The New Public Health

by Tulchinsky; Varavikova

• ISBN13: 9780127033501
• ISBN10: 0127033505
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-07-28
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Countries around the world are engaged in health reform, which places great demands on health care providers and systems managers. From the managed care revolution in the United States to the rebuilding of health systems in postcommunist Russia, these reforms impact millions of health care workers, government officials, patients, and the public alike. The New Public Health will help students and practitioners understand factors affecting the reform process of health care organization and delivery. It links the classic public health issues such as environmental sanitation, health education, and epidemiology with the new issues of universal health care, economics, and management of health systems for the new century. This text provides a comprehensive look at the issues facing undergraduate and graduate students as well as the new generation of physicians, nurses, health managers, and policy makers as they seek to define a new approach to public health and health service.

Author Biography

Theodore H. Tulchinsky is an MD from the University of Toronto with an M.P.H. degree from Yale University. He served as a Deputy Minister of Health and Social Development in the Province of Manitoba in Canada, Director of Public Health in the Ministry of Health in Israel, and Director of Preventive Health Services and Coordinator for Health in the West Bank and Gaza. He is an Associate Professor in the School of Public Health at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and recent Fulbright Scholar and visiting professor at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Public Health Elena A. Varavikova is an MD from the First (Sechenov) Moscow Medical Academy. She completed her Ph.D. in Moscow, a M.P.H. degree at the School of Public Health at the State University of New York in Albany, and postdoctoral studies at Harvard University School of Public Health. She is Acting Director, Unit of Monitoring Preventable Deaths, Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Russian Federation, and Associate Professor of Public Health at the Moscow Medical Academy

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	xvii
Foreword	xix
Milton I. Roemer
Introduction	1	(4)
A History of Public Health
Introduction	5	(1)
Prehistoric Societies	6	(1)
The Ancient World	7	(2)
The Early Medieval Period (Fifth to Tenth Centuries AD)	9	(1)
The Late Medieval Period (Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries)	10	(4)
The Renaissance (1500--1750)	14	(2)
Enlightenment, Science, and Revolution (1750--1830)	16	(4)
Foundations of Health Statistics and Epidemiology	20	(2)
Social Reform and the Sanitary Movement (1830--1875)	22	(7)
Hospital Reform	29	(1)
The Bacteriologic Revolution	30	(4)
Microbiology and Immunology	34	(2)
Maternal and Child Health	36	(2)
Nutrition in Public Health	38	(2)
Military Medicine	40	(1)
Internationalization of Health	41	(1)
The Epidemiologic Transition	42	(1)
The Evolution of Public Health in the Twentieth Century	43	(2)
Creating and Managing Health Systems	45	(1)
Summary	46	(2)
Historical Markers	48	(4)
Recommended Readings	52	(1)
Bibliography	52	(3)
Expanding the Concept of Public Health
Introduction	55	(1)
Evolution of Public Health	56	(1)
Health and Disease	57	(3)
The Natural History of Disease	60	(2)
Society and Health	62	(2)
Modes of Prevention	64	(3)
Demographic and Epidemiologic Transition	67	(1)
Interdependence of Health Services	68	(2)
Defining Public Health	70	(3)
World Health Organization's Definition of Health	73	(3)
Selective Primary Care	76	(1)
The Risk Approach	77	(1)
The Case-for-Action	78	(3)
Political Economy and Health	81	(2)
Health and Development	83	(1)
Health Systems: The Case for Reform	84	(1)
Advocacy and Consumerism	85	(5)
The Health Field Concept	90	(1)
