selected Bibliography	356	(3)
PART IV THE FUTURE	359	(24)
Globalization and Geopolitics	361	(22)
The Future of Geopolitics and National Security	363	(6)
Amplification 13.1: The SECDEF on Future Force	364	(5)
The Future of Globalization	369	(4)
Where Globalization and Geopolitics Meet	373	(4)
Amplification 13.2: Friedman and Kaplan Reprised	374	(3)
Conclusion: What Makes Us Secure? What Makes Us Prosperous?	377	(3)
Challenge!: Visions of the Violent Future	380	(1)
Selected Bibliography	380	(3)
Index	383