Natural Hazards

by Keller, Edward A.; Blodgett, Robert H.

• ISBN13: 9780130309570
• ISBN10: 0130309575
• Edition: CD
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Summary

Included free with every text, Hazard City provides meaningful, easy-to-assign, easy-to-grade, class-tested assignments. Based on the idealized town of Hazard City, the assignments put students in the role of a practicing geologist-gathering and analyzing real data, evaluating risk, making assessments and recommendations. The second edition of this widely-used CD contains a new module, Shoreline Property Assessment, and, in response to reviewer requests, there are now three sets of assessment questions for each activity. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxiii
Introduction to Natural Hazards	2	(28)
Case History: Nevado del Ruiz: A Story of People, Land Use, and Volcanic Eruption	2	(3)
Why Studying Natural Hazards Is Important	5	(4)
Processes: Internal and External	5	(1)
Hazard, Disaster, or Catastrophe	6	(2)
Death and Damage Caused by Natural Hazards	8	(1)
Role of History in Understanding Hazards	9	(1)
Geologic Cycle	9	(6)
The Tectonic Cycle	9	(4)
The Rock Cycle	13	(1)
The Hydrologic Cycle	14	(1)
Biogeochemical Cycles	14	(1)
Fundamental Concepts for Understanding Natural Processes as Hazards	15	(11)
Concept 1: Hazards are predictable from scientific evaluation	16	(1)
Science and Natural Hazards	16	(1)
Hazards Are Natural Processes	16	(2)
Prediction and Warning	18	(1)
Concept 2: Risk assessment is an important component of our understanding of the effects of hazardous processes	19	(1)
Concept 3: Linkages exist between natural hazards and between hazards and the physical environment	20	(1)
Concept 4: Hazardous events that previously produced disasters are now producing catastrophes	20	(1)
Examples of Disasters in Densely Populated Areas	20	(1)
Human Population Growth	21	(1)
Magnitude and Frequency of Hazardous Events	21	(1)
Box 1.1 Case Study: Human Population through History	22	(1)
Box 1.2 Case Study: The Magnitude-Frequency Concept	23	(1)
Concept 5: Consequences of hazards can be minimized	24	(1)
Reactive Response: Impact of and Recovery from Disasters	24	(1)
Anticipatory Response: Avoiding and Adjusting to Hazards	25	(1)
Many Hazards Provide a Natural Service Function	26	(1)
Global Climate Change and Hazards	27	(3)
Summary	28	(1)
Key Terms	28	(1)
Review Questions	28	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	29	(1)
Selected Web Resources	29	(1)
Earthquakes	30	(38)
Case History: Earthquakes of Early 2001---Lessons Learned	30	(3)
Introduction to Earthquakes	33	(3)
Earthquake Magnitude	33	(2)
Earthquake Intensity	35	(1)
Earthquake Processes	36	(6)
Process of Faulting	36	(2)
Fault Activity	38	(1)
Tectonic Creep	38	(3)
Seismic Waves	41	(1)
Earthquake Shaking	42	(6)
Distance to the Epicenter	42	(2)
Depth of Focus	44	(1)
Direction of the Epicenter	44	(1)
Local Geologic Conditions	44	(4)
The Earthquake Cycle	48	(1)
Geographic Regions at Risk from Earthquakes	49	(3)
Plate Boundary Earthquakes	50	(1)
Intraplate Earthquakes	50	(2)
Effects of Earthquakes and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards	52	(2)
Shaking and Ground Rupture	52	(1)
Liquefaction	53	(1)
Regional Changes in Land Elevation	53	(1)
Landslides	53	(1)
Fires	53	(1)