The Value of Medical Care in Public Health	91	(1)
Health Targets	92	(6)
Individual and Community Participation in Health	98	(5)
Social Ecology and Health Promotion	103	(1)
Defining Public Health Standards	104	(1)
Integrative Approaches to Public Health	105	(3)
The New Public Health	108	(1)
Summary	109	(1)
Recommended Readings	110	(1)
Bibliography	111	(2)
Measuring and Evaluating the Health of a Population
Introduction	113	(1)
Epidemiology	114	(2)
Social Epidemiology	116	(2)
Epidemiology in Building Health Policy	118	(1)
Rates and Ratios	119	(1)
Demography	120	(9)
Life Expectancy	129	(1)
Sentinel Events	130	(1)
The Burden of Disease	131	(1)
Measurements	132	(2)
Normal Distribution	134	(1)
Standardization of Rates	135	(3)
Sampling	138	(1)
Potential Errors in Measurement	138	(2)
Screening for Disease	140	(2)
Epidemiologic Studies	142	(4)
Establishing Causal Relationships	146	(1)
Notifiable Diseases	147	(1)
Special Registries and Reporting Systems	147	(2)
Disease Classification	149	(1)
Hospital Discharge Information	149	(4)
Health Information Systems (Informatics)	153	(2)
Surveillance, Reporting, and Publication	155	(1)
Assessing the Health of the Individual	156	(1)
Assessment of Population Health	157	(6)
Health Care Financing and Organization	163	(4)
Summary---From Information to Knowledge to Policy	167	(1)
Electronic Sources	167	(1)
Recommended Readings	168	(1)
Bibliography	168	(3)
Communicable Diseases
Introduction	171	(1)
Public Health and the Control of Communicable Disease	171	(2)
The Nature of Communicable Disease	173	(1)
Host--Agent--Environment Triad	174	(1)
Classifications of Communicable Diseases	175	(1)
Modes of Transmission of Disease	176	(1)
Immunity	177	(2)
Surveillance	179	(2)
Endemic and Epidemic Disease	181	(2)
Control of Communicable Diseases	183	(3)
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases	186	(16)
Essentials of an Immunization Program	202	(3)
Control/Eradication of Infectious Diseases	205	(6)
Tuberculosis	211	(3)
Streptococcal Diseases	214	(1)
Zoonoses	215	(2)
Vector-Borne Diseases	217	(7)
Parasitic Diseases	224	(6)
Legionnaire's Disease	230	(1)
Leprosy	230	(1)
Trachoma	231	(1)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	231	(7)
Diarrheal Diseases	238	(5)
Acute Respiratory Infections	243	(2)
Communicable Disease Control in the New Public Health	245	(1)
Summary	246	(1)
Electronic Media	247	(1)
Recommended Readings	247	(1)
Bibliography	248	(1)
Vaccine-Preventable Disease	248	(1)
Other Communicable Diseases	249	(2)
Noncommunicable Conditions
Introduction	251	(1)
The Rise of Chronic Disease	251	(3)
The Burden of Chronic Conditions	254	(1)
Risk Factors and Causation of Chronic Conditions	254	(4)
Chronic Manifestations of Infectious Diseases	258	(2)
Cardiovascular Diseases	260	(8)
Chronic Lung Disease	268	(2)
Diabetes Mellitus	270	(5)
End Stage Renal Disease	275	(1)
Cancer	276	(4)
Chronic Liver Disease	280	(1)
Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders	281	(2)
Neurological Disorders	283	(2)
Visual Disorders	285	(1)
Hearing Disorders	285	(1)
Trauma, Violence, and Injury	286	(7)
Chronic Disease and the New Public Health	293	(1)
Summary	293	(1)
Electronic Media	294	(1)
Recommended Readings	294	(1)
Bibliography	295	(2)
Family Health
Introduction	297	(1)
The Family Unit	298	(1)
Maternal Health	299	(10)
Labor and Delivery	309	(7)
Genetic and Birth Disorders	316	(7)
Infant and Child Health	323	(3)
Infancy Care and Feeding	326	(2)
Anticipatory Counseling	328	(1)
Documentation, Records, and Monitoring	328	(2)
The Preschooler (Ages 1--5 Years)	330	(2)
School and Adolescent Health	332	(6)
Adult Health	338	(1)
Women's Health	339	(3)
Men's Health	342	(1)
Health of the Elderly	343	(8)
Summary	351	(1)
Electronic Media	352	(1)
Recommended Readings	352	(1)
Bibliography	352	(3)
Special Community Health Needs
Introduction	355	(1)
Mental Health	355	(17)
Mental Handicap	372	(2)
Oral Health	374	(3)
Physical Disability and Rehabilitation	377	(4)
Special Group Health Needs	381	(1)
Gay and Lesbian Health	381	(2)
