Neurosteroids and Brain Function

by Bradley; Harris; Jenner; Biggio; Purdy

• ISBN13: 9780123668462
• ISBN10: 0123668468
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-09-27
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

International Review of Neurobiology, Volume 46 presents in-depth reviews on such ground-breaking topics as assembly and intracellular trafficking of GABA A receptors, D-1 dopamine receptors, and Alzheimer's disease. This series offers the most comprehensive and up-to-date information available and is a must for anyone in the field. Includes a historical overview of neurosteroid research Contains a chapter on neurosteroid biosynthesis and regulation Presents current methods of neurosteroid measurement and analysis Discusses neurosteroid function in both the normal and the pathological brain Chapters address the function of neurosteroid in: Stress Receptor plasticity and function Learning and Memory Alcohol use Depression

Table of Contents

Contributors	xiii
Preface	xvii
Neurosteroids: Beginning of the Story
Etienne E. Baulieu
P. Robel
M. Schumacher
Introduction	2	(5)
Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Neurosteroids: Related Behavioral Effects	7	(6)
Receptors and Related Activities of Neurosteroids	13	(12)
Conclusions	25	(9)
References	26	(8)
Biosynthesis of Neurosteroids and Regulation of Their Synthesis
Synthia H. Mellon
Hubert Vaudry
What Is a Neurosteroid?	34	(1)
Enzymes Involved in Neurosteroidogenesis: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology	35	(14)
Enzymes Involved in Neurosteroidogenesis: Distribution in the Brain and Developmental Regulation	49	(12)
Regulation of Neurosteroidogenic Enzymes	61	(4)
Conclusions	65	(14)
References	66	(13)
Neurosteroid 7-Hydroxylation Products in the Brain
Robert Morfin
Luboslav Starka
Neurosteroid Metabolism in the Brain	79	(2)
7α-Hydroxylation Studies in the Brain	81	(2)
7β-Hydroxylation Studies in the Brain	83	(1)
7α-Hydroxy-DHEA and 7β-Hydroxy-DHEA as Native Anti-glucocorticoids	84	(4)
The Brain and Other Organs	88	(2)
Sex Steroid Metabolism in the Brain	90	(2)
Conclusions	92	(6)
References	92	(6)
Neurosteroid Analysis
Ahmed A. Alomary
Robert L. Fitzgerald
Robert H. Purdy
Introduction	98	(1)
Analysis of Neurosteroids by Radiommunoassay	99	(1)
Analysis of Neurosteroids by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry	99	(1)
Analysis of Unconjugated Neurosteroids by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry	100	(3)
Derivatization of Neurosteroids	103	(3)
Gas Chromatography Columns for Separation of Neurosteroid Derivatives	106	(1)
Isotopic Dilution for Quantitative Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry	107	(1)
Data Acquisition Modes in Mass Spectrometry	107	(1)
Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry	108	(1)
Analysis of Neurosteroid Sulfates by Mass Spectrometry	108	(1)
Analysis of Sulfated Steroids by Soft Ionization Mass Spectrometry	109	(2)
Analysis of Steroid Sulfates by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization/Mass Spectrometry	111	(1)
Thermospray Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry	111	(1)
Future Analysis of Neurosteroid Sulfates	111	(1)
Conclusions	112	(6)
References	112	(6)
Role of the Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptor in Adrenal and Brain Steroidogenesis
Rachel. C. Brown
Vassilios Papadopoulos
Introduction	118	(1)
Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptor	119	(1)
Structure of the PBR Complex	120	(4)
Role of the PBR in Steroidogenesis	124	(4)
The PBR in Adrenal Steroid Biosynthesis	128	(3)
Role of the PBR in Brain Neurosteroid Biosynthesis	131	(3)
Role of the PBR in Pathology	134	(1)
Other Proteins Involved in the Acute Regulation of Steroidogenesis	135	(2)
Conclusions	137	(9)
References	137	(9)
Formation and Effects of Neuroactive Steroids in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
Valerio Magnaghi
Mariarita Galbiati
Luciano Martini
Introduction	146	(1)
5α-Reductase and 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase System	146	(7)
Effect of Glial-Neuronal Interactions on the Formation of Neuroactive Steroids	153	(2)
Effects of Neuroactive Steroids on Glial Cells of the Central Nervous System	155	(6)
Formation of Neuroactive Steroids in the Peripheral Nervous System	161	(1)
Effects of Neuroactive Steroids on the Peripheral Nervous System	162	(8)
Conclusions	170	(8)
References	170	(8)
Neurosteroid Modulation of Recombinant and Synaptic GABAA Receptors
Jeremy J. Lambert
Sarah C. Harney
Delia Belelli
John A. Peters
Introduction	178	(2)
Transmitter-Gated Ion Channels and Neurosteroid Selectivity	180	(5)
Influence of GABAA-Receptor Subunit Composition on Neurosteroid Action	185	(3)
Mechanism of Neurosteroid Modulation of GABAA Receptors	188	(2)
Neurosteroid Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission	190	(4)