Disease	54	(1)
Natural Service Functions of Earthquakes	54	(1)
Groundwater and Energy Resources	54	(1)
Mineral Resources	54	(1)
Landform Development	55	(1)
Future Earthquake Hazard Reduction	55	(1)
Human Interaction with Earthquakes	55	(1)
Earthquakes Caused by Human Activity	55	(1)
Minimizing the Earthquake Hazard	56	(4)
The National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program	56	(1)
Estimation of Seismic Risk	57	(1)
Short-Term Prediction	57	(1)
The Future of Earthquake Prediction	58	(1)
Earthquake Warning Systems	59	(1)
Box 2.1 Survivor Story: Earthquakes in Canada	60	(1)
Perception of and Adjustment to the Earthquake Hazard	60	(8)
Perception of the Earthquake Hazard	60	(1)
Community Adjustments to the Earthquake Hazard	61	(1)
Box 2.2 Professional Profile: Andrea Donnellan, Earthquake Forecaster	62	(1)
Personal Adjustments: Before, During, and After an Earthquake	63	(1)
Summary	64	(1)
Key Terms	65	(1)
Review Questions	66	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	66	(1)
Selected Web Resources	67	(1)
Hazard City: Assignments in Applied Geology---Earthquake Damage Assessment	67	(1)
Volcanoes	68	(34)
Case History: Mt. Unzen, 1991	68	(1)
Introduction to Volcanoes	68	(10)
Volcano Types	71	(3)
Volcanic Features	74	(2)
Volcano Origins	76	(2)
Geographic Regions at Risk for Volcanoes	78	(1)
Effects of Volcanoes	79	(11)
Lava Flows	81	(1)
Pyroclastic Activity	81	(1)
Poisonous Gases	82	(2)
Debris Flows, Mudflows, and Other Mass Movements	84	(1)
Box 3.1 Case Study: Volcanic Landslides and Tsunamis	85	(1)
Mount St. Helens 1980--2005: From Lateral Blasts to Lava Flows	86	(4)
Linkages between Volcanoes and Other Natural Hazards	90	(1)
Natural Service Functions of Volcanoes	91	(1)
Volcanic Soils	91	(1)
Geothermal Power	91	(1)
Recreation	92	(1)
Creation of New Land	92	(1)
Human Interaction with Volcanoes	92	(1)
Minimizing the Volcanic Hazard	92	(5)
Forecasting	92	(2)
Box 3.2 Professional Profile: Chris Eisinger, Studying Active Volcanoes	94	(2)
Box 3.3 Survivor Story: A Close Call with Mount St. Helens	96	(1)
Volcanic Alert or Warning	96	(1)
Perception of and Adjustment to the Volcanic Hazard	97	(5)
Perception of the Volcanic Hazard	97	(1)
Adjustments to Volcanic Hazards	97	(1)
Attempts to Control Lava Flows	98	(1)
Summary	99	(1)
Key Terms	100	(1)
Review Questions	100	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	100	(1)
Selected Web Resources	100	(1)
Hazard City: Assignments in Applied Geology---Volcanic Hazard Assessment	101	(1)
Flooding	102	(38)
Case History: Great Britain Floods of 2000	102	(2)
An Introduction to Rivers	104	(5)
Earth Material Transported by Rivers	104	(1)
River Velocity, Discharge, Erosion, and Sediment Deposition	104	(3)
Channel Patterns and Floodplain Formation	107	(2)
Flooding	109	(9)
Box 4.1 Case Study: Alluvial Fan Flooding on the Ventura River	110	(2)
Upstream and Downstream Floods	112	(2)
Box 4.2 Case Study: Magnitude and Frequency of Floods	114	(2)
Box 4.3 Survivor Story: Flash Flood	116	(2)
Geographic Regions at Risk for Flooding	118	(1)
Effects of Flooding and Linkages between Floods and Other Hazards	119	(1)
Natural Service Functions	120	(2)
Fertile Lands	120	(1)
Aquatic Ecosystems	120	(1)
Sediment Supply	120	(1)
Box 4.4 Case Study: The Grand Canyon Flood of 1996	121	(1)