Native Peoples' Health	383	(2)
Prisoners' Health	385	(3)
Homeless Population Health	388	(2)
Refugee Health	390	(1)
Military Medicine	391	(1)
Health Protection in Disasters	392	(4)
Internet Websites	396	(1)
Summary	397	(1)
Electronic Media	397	(1)
Recommended Readings	398	(1)
Bibliography	398	(3)
Nutrition and Food Safety
Introduction	401	(1)
Development of Nutrition in Public Health	402	(1)
Nutrition in a Global Context	403	(2)
Nutrition and Infection	405	(1)
Functions of Food	405	(1)
Human Nutritional Requirements	406	(5)
Growth	411	(1)
Measuring Body Mass	411	(2)
Recommended Dietary Allowances	413	(3)
Disorders of Undernutrition	416	(3)
Vitamin and Mineral Deficiency Conditions	419	(6)
Eating Disorders	425	(1)
Diseases of Overnutrition	426	(4)
Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation	430	(1)
Promoting Healthy Diets and Lifestyles	431	(1)
Dietary Guidelines	432	(1)
Vitamin and Mineral Enrichment of Basic Foods	432	(2)
Food and Nutrition Policy	434	(4)
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation	438	(3)
Food Quality and Safety	441	(4)
Nutrition and the New Public Health	445	(1)
Summary	446	(1)
Electronic Media	447	(1)
Recommended Readings	447	(1)
Bibliography	447	(2)
Nutrition and Food Technology Journals	449	(2)
Environmental and Occupational Health
Environmental Health: Introduction	451	(1)
Environmental Issues	452	(1)
Geographic and Environmental Epidemiology	453	(1)
Environmental Targets	453	(1)
Global Environmental Change	454	(2)
Community Water Supplies	456	(4)
Sewage Collection and Treatment	460	(2)
Solid Waste	462	(2)
Toxins	464	(4)
Agricultural and Environmental Hazards	468	(1)
Air Pollution	468	(5)
Indoor Pollution	473	(2)
Hazardous or Toxic Wastes	475	(2)
Radiation	477	(2)
Environmental Impact	479	(5)
Environmental Health Organization	484	(2)
Occupational Health: Introduction	486	(1)
Development of Occupational Health	486	(1)
The Health of Workers	487	(1)
The Burden of Occupational Morbidity and Mortality	487	(2)
International Issues in Occupational Health	489	(1)
National and Management Responsibilities	489	(3)
Occupational Health Targets	492	(1)
Toxicity at the Workplace and in the Environment	492	(6)
Workplace Violence	498	(1)
Occupational Health in Clinical Practice	499	(1)
Inspecting the Place of Work	500	(1)
Risk Assessment	500	(1)
Preventing Disasters in the Workplace	501	(1)
Occupation and the New Public Health	502	(1)
Summary	502	(1)
Electronic Media	503	(1)
Recommended Readings	503	(1)
Bibliography---Water Quality and Waterborne Disease	504	(1)
Bibliography---Occupational and Environmental Health	504	(3)
Organization of Public Health Systems
Introduction	507	(1)
Government and Health of the Nation	508	(3)
Functions of Public Health	511	(5)
Nongovernment Roles in Health	516	(1)
Medical Practice and Public Health	517	(1)
Incentives and Regulation	518	(5)
National Government Public Health Services	523	(3)
State Government Public Health Services	526	(4)
Local Health Authorities	530	(2)
Monitoring Health Status	532	(2)
National Health Targets	534	(1)
Public Health Organization and the New Public Health	535	(2)
Hospitals in the New Public Health	537	(7)
The Uninsured as a Public Health Problem	544	(1)
Summary	545	(1)
Electronic Media	546	(1)
Recommended Readings	546	(1)
Bibliography	547	(2)
Measuring Costs: The Economics of Health
Introduction	549	(1)
Economic Issues of Health Systems	549	(2)
Basic Concepts in Health Economics	551	(1)
Need, Demand, and Utilization of Health Services	552	(4)
Competition in Health Care	556	(2)
Elasticities of Demand	558	(2)
Measuring Costs	560	(1)
Economic Measures of Health Status	561	(1)
Cost--Effectiveness Analysis	562	(2)
Cost--Benefit Analysis	564	(1)
Basic Assessment Scheme for Intervention Costs and Consequences	565	(1)
The Value of Human Life	566	(2)
Health Financing---The Macroeconomics Level	568	(4)
Costs of Illness	572	(3)
Medical and Hospital Care---Microeconomics	575	(2)
Health Maintenance and Managed Care Organizations	577	(2)