Structure--Activity Relationships for Steroids at the GABAA Receptor	194	(2)
Multiple Steroid Binding Sites on the GABAA Receptor	196	(1)
Conclusions	197	(11)
References	199	(9)
GABAA-Receptor Plasticity during Long-Term Exposure to and Withdrawal from Progesterone
Giovanni Biggio
Paolo Follesa
Enrico Sanna
Robert H. Purdy
Alessandra Concas
Introduction	208	(1)
Effects of Long-Term Exposure to PROG and GABAA-Receptor Gene Expression and Function in Vitro	209	(7)
Effects of PROG Withdrawal on GABAA-Receptor Gene Expression and Function in Vitro	216	(2)
Effects of Long-Term Exposure to and Subsequent Withdrawal of PROG in Pseudo-pregnancy	218	(2)
Effects of Long-Term Exposure to and subsequent Withdrawal of PROG in Pregnancy	220	(11)
Oral Contraceptives and GABAA-Receptor Plasticity	231	(3)
Mechanism of the Effect of Long-Term PROG Exposure on GABAA-Receptor Plasticity	234	(1)
Conclusions	235	(9)
References	235	(9)
Stress and Neuroactive Steroids
Maria Luisa Barbaccia
Mariangela Serra
Robert H. Purdy
Giovanni Biggio
Stress and GABAA Receptors	244	(2)
Effect of Stress on Brain Concentrations of Neuroactive Steroids	246	(15)
Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Stress-Induced Changes in Brain Neurosteroid Concentrations	261	(2)
Conclusions	263	(11)
References	264	(10)
Neurosteroids in Learning and Memory Processes
Monique Vallee
Willy Mayo
George F. Koob
Michel, Le Moal
Introduction	274	(1)
Learning and Memory Processes and Animal Models	275	(5)
Pharmacological Effects of Neurosteroids	280	(12)
Mechanisms of Action	292	(9)
Physiological Significance	301	(8)
Conclusions and Future Perspectives	309	(12)
References	312	(9)
Neurosteroids and Behavior
Sharon R. Engel
Kathleen A. Grant
Introduction	321	(1)
Anxiety and Stress	322	(6)
Cognition	328	(5)
Aggression	333	(2)
Sleep, Feeding, and Reinforcement	335	(2)
Discriminative Stimulus Effects	337	(12)
References	342	(7)
Ethanol and Neurosteroid Interactions in the Brain
A. Leslie Morrow
Margaret J. Vandoren
Rebekah Fleming
Shannon Penland
Introduction	349	(2)
Role of 3α,5α-TH PROG in Ethanol Action	351	(8)
Role of Neurosteroids in Alcohol Reinforcement	359	(2)
Role of Neurosteroids in Ethanol Tolerance	361	(3)
Role of Neurosteroids in Ethanol Dependence	364	(5)
Conclusions and Future Directions	369	(11)
References	369	(11)
Preclinical Development of Neurosteroids as Neuroprotective Agents for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Paul A. Lapchak
Dalia M. Araujo
Neurosteroids and the Brain	380	(1)
Synthesis of Central Nervous System Neurosteroids	380	(1)
Receptor Signaling Pathways	381	(3)
Neurosteroids and Central Nervous System Plasticity	384	(1)
Neurosteroids and Neuroprotection	384	(7)
Conclusions	391	(8)
References	391	(8)
Clinical Implications of Circulating Neurosteroids
Andrea R. Genazzani
Patrizia Monteleone
Massimo Stomati
Francesca Bernardi
Luigi Cobellis
Elena Casarosa
Michele Luisi
Stefano Luisi
Felice Petraglia
Introduction	399	(3)
Changes and Possible Role of Neurosteroids in Humans	402	(20)
References	414	(8)
Neuroactive Steroids and Central Nervous System Disorders
Mingde Wang
Torbjorn Backstrom
Inger Sundstrom
Goran Wahlstrom
Tommy Olsson
Di Zhu
Inga-Maj Johansson
Inger Bjorn
Marie Bixo
Neuroactive Steroids and the Central Nervous System	422	(3)
Concentrations of Neuroactive Steroids in the Brain	425	(3)
Sensory-Motor and Cognitive Function	428	(1)
Estrogen and Alzheimer's Disease	429	(1)
Neuroactive Steroids and Menstrual-Cycle-Linked Mood Changes	430	(5)
Side Effects of Oral Contraceptives	435	(1)
Neuroactive Steroids and Menopause	436	(3)
Side Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy	439	(2)
Neuroactive Steroids and Epilepsy	441	(21)
References	448	(14)
Neuroactive Steroids in Neuropsychopharmacology
Rainer Rupprecht
Florian Holsboer
Introduction	462	(1)
Sources and Biosynthesis of Neuroactive Steroids	463	(2)
Steroid Modulation of GABAA Receptors	465	(1)
Steroid Modulation of Other Neurotransmitter Receptors	466	(2)
A Putative Specific Steroid-Binding Site on Ligand-Gated Ion Channels	468	(1)
Genomic Effects of Neuroactive Steroids	469	(1)
Neuropsychopharmacological Properties of Neuroactive Steroids	470	(1)
Modulation of Endogenous Neuroactive Steroids as a Pharmacological Principle	471	(1)
Outlook	472	(7)
References	474	(5)
Current Perspectives on the Role of Neurosteroids in PMS and Depression
Lisa D. Griffin
Susan C. Conrad
Synthia H. Mellon
Introduction	479	(1)
Premenstrual Syndrome or Premenstrual (Late Luteal) Dysphoric Disorder	480	(1)
Allopregnanolone and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder	481	(2)
Biosynthesis of Allopregnanolone	483	(2)
SSRIs in the Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Modulation of Neurosteroid Levels	485	(2)
SSRIs, Neurosteroids, and Depression	487	(2)
Conclusions	489	(4)
References	489	(4)
Index	493	(14)
Contents of Recent Volumes	507