Human Interaction with Flooding	122	(4)
Land Use Changes	122	(2)
Dam Construction	124	(1)
Urbanization and Flooding	124	(2)
Box 4.5 Case Study: Flash Floods in Eastern Ohio	126	(1)
Minimizing the Flood Hazard	126	(6)
The Structural Approach	126	(4)
Channel Restoration: Alternative to Channelization	130	(2)
Perception of and Adjustment to the Flood Hazard	132	(8)
Perception of the Flood Hazard	132	(1)
Adjustments to the Flood Hazard	132	(2)
Box 4.6 Professional Profile: Walter G. Green, III, Emergency Operations Director	134	(1)
Relocating People from Floodplains: Examples from North Carolina and North Dakota	135	(1)
Personal Adjustment: What to Do and What Not to Do	135	(2)
Summary	137	(1)
Key Terms	137	(1)
Review Questions	138	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	138	(1)
Selected Web Resources	138	(1)
Hazard City: Assignments in Applied Geology---Flood Insurance Rate Maps	139	(1)
Mass Wasting	140	(32)
Case History: Portuguese Bend, California	140	(3)
An Introduction to Landslides	143	(10)
Slope Processes	143	(2)
Types of Landslides	145	(1)
Forces on Slopes	146	(6)
Snow Avalanches	152	(1)
Geographic Regions at Risk from Landslides	153	(1)
Effects of Landslides and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards	153	(6)
Effects of Landslides	153	(1)
Box 5.1 Case Study: La Conchita: Southern California Landslide Disaster of 2005---Lessons Learned	154	(3)
Linkages between Landslides and Other Natural Hazards	157	(1)
Box 5.2 Survivor Story: Landslide	158	(1)
Natural Service Functions of Landslides	159	(1)
Human Interaction with Landslides	159	(3)
Timber Harvesting and Landslides	159	(1)
Urbanization and Landslides	159	(2)
Box 5.3 Professional Profile: Bob Rasely, Mass Wasting Specialist	161	(1)
Minimizing the Landslide Hazard	162	(5)
Identification of Potential Landslides	162	(1)
Prevention of Landslides	162	(4)
Landslide Warning Systems	166	(1)
Perception of and Adjustment to the Landslide Hazard	167	(5)
Perception of the Landslide Hazard	167	(1)
Adjustments to the Landslide Hazard	167	(1)
Personal Adjustments: What You Can Do to Minimize Your Landslide Hazard	167	(2)
Summary	169	(1)
Key Terms	169	(1)
Review Questions	169	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	170	(1)
Selected Web Resources	170	(1)
Hazard City: Assignments in Applied Geology---Landslide Hazard Assessment	171	(1)
Subsidence	172	(24)
Case History: Venice Is Sinking	172	(1)
Introduction to Subsidence	172	(9)
Karst	174	(2)
Thermokarst	176	(1)
Box 6.1 Survivor Story: Sinkholes	177	(1)
Sediment and Soil Compaction	178	(1)
Expansive Soils	179	(1)
Earthquakes	180	(1)
Deflation of Magma Chambers	181	(1)
Regions at Risk for Subsidence-Related Hazards	181	(1)
Effects of Subsidence	182	(3)
Sinkhole Collapse	182	(1)
Groundwater Conditions	182	(2)
Damage Caused by Melting Permafrost	184	(1)
Coastal Flooding and Loss of Wetlands	184	(1)
Damage Caused by Expansive Soils	184	(1)
Linkages between Subsidence and Other Natural Hazards	185	(1)
Natural Service Functions of Subsidence	185	(1)
Water Supply	185	(1)
Aesthetic and Scientific Resources	185	(1)
Unique Ecosystems	186	(1)
Human Interaction with Subsidence	186	(4)
Withdrawal of Fluids	186	(1)
Underground Mining	187	(1)
Melting Permafrost	188	(1)
Restricting Deltaic Sedimentation	189	(1)