District Health Systems	579	(1)
Paying for Hospital Care	580	(2)
Capital Costs	582	(1)
Hospital Supply, Utilization, and Costs	582	(3)
Modified Market Forcs	585	(1)
Economics and the New Public Health	585	(1)
Summary	586	(1)
Electronic Media	587	(1)
Recommended Readings	587	(1)
Bibliography	588	(3)
Planning and Managing Health Systems
Introduction	591	(1)
Health Policy and Planning as Context	592	(2)
The Elements of Organizations	594	(1)
Scientific Management	594	(1)
Bureaucratic Pyramidal Organizations	595	(1)
Organizations as Energy Systems	596	(3)
Target-Oriented Management	599	(1)
Human Relations Management	600	(5)
Network Organization	605	(1)
Total Quality Management	606	(2)
Changing Human Behavior	608	(1)
Empowerment	609	(1)
Strategic Management of Health Systems	610	(2)
Health System Organization Models	612	(4)
Skills for Management	616	(1)
The Chief Executive Officer of Health Organizations	616	(1)
Community Participation	617	(1)
Integration---Lateral and Vertical	618	(1)
Norms and Performance Indicators	618	(1)
New Organizational Models	619	(1)
Management and the New Public Health	619	(1)
Summary	620	(1)
Recommended Readings	621	(1)
Bibliography	621	(2)
National Health Systems
Introduction	623	(1)
Health Systems in Developed Countries	624	(3)
The United States	627	(12)
Canada	639	(4)
The United Kingdom	643	(5)
The Nordic Countries	648	(4)
Western Europe	652	(3)
Japan	655	(2)
Russia	657	(7)
Israel	664	(5)
Health Systems in Developing Countries	669	(1)
Sub-Saharan Africa	670	(2)
Latin America and the Caribbean	672	(3)
Asia	675	(4)
Comparing National Health Systems	679	(5)
Reforming National Health Systems	684	(3)
Health Systems and the New Public Health	687	(2)
Electronic Media	689	(1)
Recommended Readings	689	(1)
Bibliography	689	(6)
Human Resources for Health Care
Introduction	695	(1)
Overview of Human Resources	696	(2)
Human Resources Planning	698	(4)
Basic Medical Education	702	(4)
Postgraduate Medical Training	706	(2)
Specialization and Family Practice	708	(1)
Training in Preventive Medicine	709	(1)
Nursing Education	710	(2)
In-Service and Continuing Education	712	(1)
Accreditation of Medical Educational or Training Facilities	713	(1)
The Range of Health Disciplines	714	(1)
Licensure and Supervision	714	(2)
Constraints on the Health Care Provider	716	(2)
New Health Professions	718	(5)
Alternative Medicine	723	(1)
Changing the Balance	724	(1)
Education for Public Health and Health Management	725	(5)
Health Policy and Management of Human Resources	730	(1)
Summary	731	(1)
Electronic Media	732	(1)
Recommended Readings	732	(1)
Bibliography	733	(2)
Technology, Quality, Law, and Ethics
Introduction	735	(1)
Innovation, Regulation, and Quality Control	736	(2)
Appropriate health Technology	738	(3)
Health Technology Assessment	741	(6)
Dissemination of Technology	747	(2)
Quality Assurance	749	(9)
Organization of Care	758	(1)
Performance Indicators	759	(1)
Consumerism and Quality	760	(1)
The Public Interest	761	(1)
Total Quality Management	761	(3)
Public Health Law	764	(2)
Ethical Issues in Public Health	766	(7)
Summary---Technology, Quality, Law, and Ethics in the New Public Health	773	(1)
Electronic Media	774	(1)
Recommended Readings	775	(1)
Bibliography	775	(2)
Relevant Journals	777	(1)
Relevant Organizations	777	(2)
Globalization of Health
Why the ``Globalization of Health''?	779	(1)
The Global Health Situation	780	(2)
Priorities in Global Health	782	(10)
Development and Health	792	(1)
Organization for International Health	793	(1)
The World Health Organization	794	(4)
Nongovernmental Organizations	798	(1)
The World Bank	799	(1)
Trends in Global Health	800	(1)
Emerging Infectious Disease Threats	801	(3)
New and Renewed Targets and Goals	804	(2)
Expanding National Health Capacity	806	(1)
Global Health and the New Public Health	807	(2)
Summary	809	(2)
Electronic Media	811	(1)
Recommended Readings	811	(1)
Bibliography	812	(1)
Publications and Journals	812	(1)
Glossary	813	(30)
Subject Index	843