Draining Organic Soils	189	(1)
Landscaping Expansive Soils	189	(1)
Box 6.2 Professional Profile: Helen Delano, Environmental Geologist	190	(1)
Minimizing the Subsidence Hazard	190	(2)
Perception of and Adjustment to the Subsidence Hazard	192	(4)
Perception of the Subsidence Hazard	192	(1)
Adjustment to the Subsidence Hazard	192	(1)
Summary	193	(1)
Key Terms	193	(1)
Review Questions	194	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	194	(1)
Selected Web Resources	194	(2)
Atmosphere and Severe Weather	196	(28)
Case History: Tri-State Tornado, March 18, 1925	196	(2)
Energy	198	(2)
Types of Energy	199	(1)
Heat Transfer	199	(1)
Earth's Energy Balance	200	(2)
Electromagnetic Energy	200	(1)
Radiation, Absorption, and Temperature	201	(1)
The Atmosphere	202	(1)
Composition of the Atmosphere	202	(1)
Structure of the Atmosphere	202	(1)
Weather Processes	203	(4)
Atmospheric Pressure	203	(2)
Unstable Air	205	(1)
Coriolis Effect	205	(1)
Fronts	205	(2)
Hazardous Weather	207	(12)
Thunderstorms	207	(3)
Box 7.1 Case Study: Lightning	210	(1)
Tornadoes	210	(2)
Box 7.2 Survivor Story: Struck by Lightning	212	(4)
Blizzards and Ice Storms	216	(1)
Drought	217	(1)
Dust and Sand Storms	217	(1)
Heat Waves	218	(1)
Human Interaction with Weather	219	(1)
Natural Service Functions of Severe Weather	219	(1)
Box 7.3 Professional Profile: Tornadoes	220	(1)
Minimizing Severe Weather Hazards	220	(4)
Forecasting and Prediction of Weather Hazards	220	(1)
Adjustment to the Severe Weather Hazard	221	(1)
Summary	222	(1)
Key Terms	222	(1)
Review Questions	222	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	223	(1)
Selected Web Resources	223	(1)
Coastal Hazards	224	(42)
Case History: Hurricane Ivan	224	(2)
Introduction to Coastal Processes	226	(6)
Waves	226	(2)
Box 8.1 Case Study: Rogue Waves	228	(1)
Beach Form and Processes	229	(3)
Tropical Cyclones	232	(3)
Tsunamis	235	(5)
Box 8.2 Case Study: Indonesian Tsunami of 2004	236	(4)
Box 8.3 Survivor Story: Tsunami in the Lowest Country on Earth	240	(1)
Geographic Regions at Risk for Coastal Hazards	240	(3)
Effects of Coastal Processes	243	(4)
Rip Currents	243	(1)
Coastal Erosion	244	(2)
Hurricanes	246	(1)
Tsunamis	246	(1)
Linkages between Coastal Processes and Other Natural Hazards	247	(1)
Natural Service Functions of Coastal Processes	248	(1)
Human Interaction with Coastal Processes	249	(3)
The Atlantic Coast	249	(2)
The Gulf Coast	251	(1)
The Great Lakes	251	(1)
Canadian Seacoasts	252	(1)
Minimizing the Effects of Coastal Hazards	252	(7)
Coastal Erosion	252	(2)
Hurricanes	254	(3)
Box 8.4 Professional Profile: The Hurricane Hunters	257	(1)
Tsunamis	258	(1)
Perception of and Adjustment to Coastal Hazards	259	(7)
Perception of Coastal Hazards	259	(1)
Box 8.5 Case Study: E-Lines and E-Zones	260	(1)
Adjustment to Coastal Erosion	260	(1)
Adjustment to Hurricanes	261	(1)
Adjustments to Tsunamis	262	(1)
Summary	263	(1)
Key Terms	263	(1)
Review Questions	263	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	264	(1)
Selected Web Resources	264	(1)
Hazard City: Assignments in Applied Geology---Shoreline Property Assessment	265	(1)
Climate and Climate Change	266	(26)
Case History: California Threatened by Climate Change	266	(2)
Climate and Weather	268	(1)
Climate Zones	268	(1)
The Koeppen System and Natural Processes	269	(1)
The Atmosphere	269	(3)
Atmospheric Composition	269	(1)
Permanent Gases	269	(1)
Variable Gases	270	(2)
Structure of the Atmosphere	272	(1)
Atmospheric Circulation	272	(1)
Climate Change	272	(8)
Glaciations	272	(1)
The Greenhouse Effect	273	(2)
Global Temperature Change	275	(3)
Why Does Climate Change?	278	(2)
Hazards Associated with Climate Change	280	(4)
Climate Patterns	280	(1)
Sea Level Rise	280	(1)
Changes in the Biosphere	281	(1)
Desertification and Drought	281	(1)
Box 9.1 Case Study: El Nino	282	(2)
Box 9.2 Professional Profile: Moving the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse	284	(1)
Wildfires	284	(1)
Minimizing the Effects of Global Warming	284	(8)
Box 9.3 Survivor Story: Residents of the Maldive Islands	286	(1)
International Agreements	287	(1)
Manipulation of Carbon Dioxide ``Sinks''	288	(1)
Fossil Fuels and the Future Threat of Global Warming	288	(1)
Summary	289	(1)
Key Terms	289	(1)
Review Questions	289	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	290	(1)
Selected Web Resources	290	(1)
Hazard City: Assignments in Applied Geology---Snowpack Monitoring	291	(1)
Wildfires	292	(22)
Case History: Wildfires in 2002---Colorado and Arizona	292	(2)
Introduction to Wildfire	294	(1)
Wildfire as a Process	294	(6)
Box 10.1 Case Study: Indonesian Fires of 1997--1998	295	(2)
Fire Environment	297	(3)
Effects of Wildfires and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards	300	(6)
Effects on the Geologic Environment	300	(1)
Effects on the Atmospheric Environment	301	(1)
Linkages with Climate Change	301	(1)
Box 10.2 Case Study: Wildfire in Southern California	302	(3)
Box 10.3 Professional Profile: Wildfires	305	(1)
Effects on the Biological Environment	306	(1)
Natural Service Functions of Wildfires	306	(1)
Benefits to Soil	306	(1)
Benefits to Plants and Animals	306	(1)
Yellowstone Fires of 1988	307	(1)
Minimizing the Wildfire Hazard	307	(1)
Fire Management	307	(1)
Perception of and Adjustment to the Wildfire Hazard	308	(6)
Perception of the Wildfire Hazard	308	(1)
Adjustments to the Wildfire Hazard	309	(1)
Personal Adjustment to the Fire Hazard	310	(1)
Box 10.4 Survivor Story: The Cedar Fire	311	(1)
Summary	312	(1)
Key Terms	312	(1)
Review Questions	312	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	312	(1)
Selected Web Resources	313	(1)
Impacts and Extinctions	314	(25)
Case History: The Tunguska Event	314	(2)
Earth's Place in Space	316	(3)
Asteroids, Meteoroids, and Comets	318	(1)
Aerial Bursts and Impacts	319	(7)
Impact Craters	320	(1)
Box 11.1 Survivor Story: Meterorites in Chicagoland	321	(4)
Box 11.2 Case Study: Uniformitarianism, Gradualism, and Catastrophe	325	(1)
Mass Extinctions	326	(5)
Late Cretaceous: K-T Boundary Mass Extinction	327	(4)
Minimizing the Impact Hazard	331	(8)
Risk Related to Impacts	331	(1)
Box 11.3 Case Study: Near Earth Objects	332	(1)
Minimizing the Impact Hazard	332	(2)
Box 11.4 Professional Profile: Michael J. S. Shelton, Astronomer	334	(2)
Summary	336	(1)
Key Terms	336	(1)
Review Questions	336	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	336	(1)
Selected Web Resources	337	(2)
Appendix A Minerals	339	(8)
Appendix B Rocks	347	(2)
Appendix C Maps and Related Topics	349	(8)
Appendix D How Geologists Determine Geologic Time	357	(4)
Glossary	361	(12)
References	373	(10)
Index	383